Simsim

Simsim ( fa, سیمسیم) was either a historical region or kingdom in the North Caucasus during the Middle Ages, existing in the 14th century. Predominantly localized roughly in Eastern Chechnya ( Ichkeria), with some also connecting part of . Simsim is also localized in both Chechnya and Ingushetia. Its name may have been derived from the Chechen village of . However, according to folklore, the King Gayur-khan was chosen as the leader of all Chechens by the Mehk-Khel (National Council). In its later years it allied itself with the Golden Horde before being destroyed in 1395 by Timurlane, which was recorded in ''Zafarnama'' by Nizam al-Din Shami and the ''Zafarnama'' by Sharaf ad-Din Ali Yazdi.

Name

The historical region or the kingdom is referred in the two Persian chronicles, ''Zafarnama'' (Shami) and ''Zafarnama'' (Yazdi), as ''Simsim''. Fasih Khwafi referred Simsim as "''Ulus'' Simsim".

Localization

Simsim is usually localized in Ichkeria, a region located in Eastern Chechnya, with some authors localizing it both in the Ichkeria and . It's also localized in both Chechnya and Ingushetia.

Society

Simsir existed at a time when Chechens had a feudal system; in the early modern era, they overthrew their feudal rulers in a "revolutionary" event and established in its place a quasi-democratic ''taip'' system by which representatives of teips voted in a national council, but while this differentiated Chechens from their neighbors more recently, it was not the case in the Middle Ages when Simsim existed.

In the Middle Ages, Chechen societies such as Simsir had a hierarchical and pyramidal structure. The Principality of Simsir's prince (the ''eela'') sat at the top, followed by nobility and vassals (''uzden''), followed by free commoners (''halxoi''), followed by servants (''yalxoi'', including ''gharbashash'', i.e. bond women), followed by serfs (''lesh'', ''lai'' in the singular), with only slaves and war captives (''yiisarsh'') beneath them; additionally, clerics were placed in the ''uzden'' nobility class. The wife of a prince was called a ''stuu'' and addressed as ''stulla''.

History

Alliance with the Golden Horde

In the 14th century, its rulers became tributaries of the Golden Horde, which brought Islamic influence with it, the ruler of Simsir was a powerful prince called Gayur Khan from the Sado-Orsoy clan. He was a Christian ruler who was very close to the Khan Khidir who at times used him as an ambassador to the Rus cities for negotiations and peace. After the death of Khan Khidir the Golden Horde fell into chaos for over 20 years. One of the main figures of this era was the warlord Mamai who was defeated by a Chechen army led by Gayur Khan in 1362. This is believed to have resulted in an independent Simsir Kingdom ruled by Gayur Khan. He was also an important ally to Khan Tokhtamysh which is seen from the 18th-century manuscript by the general Sultan Kazi-Girey which notes that the Chechens were in the vanguard of the Tokhtamysh against the Timurid empire during the Battle of the Terek river. The defeat of the Golden Horde led to disastrous consequences for the Simsir Kingdom as Timur decided to invade due to their alliance with Tokhtamysh.

Timurid invasion

In the reign of its last ruler, Gayur Khan, the Principality of Simsir was destroyed by Timurlane in 1395 as part of his campaign against the Golden Horde. Its population fled south, into the mountains, in order to escape the attacks of the Mongols. In the Zafarnama it states that Timurlane chased these escapers south into the mountains and subdued them. Timur placed Makhama the son of Gayur Khan as Vassal and converted him to Islam. The fate of Makhama is described in Chechen folklore collected by the Sadoy clan historian Murtazaliev. Makhama was assassinated by the Chechens that replaced him with the previous Gayur Khan who continued to resist Timur until he was treacherously murdered during negotiations by the Timurids.

See also

* Durdzuks

References

Bibliography

English sources

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Russian sources

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Golden Horde
History of Chechnya
Principalities