The Société Normande de Peinture Moderne, also known as ''Société de Peinture Moderne'', or alternatively, ''Normand Society of Modern Painting'', was a collective of eminent

painters Painting is a Visual arts, visual art, which is characterized by the practice of applying paint, pigment, color or other medium to a solid surface (called "matrix" or "Support (art), support"). The medium is commonly applied to the base with ...

, sculptors, poets, musicians and critics associated with

Post-Impressionism Post-Impressionism (also spelled Postimpressionism) was a predominantly French art movement that developed roughly between 1886 and 1905, from the last Impressionist exhibition to the birth of Fauvism. Post-Impressionism emerged as a reaction a ...

Fauvism Fauvism ( ) is a style of painting and an art movement that emerged in France at the beginning of the 20th century. It was the style of (, ''the wild beasts''), a group of modern artists whose works emphasized painterly qualities and strong col ...

Cubism Cubism is an early-20th-century avant-garde art movement which began in Paris. It revolutionized painting and the visual arts, and sparked artistic innovations in music, ballet, literature, and architecture. Cubist subjects are analyzed, broke ...

and

Orphism Orphism is the name given to a set of religious beliefs and practices originating in the ancient Greek and Hellenistic world, associated with literature ascribed to the mythical poet Orpheus, who descended into the Greek underworld and returned ...

. The ''Société Normande de la Peinture Moderne'' was a diverse collection of

avant-garde In the arts and literature, the term ''avant-garde'' ( meaning or ) identifies an experimental genre or work of art, and the artist who created it, which usually is aesthetically innovative, whilst initially being ideologically unacceptable ...

artists; in part a subgrouping of the Cubist movement, evolving alongside the so-called Salon Cubist group, first independently then in tandem with the core group of Cubists that emerged at the Salon d'Automne and

Salon des Indépendants Salon may refer to: Common meanings * Beauty salon, a venue for cosmetic treatments * French term for a drawing room A drawing room is a room in a house where visitors may be entertained, and an alternative name for a living room. The name i ...

between 1909 and 1911 (i.e.,

Albert Gleizes Albert Gleizes (; 8 December 1881 – 23 June 1953) was a French artist, theoretician, philosopher, a self-proclaimed founder of Cubism and an influence on the School of Paris. Albert Gleizes and Jean Metzinger wrote the first major treatise on ...

Jean Metzinger Jean Dominique Antony Metzinger (; 24 June 1883 – 3 November 1956) was a major 20th-century French painter, theorist, writer, critic and poet, who along with Albert Gleizes wrote the first theoretical work on Cubism. His earliest works, from 1 ...

Fernand Léger Joseph Fernand Henri Léger (; February 4, 1881 – August 17, 1955) was a French painting, painter, sculpture, sculptor, and film director, filmmaker. In his early works he created a personal form of cubism (known as "tubism") which he gradually ...

Robert Delaunay Robert Delaunay (; 12 April 1885 – 25 October 1941) was a French artist of the School of Paris movement; who, with his wife Sonia Delaunay and others, co-founded the Orphism (art), Orphism art movement, noted for its use of strong colours and g ...

and Henri Le Fauconnier). Historically, the two groups merged in 1912, at the Section d'Or exhibition, but documents from the period prior to 1912 indicate the merging occurred earlier and in a more convoluted manner.

History

Groupe des XXX

1907-1908

In 1907, at the instigation of Pierre Dumont and inspired by

Othon Friesz Achille-Émile Othon Friesz (6 February 1879 – 10 January 1949), who later called himself Othon Friesz, a native of Le Havre, was a French artist of the Fauvist movement. Biography Othon Friesz was born in Le Havre, the son of a long line of ...

's group called ''Le Cercle de l'Art Moderne'', in

Le Havre Le Havre is a major port city in the Seine-Maritime department in the Normandy (administrative region), Normandy region of northern France. It is situated on the right bank of the estuary of the Seine, river Seine on the English Channel, Channe ...

, an association called Groupe XXX (thirty) was formed as a collective of independent painters, sculptors, writers, poets and music composers from the vicinity of Rouen.François Lespinasse, ''Robert Antoine Pinchon: 1886–1943'', 1990, repr. Rouen: Association les amis de l'École de Rouen, 2007, Edition du Groupe des XXX (trente), Paris, Rouen, December 1907
/ref> The birth of ''Le Cercle de l'Art Moderne'' had inspired the foundation of another group in Le Havre named ''Société havraise des Beaux-arts'', presided over by Jean-Paul Laurens, member of the ''Institut'' and ''Commendeur de la Légion d'Honneur''. An inverse phenomenon was produced in

Rouen Rouen (, ; or ) is a city on the River Seine, in northwestern France. It is in the prefecture of Regions of France, region of Normandy (administrative region), Normandy and the Departments of France, department of Seine-Maritime. Formerly one ...

and the group of thirty (XXX) independent artists emerged. Dumont's objective was to unite avant-garde artists. Contributing to the endeavor the group of artists included

Henri Matisse Henri Émile Benoît Matisse (; 31 December 1869 – 3 November 1954) was a French visual arts, visual artist, known for both his use of colour and his fluid and original draughtsmanship. He was a drawing, draughtsman, printmaking, printmaker, ...

André Derain André Derain (, ; 10 June 1880 – 8 September 1954) was a French artist, painter, sculptor and co-founder of Fauvism with Henri Matisse. In 2025, all of Derain’s work entered the public domain in the United States. Life and career Early ...

Raoul Dufy Raoul Dufy (; 3 June 1877 – 23 March 1953) was a French painter associated with the Fauvist movement. He gained recognition for his vibrant and decorative style, which became popular in various forms, such as textile designs, and public build ...

Albert Marquet Albert Marquet (; 27 March 1875 – 14 June 1947) was a French painter. He initially became one of the Fauve painters and a lifelong friend of Henri Matisse. Marquet subsequently painted in a more naturalistic style, primarily landscapes, bu ...

, Maurice Louvrier, Charles Duhamel, Charles Frechon, Gaston Prunier, Pierre Girieud, Gaston Gosselin, Tristan Klingsor, Eugène Tirvert, Ernest Morel, Maurice de Vlaminck and Robert Antoine Pinchon.Une ville pour l’impressionnisme, Monet, Pissarro et Gauguin à Rouen, Musée des Beaux-Arts, Rouen, 2010
(pdf)Alain Garric
Robert Antoine Pinchon
geneanet.org The first exhibition of the ''Groupe des XXX'' was held at Galerie Legrip in Rouen, 29 October - 12 November 1907. To promote their eclecticism the group published a "manifesto" called "Almanach pour 1908" which included literary and graphic works by artists typically associated with the new generation of l'École de Rouen, as those of well-known Parisian artists. This high quality catalog was published in an edition of 450. The founders of the ''Groupe des XXX'' would soon rebaptize their association ''Société Normande de Peinture Moderne''.

1909

5 June 1909 the statutes of ''Société de Peinture Moderne'' presented 22 May are published in the ''Journal Officiel''. The founders, Pierre Dumont, Robert Antoine Pinchon, Yvonne Barbier, and Eugène Tirvert, declare the formation of the ''"Société de Peinture Moderne, which has the goal of informing the general public of a modern artistic trend through a series of exhibitions".'' The ''Société Normande de Peinture Moderne'' attracted the participation of

, a native of Le Havre,

Georges Braque Georges Braque ( ; ; 13 May 1882 – 31 August 1963) was a major 20th-century List of French artists, French painter, Collage, collagist, Drawing, draughtsman, printmaker and sculptor. His most notable contributions were in his alliance with ...

, Maurice de Vlaminck,

, Joseph Delattre,

, Maurice Louvrier,

Francis Picabia Francis Picabia (: born Francis-Marie Martinez de Picabia; 22January 1879 – 30November 1953) was a French avant-garde painter, writer, filmmaker, magazine publisher, poet, and typography, typographist closely associated with Dada. When consid ...

Maurice Utrillo Maurice Utrillo (; born Maurice Valadon; 26 December 1883 – 5 November 1955) was a French painter of the School of Paris who specialized in cityscapes. From the Montmartre quarter of Paris, France, Utrillo is one of the few famous painters of ...

, and Roger de La Fresnaye, among others.latelierdutemps.com

Salon de la Société Normande

1910

The first of five exhibitions organized by the ''Société Normande de Peinture Moderne'' took place at the Salle Boieldieu in Rouen, 65 rue Ganterie, 20 December 1909 – 20 January 1910. The preface to the exhibition was written by

Élie Faure Jacques Élie Faure (; 4 April 1873 in Sainte-Foy-la-Grande, France – 29 October 1937 in Paris) was a French medical doctor, art historian and essayist. He is the author of the ''History of Art,'' considered a historiographical pillar in the d ...

(1873-1937). Faure was a friend of

Eugène Carrière Eugène Anatole Carrière (; 16 January 1849 – 27 March 1906) was a French Symbolist artist of the fin-de-siècle period. Carrière's paintings are best known for their near-monochrome brown palette and their ethereal, dreamlike quality. ...

in 1904 and was a member of the Comité du Salon d'Automne and a juror for the Salon d'Automne paintings in 1907. Faure, who had trained as a doctor and had politically active links, wrote art criticism from April 1902 in L'Aurore. He had studied at the elite Parisian Lycee Henri IV (1887-1891) under the philosopher

Henri Bergson Henri-Louis Bergson (; ; 18 October 1859 – 4 January 1941) was a French philosopher who was influential in the traditions of analytic philosophy and continental philosophy, especially during the first half of the 20th century until the S ...

; an influential force of inspiration amongst the Cubists.Mark Antliff and Patricia Leighten, ''A Cubism Reader, Documents and Criticism, 1906-1914'', The University of Chicago Press, 2008Société Normande de Peinture Moderne, Kubisme.info
/ref> Also participating in this movement were members of the Duchamp family,

Suzanne Duchamp Suzanne Duchamp-Crotti (20 October 1889 – 11 September 1963) was a French Dadaist painter, collagist, sculptor, and draughtsman. Her work was significant to the development of Paris Dada and modernism and her drawings and collages explore f ...

Jacques Villon Jacques Villon (July 31, 1875 – June 9, 1963), also known as Gaston Duchamp, was a French Cubist and Abstract art, abstract painter and printmaker. Early life Born Émile Méry Frédéric Gaston Duchamp in Damville, Eure, Damville, Eure, ...

Raymond Duchamp-Villon Raymond Duchamp-Villon (5 November 1876 – 9 October 1918) was a French sculptor. Life and art Duchamp-Villon was born Pierre-Maurice-Raymond Duchamp in Damville, Eure, in the Normandy region of France, the second son of Eugène and Lucie Duch ...

and

Marcel Duchamp Henri-Robert-Marcel Duchamp (, ; ; 28 July 1887 – 2 October 1968) was a French painter, sculptor, chess player, and writer whose work is associated with Cubism, Dada, Futurism and conceptual art. He is commonly regarded, along with Pablo Pica ...

, also natives of Normandy. Associates included

, Frank Kupka, Tobeen, Henri Le Fauconnier,

Jean Marchand Jean Marchand (December 20, 1918 – August 28, 1988) was a French Canadian public figure, trade unionist and politician in Quebec, Canada. Life and career During the 1949 Asbestos Strike in Quebec, Marchand led the striking workers as s ...

, and the sculptors Joseph Csaky and

Alexander Archipenko Alexander Porfyrovych Archipenko (February 25, 1964) was a Ukrainian-American avant-garde artist, sculpture, sculptor, and graphic designer, graphic artist, active in France and the United States. He was one of the first to apply the principles o ...

1911, Rouen, Paris

On 6 May 1911 the ''Société Normande'' held a second exhibition 41 rue du Gros-Horloge, in the center of Rouen. The preface of the catalog was written by Élie Faure. Lectures during the exhibition were given on Thursdays and concerts on Sundays. In 1910-11 Dumont moved into the Le Bateau-Lavoir becoming friends with

Juan Gris José Victoriano González-Pérez (23 March 1887 – 11 May 1927), better known as Juan Gris (; ), was a Spanish painter born in Madrid who lived and worked in France for most of his active period. Closely connected to the innovative artistic g ...

Max Jacob Max Jacob (; 12 July 1876 – 5 March 1944) was a French poet, painter, writer, and critic. Life and career After spending his childhood in Quimper, Brittany, he enrolled in the Paris Colonial School, which he left in 1897 for an artistic c ...

and

Guillaume Apollinaire Guillaume Apollinaire (; ; born Kostrowicki; 26 August 1880 – 9 November 1918) was a French poet, playwright, short story writer, novelist and art critic of Poland, Polish descent. Apollinaire is considered one of the foremost poets of the ...

. From 20 November to 16 December 1911 the ''Société Normande'' organized their first exhibition in Paris which took place at the ''Galerie d'Art Ancien et d'Art Contemporain'', 3 Rue Tronchet. The preface of the catalog was written by René Blum (1878-1942), the coeditor, journalist and art critic who between 1910 and 1914 wrote in Gil Blas. His brother,

Léon Blum André Léon Blum (; 9 April 1872 – 30 March 1950) was a French socialist politician and three-time Prime Minister of France. As a Jew, he was heavily influenced by the Dreyfus affair of the late 19th century. He was a disciple of socialist l ...

, was a literary critic and future Socialist politician. René Blum, in his preface, asserted that the advent of photography had liberated artists from the need to imitate nature, and that 'pure imagination' as a source for inspiration had resulted in art works whose 'originality of forms somewhat outstripped the capacity of our understanding'. Echoing the avant-garde mandates of Élie Faure 1909 preface that artists of the Société Normande had far exceeding 'the mob's habits of seeing' in pursuit of their 'imperious' imaginations. In addition to the works of Gleizes, Metzinger, Léger, Picabia, Le Fauconnier, Roger de La Fresnaye, André Lhote, the Duchamps, Dumont, Tobeen and Archipenko, works were exhibited by Raoul Dufy, Marie Laurencin, Othon Friesz, André Mare, Eugène Zak, Luc-Albert Moreau, Paul Vera, André Dunoyer de Segonzac and Robert Antoine Pinchon. During the course of 1911 this group assisted

in the preparation of the Salon de la Section d'Or exhibition that would be held in October 1912 at the Galerie La Boétie, Paris. On Mondays there were regular meetings with Gleizes in his studio in the Paris suburb of Courbevoie.

1912

The ''Société Normande'' held from 15 June to 15 July 1912 their fourth exhibition, called the ''Salon de Juin'', at the ''Salle du skating'' in Rouen. Forewords in the catalog were written by Maurice Raynal and

. In his forward, Faure—in addition to scientific, social, ethical and political overtones—included a Bergsonian philosophical overlay of 'intuition', 'creativity' and 'dynamism' to the avant-gardist discourse, something missing from his 1911 preface. Metzinger and Gleizes would do the same in writing the Cubist manifesto '' Du "Cubisme"'', published for the occasion of the Salon de la Section d'Or. The president of the 1912 exhibition was Pierre Dumont, the secretary was Camille La Broue, and the committee was formed by Eugène Tirvert, Camille Lieucy, Jacques Villon, Duchamp-Villon and Francis Picabia. The hanging committee included Pierre Dumont, Robert Antoine Pinchon, Maurice Louvrier, Eugène Tirvert, and Marcel Duchamp.Société Normande de Peinture Moderne, 15 June‒15 July 1912
Pittsburgh University Archive, Database of Modern Exhibitions (DoME) Maurice Raynal, a preeminent art critic, played a major role in defending Cubism in

Kantian Kantianism () is the philosophy of Immanuel Kant, a German philosopher born in Königsberg, Prussia (now Kaliningrad, Russia). The term ''Kantianism'' or ''Kantian'' is sometimes also used to describe contemporary positions in philosophy of mi ...

terms. In 1912 he replaced Apollinaire at ''L'Intransigeant'' and simultaneously was hired by Louis Vauxcelles to write in ''Gil Blas''. In his forward for this exhibition—his first writing on Cubism—Raynal paints the artistic avant-garde as parallel to scientists whose 'very data will turn the common understanding and ordinary sensibilities upside down'. Science and visual arts evolved together leading to 'a more positivistic age'. Artists, just as scientists, were able to capture the 'essence of things'. The goal or art, writes Raynal, is not the 'slavish imitation of nature', but its 'interpretation in accordance with the artist's intellectual capacity'. At this exhibition the general public of Rouen and surrounding areas were introduced to Cubism for the first time, but three paintings by Francis Picabia attracted particular attention for their high degree of

abstraction Abstraction is a process where general rules and concepts are derived from the use and classifying of specific examples, literal (reality, real or Abstract and concrete, concrete) signifiers, first principles, or other methods. "An abstraction" ...

; ''Tarentelle'', ''Port de Naples'' and ''Paysage''. In addition, works were exhibited by Gleizes (5), Dumont (2), Lhote (3), Léger (2), Gris (3), Villon (6), La Fresnaye (2), and Tobeen (3). This exhibition was in effect the dress rehearsal for the Salon de la Section d'Or. During the exhibition, on June 23, a paper was presented by

, entitled ''Le sublime modern''. On Sunday, July 7 the art critic Maurice Raynal gave a lecture on Cubism. The entrance fee was 1 FF. The 1912 Salon de la Section d'Or was arguably the most important pre-World War I Cubist exhibition. During the previous year the Cubists and a large number of their associates had exhibited at the ''Galerie de l'Art Contemporain'' (rue Tronchet, Paris) under the auspices of the ''Société Normande de Peinture Moderne''. This exhibition had received some attention in the press (''l'Autorité'' and ''Paris Journal''), though due to the diversity of the works presented it had been referred to as an ''exposition des fauves et cubistes''. The ''Salon de la Section d'Or'', however, was generally accepted as being entirely Cubist in nature. Over 200 works were displayed, and the fact that many of the artists showed artworks representative of their development from 1909 to 1912 gave the exhibition the allure of a Cubist retrospective.The History and Chronology of Cubism, p. 5
/ref>Peter Brooke, ''On "Cubism"'', (6) Some loose ends, Jacques Villon
/ref> Practically all the artists of the Section d'Or had already been brought together the previous year (Nov-Dec, 1911) by the ''Société Normande de Peinture Moderne''. The 5th and last exhibition of the ''Société Normande de la Peinture Moderne'', which included works by Utrillo, Friesz, Guillaumin, Luce, Vlaminck, Pinchon and others, opened 27 June 1914, just before the onset of

World War I World War I or the First World War (28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918), also known as the Great War, was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War I, Allies (or Entente) and the Central Powers. Fighting to ...

; an event that largely ended the group's activities.

Notable members and associates

* August Agero *

* André Bacque * Alcide Le Beau * Albertine Bernouard * René Blum * Jean-Louis Boussingault *

* Joseph Csaky * Joseph Delattre * Henri de Saint-Delis *

Georges Ribemont-Dessaignes Georges Ribemont-Dessaignes (June 19, 1884 – July 9, 1974) was a French writer, poet, playwright, and painter associated with the Dada movement. He was born in Montpellier and died in Saint-Jeannet. In addition to numerous early paintings, R ...

* Richard Desvallières *

* Pierre Dumont * Pierre Hodé * Henri le Fauconnier *

* Roger de La Fresnaye *

* Jean-Louis Gampert * Pierre Girieud *

* Gaston Gosselin *

* Armand Guillaumin *

František Kupka František Kupka (23 September 1871 – 24 June 1957), also known as ''Frank Kupka'' or ''François Kupka,'' was a Czech painter and graphic artist A graphic designer is a practitioner who follows the discipline of graphic design, eit ...

* Marie Laurencin *

* André Lhote * Camille Lieucy * Alfred Lombard * Robert Lotiron * Maurice Louvrier * Maximilien Luce *

* André Mare * Maurice Marinot *

* Luc-Albert Moreau * Elie Nadelman *

Bernard Naudin Bernard Étienne Hubert Naudin (11 November 1876, Châteauroux - 7 March 1946, Paris) was a French painter, designer, caricaturist, and engraver. Biography He was born into a family of watchmakers and antique dealers. His father, who died in ...

* Robert Antoine Pinchon * Pol Pitt * Maurice Princet * Maurice Raynal *

* Jeanne Rij-Rousseau * Jean Texcier * Eugène Tirvert * Tobeen *

* Henry Valensi * Paul Vera * André Alexandre Verdilhan * Louis Mathieu Verdilhan *

* Maurice de Vlaminck * Eugène Zak

Other works exhibited

File:Marcel Duchamp, 1911, La sonate (Sonata), oil on canvas, 145.1 x 113.3 cm, Philadelphia Museum of Art.jpg,

, 1911, ''La sonate (Sonata)'', oil on canvas, 145.1 x 113.3 cm,

Philadelphia Museum of Art The Philadelphia Museum of Art (PMA) is an List of art museums#North America, art museum originally chartered in 1876 for the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia. The main museum building was completed in 1928 on Fairmount, a hill located at ...

File:Marie Laurencin, 1911, Die Jungen Damen, Les jeunes femmes, The young women.jpg, Marie Laurencin, 1911, ''Die Jungen Damen, Les jeunes femmes, The young women'' File:Albert Gleizes, La Chasse, 1911, oil on canvas, 123.2 x 99 cm.jpg,

, 1911, '' La Chasse (the Hunt)'', oil on canvas, 123.2 x 99 cm, private collection File:Albert Gleizes, 1912, Les ponts de Paris (Passy), The Bridges of Paris, oil on canvas, 60.5 x 73.2 cm, Museum Moderner Kunst (mumok), Vienna..jpg,

, 1912, '' Les ponts de Paris (Passy), The Bridges of Paris (Passy)'', oil on canvas, 60.5 x 73.2 cm, Museum Moderner Kunst ( mumok), Vienna File:Albert Gleizes, 1912, Les Baigneuses, oil on canvas, 105 x 171 cm, Paris, Musée d'Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris.jpg,

, 1912, '' Les Baigneuses (The Bathers)'', oil on canvas, 105 x 171 cm, Musée d'Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris File:Tobeen, 1912, Pelotaris, oil on canvas, 147.5 x 115.5 cm.jpg, Tobeen, 1912, ''Pelotaris'', oil on canvas, 147.5 x 115.5 cm

Literature

* ''Exposition d'art contemporain (Société normande de peinture moderne) 2eme exposition'', Galerie d'art ancien & d'art contemporain, 1911 * ''The Société Normande de Peinture Moderne'', Christina Stuart Ross Southam - 1970 * ''Fernand Léger'': xposiciónThe Museum of Modern Art, New York, Carolyn Lanchner - 1998 * ''Cubism and Its Histories'', David Cottington - 2004 * ''Les Fauves: A Sourcebook'', Russell T. Clement - 1994 * ''Ruptures, continuités'', Yves Vadé - 2000 * ''Architecture and Cubism'', Eve Blau, Nancy J. Troy - 2002 * ''Women in Dada: Essays on Sex, Gender, and Identity'', Naomi Sawelson-Gorse - 2001 * ''Marcel Duchamp'', Caroline Cros - 2006 * ''Movement, Manifesto, Melee: The Modernist Group, 1910-1914'', Milton A. Cohen - 2004 * ''Fernand Léger 1911-1924: the rhythm of modern life'', Dorothy M. Kosinski, Christoph Asendorf - 1994 * ''Marcel Duchamp: Appearance Stripped Bare'', Octavio Paz - 1990 * ''Marcel Duchamp, respirateur'', Kornelia von Berswordt-Wallrabe, Staatliches Museum Schwerin - 1999 * ''Marcel Duchamp: Plan pour écrire une vie de Marcel Duchamp'', Jennifer Gough-Cooper, Jacques Caumont, Musée national d'art moderne (France) - 1977 * ''Retrospective 1886-1943: Robert-A. Pinchon'', Issue 1, B. Du Chatenet - 1971 * ''Une ville pour l'impressionnisme: Monet, Pissarro et Gauguin''... Laurent Salomé - 2010 * ''Jacques Villon: exposition, Musée des beaux-arts, Rouen, 14''... Hélène Lassalle, Jacques Villon, Rouen (France). Musée des beaux arts - 1975 * ''A Cubism Reader: Documents and Criticism, 1906-1914'', Mark Antliff, Patricia Dee Leighten - 2008 * ''Répertoire d'art et d'archéologie'', 1969 * ''Cubism in the Shadow of War: The Avant-garde and Politics in Paris 1905-1914'', David Cottington - 1998 * ''Léger: Biographical and Critical Study'', Robert L. Delevoy - 1962 * ''Tempus fugit, time flies'', Jan Schall, Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art - 2000 * ''From Van Gogh to Picasso, from Kandinsky to Pollock: Masterpieces of Modern Art'', Thomas Krens, Germano Celant, Lisa Dennison - 1990 * ''I primi passi di Gertrude Stein: Three lives''... Emanuela Gutkowski - 2004 * ''Handbook'', the Peggy Guggenheim Collection, 1983 * ''From Picasso to Pollock: Modern Art from the Guggenheim Museum'', Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum - 2003 * ''Painters of the Section D'Or: The Alternatives to Cubism'', Albright-Knox Art Gallery - 1967 * ''Orphism: the evolution of non-figurative painting in Paris, 1910-1914'', Virginia Spate - 1979 * ''Las vanguardias artísticas en España, 1909-1936'', Jaime Brihuega - 1981 * ''L'Euphorie: Arts plastiques- Cinéma- Philosophie'', 2000 * ''The Popular Culture of Modern Art: Picasso, Duchamp, and Avant-gardism'', Jeffrey S. Weiss - 1994 * ''Theodore Earl Butler: Emergence from Monet's Shadow'', Richard H. Love - 1985 * ''A. Dunoyer de Segonzac'', Anne Distel - 1980 * ''The Cubist Painters'', Guillaume Apollinaire, Peter Read - 2004 * ''Cubism'', José Pierre - 1969

References

External links

Exhibit catalog for Salon de "La Section d'Or", 1912. Walter Pach papers, Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution
{{DEFAULTSORT:Moderne, Societe Normande de Peinture French artist groups and collectives Cubism 20th-century French painters Orphism (art)