Sant'Andrea delle Fratte ("Saint Andrew of the Thickets") is a 17th-century

basilica In Ancient Roman architecture, a basilica (Greek Basiliké) was a large public building with multiple functions that was typically built alongside the town's forum. The basilica was in the Latin West equivalent to a stoa in the Greek Eas ...

church in

Rome Rome (Italian language, Italian and , ) is the capital city and most populated (municipality) of Italy. It is also the administrative centre of the Lazio Regions of Italy, region and of the Metropolitan City of Rome. A special named with 2, ...

, Italy, dedicated to

St. Andrew Andrew the Apostle ( ; ; ; ) was an apostle of Jesus. According to the New Testament, he was a fisherman and one of the Apostles in the New Testament, Twelve Apostles chosen by Jesus. The title First-Called () used by the Eastern Orthodox Chu ...

. The

Cardinal Priest A cardinal is a senior member of the clergy of the Catholic Church. As titular members of the clergy of the Diocese of Rome, they serve as advisors to the pope, who is the bishop of Rome and the visible head of the worldwide Catholic Church. Ca ...

of the ''Titulus S. Andreae Apostoli de Hortis'' is Ennio Antonelli.

History

The current church was built over a pre-existing one, erected in 1192, called ''infra hortes'' ("amidst the orchards", whence the name ''fratte'', "

thicket A thicket is a very dense stand of trees or tall shrubs, often dominated by only one or a few species, to the exclusion of all others. They may be formed by species that shed large numbers of highly viable seeds that are able to germinate in th ...

s", from

Byzantine Greek Medieval Greek (also known as Middle Greek, Byzantine Greek, or Romaic; Greek: ) is the stage of the Greek language between the end of classical antiquity in the 5th–6th centuries and the end of the Middle Ages, conventionally dated to the F ...

, , "hedge") for it was located in a countryside area on the northern edge of the inhabited area of medieval Rome. The church originally belonged to Augustinian nuns. It became the

national church A national church is a Christian church associated with a specific ethnic group or nation state. The idea was notably discussed during the 19th century, during the emergence of modern nationalism. Samuel Taylor Coleridge, in a draft discussing ...

of the

Scottish people Scottish people or Scots (; ) are an ethnic group and nation native to Scotland. Historically, they emerged in the Scotland in the Early Middle Ages, early Middle Ages from an amalgamation of two Celtic peoples, the Picts and Gaels, who f ...

in Rome, until Scotland became Protestant, when in 1585

Pope Sixtus V Pope Sixtus V (; 13 December 1521 – 27 August 1590), born Felice Piergentile, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 24 April 1585 to his death, in August 1590. As a youth, he joined the Franciscan order, where h ...

assigned it to the Minim friars of Saint

Francis of Paola Francis of Paola, O.M. (also known as Francis the Fire Handler; 27 March 1416 – 2 April 1507), was a Roman Catholic friar from the town of Paola in Calabria who founded the Order of Minims. Like his patron saint (Francis of Assisi), but unlike ...

. The Scots College, the seminary for young men studying for the priesthood, was located nearby, on the Via del Tritone, until 1604, when it moved to the Via delle Quattro Fontane. In 1942

Pope Pius XII Pope Pius XII (; born Eugenio Maria Giuseppe Giovanni Pacelli; 2 March 18769 October 1958) was the head of the Catholic Church and sovereign of the Vatican City State from 2 March 1939 until his death on 9 October 1958. He is the most recent p ...

elevated the church to the rank of a minor basilica.

Fabric of the Church

In 1604 the construction of the new church was begun, to the design of Gaspare Guerra. The project, halted eight years later, was revamped in 1653 by

Francesco Borromini Francesco Borromini (, ), byname of Francesco Castelli (; 25 September 1599 – 2 August 1667), was an Italian architect born in the modern Switzerland, Swiss canton of Ticino

, who is responsible for the apse, the tambour of the cupola, and the square

campanile A bell tower is a tower that contains one or more bells, or that is designed to hold bells even if it has none. Such a tower commonly serves as part of a Christian church, and will contain church bells, but there are also many secular bell to ...

with four orders. After his death, the construction was continued by Mattia De Rossi. The late Renaissance-style façade, with two orders divided by

pilaster In architecture, a pilaster is both a load-bearing section of thickened wall or column integrated into a wall, and a purely decorative element in classical architecture which gives the appearance of a supporting column and articulates an ext ...

s, was completed in 1826, thanks to funds provided the Testament of Cardinal

Ercole Consalvi Ercole Consalvi (8 June 1757 – 24 January 1824) was a deacon and cardinal of the Catholic Church, who served twice as Cardinal Secretary of State for the Papal States and who played a crucial role in the post-Napoleonic reassertion of the legit ...

Interior

The interior has a single nave with three chapels on each side, and two small chapels on either side of the entrance. The decoration of the cupola is by Pasquale Marini. Along the nave in the first chapel is a wooden ''tempietto'' (temple) (1674) painted by Borgognone and on the wall is a "Baptism of Christ" of Ludovico Gimignani. In the chapel of Saint

Francis de Sales Francis de Sales, Congregation of the Oratory, C.O., Order of Minims, O.M. (; ; 21 August 156728 December 1622) was a Savoyard state, Savoyard Catholic prelate who served as Bishop of Geneva and is a saint of the Catholic Church. He became n ...

is the funeral monument of Cardinal Pierluigi Carafa sculpted by

Pietro Bracci Pietro Bracci (June 16, 1700 –1773) was an Italian sculptor working in the Late Baroque manner. He is best known for carving the marble sculpture of Oceanus at the center of Rome's Trevi Fountain, based on a plaster '' modello'' by Giovann ...

. In the

cloister A cloister (from Latin , "enclosure") is a covered walk, open gallery, or open Arcade (architecture), arcade running along the walls of buildings and forming a quadrangle (architecture), quadrangle or garth. The attachment of a cloister to a cat ...

, the lunettes are frescoed with stories from the ''Life of Saint Francesco'' by Marini, Francesco Cozza, and Filippo Gherardi. In the transept, the altar (1736) was designed by Filippo Barigioni, the altarpiece of ''Saint Francis of Paola'' was painted by Paris Nogari, the stuccoed angels were added by Giovanni Battista Maini. The presbytery dome has a fresco of the ''Multiplication of the loaves and fishes'' by Marini. Behind the altar, is a ''Crucifixion of Sant'Andrea'' by Giovanni Battista Lenardi, the ''Entombment of Sant'Andrea'' by Francesco Trevisani, and a ''Death of Saint Andrew'' by Lazzaro Baldi. The chapel in the left transept is dedicated to

Saint Anne According to apocrypha, as well as Christianity, Christian and Islamic tradition, Saint Anne was the mother of Mary, mother of Jesus, Mary, the wife of Joachim and the maternal grandmother of Jesus. Mary's mother is not named in the Bible's Gosp ...

and was designed by Luigi Vanvitelli and

Giuseppe Valadier Giuseppe Valadier (April 14, 1762 – February 1, 1839) was an Italian architect and designer, urban planner and archaeologist and a chief exponent of Neoclassicism in Italy. A teacher of architecture at the Accademia di San Luca, Valadier was a ...

with an altarpiece of ''Saints Anne, Young John the Baptist, and Mary'' by Giuseppe Bottani. In the third chapel on the left, by Domenico Bartolini, is dedicated to the ''Madonna of the Miracle'' to commemorate the place where, on 20 January 1842, the

Blessed Virgin Mary Mary was a first-century Jewish woman of Nazareth, the wife of Saint Joseph, Joseph and the mother of Jesus. She is an important figure of Christianity, venerated under titles of Mary, mother of Jesus, various titles such as Perpetual virginity ...

reportedly appeared to a young Jewish man, Maria Alphonse Ratisbonne, leading him to convert to Catholicism. He later founded the Congregation of Notre-Dame de Sion (Our Lady of Sion), a group of

Catholic priest The priesthood is the office of the ministers of religion, who have been commissioned ("ordained") with the holy orders of the Catholic Church. Technically, bishops are a priestly order as well; however, in common English usage ''priest'' refe ...

lay brother Lay brother is a largely extinct term referring to religious brothers, particularly in the Catholic Church, who focused upon manual service and secular matters, and were distinguished from choir monks or friars in that they did not pray in choi ...

s and

Religious Sisters A religious sister (abbreviated: Sr.) in the Catholic Church is a woman who has taken public vows in a religious institute dedicated to apostolic works, as distinguished from a nun who lives a cloistered monastic life dedicated to prayer and lab ...

dedicated to work for the conversion of

Jews Jews (, , ), or the Jewish people, are an ethnoreligious group and nation, originating from the Israelites of History of ancient Israel and Judah, ancient Israel and Judah. They also traditionally adhere to Judaism. Jewish ethnicity, rel ...

to Catholicism. In honor of this apparition, the pews of the church are oriented to this altar. In 1950 the chapel was completely renovated by the architect

Marcello Piacentini Marcello Piacentini (8 December 188119 May 1960) was an Italian people, Italian urban theorist and one of the main proponents of Italian Fascist architecture. Biography Early career Born in Rome, he was the son of architect Pio Piacentini. He ...

and enriched with precious marble.

St Maximillian Kolbe

In this same Bartolini Chapel, St.

Maximilian Kolbe Maximilian Maria Kolbe (born Raymund Kolbe; ; 8 January 1894 – 14 August 1941) was a Polish Roman Catholic priest, Conventual Franciscan friar, missionary, saint, martyr, and a Nazi concentration camp victim, who volunteered to die in place ...

celebrated his first Mass as a Priest in 1918. As Ratisbonne worked to convert Jews, St Maximilian founded the order Militia Immaculatae to convert sinners and enemies of the Church. St Maximilian was devoted to Mary and went on to found the periodical "Knights of the Immaculata" and undertook many missions to Asia before he was martyred by the Nazis at

Auschwitz Auschwitz, or Oświęcim, was a complex of over 40 concentration and extermination camps operated by Nazi Germany in occupied Poland (in a portion annexed into Germany in 1939) during World War II and the Holocaust. It consisted of Auschw ...

Bernini's angels

At the sides of the presbytery are two angels (1667–1699) by

Bernini Gian Lorenzo (or Gianlorenzo) Bernini (, ; ; Italian Giovanni Lorenzo; 7 December 1598 – 28 November 1680) was an Italian sculptor and architect. While a major figure in the world of architecture, he was more prominently the leading sculptor ...

, the '' Angel with the Crown of Thorns'' and the '' Angel with the Superscription''. They were originally intended for the Ponte Sant'Angelo, but

Pope Clement IX Pope Clement IX (; ; 28 January 1600 – 9 December 1669), born Giulio Rospigliosi, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 20 June 1667 to his death in December 1669. Giulio Rospigliosi was born into the noble Ro ...

considered them too valuable to be exposed to the elements and they were later moved here and replaced on the bridge with copies.

Cardinal Protectors

This Basilica is the seat of the cardinalatial title of ''Sancti Andreæ Apostoli de Hortis''. *

Paolo Marella Paolo Marella (25 January 1895 – 15 October 1984) was an Italian people, Italian Cardinal (Catholic Church), cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served in the Roman Curia following a career as a Nuncio, delegate of the Holy See, and w ...

(31 March 1960 – 15 March 1972) *

Joseph Cordeiro Joseph Marie Anthony Cordeiro (19 January 1918 – 11 February 1994) was a Catholic prelate who in 1973 became the first Pakistani cardinal. Early life Cordeiro was born to a Goan family which hailed from the village of Salvador do Mundo ...

(5 March 1973 – 11 February 1994) * Thomas Joseph Winning (26 November 1994 – 17 June 2001) * Ennio Antonelli (21 October 2003 – present)

Burials

* Petar Parchevich, Archbishop of Marcianopolis in Bulgaria (d. 1674) * Cardinal Carolo Leopoldo Calcagnini (1679–1746) * Cardinal Pierluigi Carafa (1677–1755) * Cardinal Ludovico Valenti (1695–1763) * Felice Giani * Angelika Kauffmann, Swiss painter (d. 1807) * Orest Kiprensky, the Russian painter (d. 1836)Forcella, p. 244, no. 622.

Gallery

Gian lorenzo bernini, angelo con la corona di spine, 1668-69, 02.jpg, ''Angel with the Crown of Thorns'' by Bernini File:Angel with the inscription by Giovanni Lorenzo Bernini.jpg, ''Angel with the Superscription'' by Bernini

References

Books

* * *

External links

Nyborg

Basilica Sant'Andrea delle Fratte
* {{DEFAULTSORT:Andrea delle Fratte, Sant' Buildings and structures completed in 1192 12th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in Italy Buildings and structures completed in 1653 17th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in Italy Buildings and structures completed in 1826 19th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in Italy 1192 establishments in Europe 12th-century establishments in the Papal States Andrea Delle Fratte Andrea Delle Fratte Churches completed in the 1190s Baroque architecture in Rome 1604 establishments in the Papal States Churches of Rome (rione Colonna) Francesco Borromini buildings