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Tokhtamysh
Tokhtamysh ( Turki/ Kypchak and Persian: توقتمش; ; ; – 1406) was Khan of the Golden Horde from 1380 to 1395. He briefly succeeded in consolidating the Blue and White Hordes into a single polity. Tokhtamysh belonged to the House of Borjigin, tracing his ancestry to Genghis Khan. Spending most of his younger years fighting against his father's cousin Urus Khan and his sons, Tokhtamysh sought help from the Turco-Mongol warlord Timur, with whose help he succeeded in defeating his enemies. Tokhtamysh rose to power during a tumultuous period in the Golden Horde, which was severely weakened after a long period of division and internecine conflict. From a fugitive, Tokhtamysh had become a powerful monarch, quickly solidifying his authority in both wings of the Golden Horde. Encouraged by his success, as well as the growth of his manpower and wealth, Tokhtamysh went on a military expedition to the Russian principalities, sacking Moscow in 1382. He reasserted the Tatar–Mo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Golden Horde
The Golden Horde, self-designated as ''Ulug Ulus'' ( in Turkic) was originally a Mongols, Mongol and later Turkicized khanate established in the 13th century and originating as the northwestern sector of the Mongol Empire. With the division of the Mongol Empire after 1259, it became a functionally separate khanate. It is also known as the Kipchak Khanate or the Ulus of Jochi, and replaced the earlier, less organized Cuman–Kipchak confederation. After the death of Batu Khan (the founder of the Blue Horde) in 1255, his dynasty flourished for a full century, until 1359, though the intrigues of Nogai Khan, Nogai instigated a partial civil war in the late 1290s. The Horde's military power peaked during the reign of Özbeg Khan (1312–1341), who adopted Islam. The territory of the Golden Horde at its peak extended from Siberia and Central Asia to parts of Eastern Europe from the Ural Mountains, Urals to the Danube in the west, and from the Black Sea to the Caspian Sea in the south ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
List Of Khans Of The Golden Horde
This is a complete list of khans of the Orda (organization), Ulus of Jochi, better known by its later Russian designation as the Golden Horde, in its right (west) wing and left (east) wing divisions known problematically as the Blue Horde and White Horde, and of its main successor state during a period of disintegration, known as the Great Horde. Khans of the Blue Horde are listed as the principal rulers of the Golden Horde, although many late rulers of the Golden Horde originated from the subordinate White Horde. Following the general convention, the list encompasses the period from the death of Genghis Khan in 1227 to the sack of Sarai (city), Sarai by the Crimean Khanate in 1502. The chronological and genealogical information is often incomplete and contradictory; annotation can be found in the secondary lists in the second part of the article, and in the individual articles on specific monarchs. Secondary list with short biographies The following is a detailed annotated list ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tokhtamysh–Timur War
The Tokhtamysh–Timur war was fought from 1386 to 1395 between Tokhtamysh, the khan of the Golden Horde, and the warlord and conqueror Timur, founder of the Timurid Empire, in the areas of the Caucasus Mountains, Turkestan and Eastern Europe. The battle between Timur and Tokhtamysh played a key role in the decline of Mongol power over the Russian principalities. Background In the late 1370s and early 1380s, Timur helped Tokhtamysh assume supreme power in the White Horde against Tokhtamysh's uncle Urus Khan. After this Tokhtamysh united the White and Blue Hordes, reuniting the Golden Horde, and launched a massive military punitive campaign against the Russian principalities between 1381 and 1382, restoring Turco-Mongol ( Tatar) power in Russia after the defeat in the Battle of Kulikovo. The Golden Horde, after a period of anarchy between the early 1360s and late 1370s, briefly reestablished itself as a dominant regional power, defeating Lithuania around 1383. But Tokhtamysh h ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Timur
Timur, also known as Tamerlane (1320s17/18 February 1405), was a Turco-Mongol conqueror who founded the Timurid Empire in and around modern-day Afghanistan, Iran, and Central Asia, becoming the first ruler of the Timurid dynasty. An undefeated commander, he is widely regarded as one of the greatest military leaders and tacticians in history, as well as one of the most brutal and deadly. Timur is also considered a great patron of art and architecture, for he interacted with intellectuals such as Ibn Khaldun, Hafez, and Hafiz-i Abru and his reign introduced the Timurid Renaissance. Born into the Turkicized Mongol confederation of the Barlas in Transoxiana (in modern-day Uzbekistan) in the 1320s, Timur gained control of the western Chagatai Khanate by 1370. From that base he led military campaigns across Western, South, and Central Asia, the Caucasus, and Southern Russia, defeating in the process the Khans of the Golden Horde, the Mamluks of Egypt and Syria, the emerg ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Temür Qutlugh
Temür Qutlugh or Tīmūr Qutluq ( Kypchak: تمور قوتلق; Turki and Persian: تیمور قتلغ; 1370 – 1399) was Khan of the Golden Horde from 1397 to 1399. Ancestry According to the detailed genealogies of the ''Muʿizz al-ansāb'' and the ''Tawārīḫ-i guzīdah-i nuṣrat-nāmah'', Tīmūr Qutluq was the son of Tīmūr Beg, the son of Qutluq Tīmūr, the son of Nūmqān, the son of Abāy, the son of Kay-Timur, the son of Tuqa-Timur, the son of Jochi, the son of Chinggis Khan. Older scholarship and its derivatives, relying on the inaccurate information of Muʿīn-ad-Dīn Naṭanzī (previously known as the "Anonymous of Iskandar"), erroneously identified Tīmūr Qutluq's father as Tīmūr Malik, the son of Urus Khan. The confusion seems to have arisen from the similarity of names, given that the elements compounded with "Tīmūr" in the personal names of these individuals are all princely titles (khan, malik, beg). Life It is possible that Tīmūr Qutluq ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Urus Khan
Urus Khan ( Kypchak: اوروس خان; also known as ''Muḥammad-Urūs'' Turki/ Persian: محمد اروس, ''Orys'', ''Arys'', ''Yrys'', ''Orys Khan''; ; died 1377) was the eighth Khan of the White Horde and a disputed Khan of the Blue Horde; he was a direct descendant of Genghis Khan. Urus himself was the direct ancestor of the khans of the Kazakh Khanate. Ancestry The descent of Urus, according to the genealogical information of the '' Jāmiʿ al-tawārīkh'', the ''Muʿizz al-ansāb'' and the ''Tawārīḫ-i guzīdah-i nuṣrat-nāmah'' was as follows: Genghis Khan - Jochi - Tuqa-Timur - Uz-Timur/Urung-Timur - Achiq - Taqtaq - Timur Khwaja - Badiq - Urus. However, the fictional descent from Jochi's son Orda found in older literature continues to be cited in many works. The word Urus has multiple meanings in Turkic languages. One means "battle" and "warlike", thus Urus-Muhammad can be interpreted as Warlike-Muhammad. Another meaning of the word Urus is "Russian" in t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Arab Shah
ʿArab Shāh (, Turki/ Kypchak: شاه عرب; ''Arapša'' in the Russian chronicles) was Khan of the Golden Horde from 1377 to 1380. He held the traditional capital Sarai during a period of civil war among rival contenders for the throne. Throughout his reign, the westernmost portion of the Golden Hode was under the control of the beglerbeg Mamai and his puppet khans, while the easternmost portion was under the control of the sons of Urus Khan and then Tokhtamysh. Ancestry ʿArab Shāh was a descendant of Jochi's son Shiban. The ''Muʿizz al-ansāb'' and the ''Tawārīḫ-i guzīdah-i nuṣrat-nāmah'' give his descent as follows: Chinggis Khan - Jochi - Shiban - Bahadur - Jochi-Buqa - Bādāqūl - Ming-Tīmūr - Pūlād - ʿArab Shāh. Biography ʿArab Shāh's father Pūlād is identified with Khayr-Pūlād (or Mīr-Pūlād), who had reigned briefly in parts of the Golden Horde in 1362–1365. Other rulers of the Golden Horde during this time of civil war had included � ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Quyurchuq
QuyurchuqThe name is found in various renditions, including ''Quyruchuq'', ''Qarujaq'', ''Qoyrichaq'', ''Qoyrijak'', ''Koirijak''. ( Turki/ Kypchak: قویورچق; died 1397) was Khan of the Golden Horde from 1395 to 1397. He was appointed by Timur (Tamerlane). Information on his life and reign is very limited. Ancestry According to the ''Muʿizz al-ansāb'' and ''Tawārīḫ-i guzīdah-i nuṣrat-nāmah'', Quyurchuq was a son of Urus Khan, a descendant of Tuqa-Timur, the son of Jochi, the son of Chinggis Khan. They give the ancestry as Qūyūrčuq, son of Urus Khān, the son of Bādāq, the son of Tīmūr-Khwāja, the son of Tāqtaq, the son of Achiq, the son of Ūrungbāsh (Ūrūng-Tīmūr), the son of Tūqā-Tīmūr, the son of Jūjī. Career A younger son of Urus Khan, Quyurchuq survived his family's loss of the throne of the left (east) wing of the Golden Horde, the former Ulus of Orda, in 1379. In unclear circumstances he made his way to the court of Timur (Tamerla ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Wings Of The Golden Horde
The Wings of the Golden Horde were subdivisions of the Golden Horde in the 13th to 15th centuries CE. Jochi, the eldest son of the Mongol Empire founder Genghis Khan, had several sons who inherited Jochi's dominions as fiefs under the rule of two of the brothers, Batu Khan and the elder Orda Khan who agreed that Batu enjoyed primacy as the supreme khan of the Golden Horde (Jochid Ulus). Orda, along with some of his younger brothers, ruled the eastern (left/blue) wing of the Golden Horde while Batu and others ruled the western side (right/white) wing. These Hordes are known as the "White", "Blue" and "Grey" (Shaybanid) Hordes in Russian and Persian historiography. The two main divisions are also known as Batu's Ulus (district) and Orda's Ulus. The relationship between color and direction is a common feature of the Eurasian Steppe amongst Turkic, Mongolic, Slavic and other peoples. Due to the match up of colours, it is likely related to the Four Symbols commonly used in Han China ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
List Of Sibir Khans
Two dynasties, the Taibugha and the Shaybanid dynasty of Sibir ruled the Khanate one after the other, bringing breaks in each other's continuity of rule. Yermak Timofeyevich, a Cossack, led the first campaign of Russian conquest of Siberia during the reign of Ivan the Terrible in 1580–1582. However, Kuchum Khan returned briefly and attacked Yermak on August 6, 1584 in the dead of night and killed most of his army. Finally, in August 1598, Küçhüm Khan was defeated at the Battle of Urmin near the River Ob. In the course of the fight the Siberian royal family were captured by the Russians. However, Küçhüm Khan escaped yet again. The Russians took the family members of Küçhüm Khan to Moscow and there they remained as hostages. The descendants of the khan's family became known as the Princes Sibirsky and the family is known to have survived until at least the late 19th Century. The struggle for dominance in the region continued for several years by the Taibughid successo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chekre
Chekre ( Turki/ Kypchak and Persian: چکره) was Khan of the Golden Horde from 1414 to 1416. His name is found in several renditions, including Chinggis Oghlan (چنگیز اغلان) and possibly Berke. Information on his life and reign is very limited. Ancestry According to the ''Tawārīḫ-i guzīdah-i nuṣrat-nāmah'', Chekre was the son of Āqmīl, the son of Mīnkāsar, the son of Abāy, the son of Uz-Tīmūr (Kay-Tīmūr), the son of Tuqa-Timur, the son of Jochi, the son of Chinggis Khan. He was probably a nephew of Mamai's khan ʿAbdallāh. Reign Chekre is first mentioned as a Jochid prince living in exile at the court of Timur (Tamerlane) in 1404. He subsequently stayed with Timur's grandson Abū-Bakr b. Mīrān Shāh, where he was witnessed by the Bavarian captive Johann Schiltberger. Losing his control over the court of the Golden Horde, the beglerbeg Edigu apparently looked for a candidate to set up as puppet khan, and requested Chekre's return from the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tuqa-Timur
Tuqa-Temür (also ''Toqa-Temür'' and ''Toghai-Temür'', in the Perso-Arabic orthography of the sources rendered ''Tūqā-Tīmūr'' or ''Tūqāy-Tīmūr'') was the thirteenth and youngest or penultimate son of Jochi, the eldest son of Genghis Khan. He was a younger brother of Batu Khan and Berke Khan, the rulers of what came to be known as the Golden Horde. Career Tuqa-Timur's mother is identified as Jochi's concubine Kaghri Khatun (Kaghrī Khātūn), a woman from the Merkit tribe. As Jochi's apparently youngest son of standing or significance, Tuqa-Timur was perhaps deemed too young to attend the qurultai for the proclamation and enthronement of the great khan Ögedei in 1229. Instead, Tuqa-Timur remained behind in his father's ulus, apparently governing it during the absence of his older brothers at the assembly. When Batu Khan returned, Tuqa-Timur organized a three-day feast in his honor. Tuqa-Timur subsequently received an ulus of his own from Batu, somewhere within the Lef ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
