Rear Window

''Rear Window'' is a 1954 American mystery thriller film directed by Alfred Hitchcock and written by John Michael Hayes, based on Cornell Woolrich's 1942 short story " It Had to Be Murder". Originally released by Paramount Pictures, the film stars James Stewart, Grace Kelly, Wendell Corey, Thelma Ritter, and Raymond Burr. It was screened at the 1954 Venice Film Festival in competition for the Golden Lion.

''Rear Window'' is considered by many filmgoers, critics, and scholars to be one of Hitchcock's best films, as well as one of the greatest films ever made. It received four Academy Award nominations, and was ranked number 42 on AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies list and number 48 on the 10th-anniversary edition, and in 1997 was added to the United States National Film Registry in the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant."

The film was made with a budget of $1 million , and grossed $27 million during its initial release .

Plot

Professional photojournalist L.B. "Jeff" Jefferies, recuperating from adventurous assignment-related injuries, in a cast from his waist to his foot, is confined to a wheelchair in his Greenwich Village apartment. His mid-floor rear window looks out onto a courtyard with small garden plots, surrounded on four sides by apartments in adjoining buildings. Jeff is regularly visited by Stella, a cynical, middle-aged nurse, and his couture-dressed young girlfriend, Lisa Fremont, a model and socialite.

During a heat wave, Jeff watches his neighbors through open windows, including a professional dancer coined "Miss Torso"; a songwriter with writer's block; a spinster who pantomimes dates with pretend suitors, "Miss Lonely-Hearts"; and traveling costume jewelry salesman Lars Thorwald, who is hen-pecked by his bedridden wife. One night, Jeff hears a woman scream followed by the sound of breaking glass. Later that night, Jeff wakes as a thunderstorm breaks; he observes Thorwald making repeated excursions carrying his aluminum sample case. After Jeff has fallen asleep, Thorwald leaves his apartment along with a woman obscured by a large black hat.

The next morning, Jeff notices Thorwald's wife is gone and sees him cleaning a large knife and handsaw. Movers haul away a large trunk. After surveilling with binoculars and a camera with a telephoto lens, Jeff grows suspicious of Thorwald's activities. Convinced that Thorwald has murdered his wife, he first tells Stella, who becomes morbidly interested in the case, and then Lisa, who doubts him until they notice that Thorwald's wife is no longer in bed and the mattress is rolled up.

Jeff calls detective Tom Doyle to request that he investigate Thorwald. A skeptical Doyle investigates extensively, finds nothing suspicious, and posits that Thorwald had sent his wife on a vacation upstate. Temporarily mollified by this explanation, Jeff and Lisa begin to question their "rear window ethics". Later that night, however, a neighbor’s dog is found dead in the courtyard; the previous day Thorwald had chased the dog away from digging his garden flowerbed. The dog's alarmed owner cries out, drawing the attention of everyone except Thorwald, who sits furtively in his dark apartment. Now convinced his theory is true, Jeff looks at slides taken two weeks earlier and notices that Thorwald has re-planted flowers in his garden, possibly to bury a body part.

The following night, Jeff telephones to lure Thorwald away from his apartment, enabling Lisa and Stella to investigate Thorwald's flowerbed. Finding nothing, Lisa decides to climb into Thorwald's open window to search his apartment. Stella hurries back to Jeff.

While Lisa is searching, Jeff and Stella are distracted watching Miss Lonely-Hearts contemplating an overdose; they call the police. Coincidentally, the songwriter has finished his song "Lisa," playing it loudly; enthralled by the tune, Miss Lonely-Hearts abandons her suicide attempt. In the interim, Thorwald unexpectedly returns early and catches Lisa, who cries out. The operator finally connects Jeff with the police, and he reports that a man is assaulting a woman at Thorwald's apartment. The police arrive to intervene as Lisa and Thorwald scuffle. During police questioning, Lisa signals to Jeff that she is wearing Mrs. Thorwald's wedding ring. Seeing this, Thorwald realizes Jeff is surveilling his apartment. Lacking proof to accuse Thorwald of murder, Lisa is arrested for breaking and entering.

Jeff phones Doyle and leaves an urgent message while Stella bails Lisa out of jail. Locating Jeff’s apartment, Thorwald attacks him; Jeff’s only defense in a darkened apartment is snapping camera flash bulbs in Thorwald’s eyes. While they grapple, Doyle and other officers arrive, followed by Lisa and Stella. Police apprehend Thorwald just as he drops Jeff out of his window. Thorwald confesses his wife's murder to the police.

A few days later, the heat wave has broken, and life in the apartment complex has returned to normal. Miss Lonely-Hearts is seen socializing with the songwriter in his studio apartment while he plays music. Having broken his other leg in the fall, Jeff is still wheelchair-bound, now with both legs in casts. Lisa is seen stretched out next to him, wearing more casual attire and reading a travel book. After noticing Jeff asleep, she puts aside the book on exploration titled ''Beyond the High Himalayas'' and turns instead to read ''Harper's Bazaar''.

Cast

* James Stewart as L.B. "Jeff" Jefferies, a photojournalist
* Grace Kelly as Lisa Fremont, a model
* Wendell Corey as Lt. Thomas "Tom" J. Doyle, an NYPD detective
* Thelma Ritter as Stella, a nurse
* Raymond Burr as Lars Thorwald
* Judith Evelyn as "Miss Lonely-Hearts"
* Ross Bagdasarian as the songwriter
* Georgine Darcy as "Miss Torso"
* Sara Berner and Frank Cady as the couple living above the Thorwalds
* Jesslyn Fax as "Miss Hearing Aid"
* Rand Harper and Havis Davenport as the newlyweds
* Irene Winston as Mrs. Anna Thorwald
Uncredited
* Harry Landers as young man guest of Miss Lonely-Hearts
* Ralph Smiles as Carl, the waiter
* Fred Graham as detective
* Eddie Parker as detective
* Anthony Warde as detective
* Kathryn Grant as Girl at Songwriter's Party
* Marla English as Girl at Songwriter's Party
* Bess Flowers as Woman at Songwriter's Party with Poodle
* Benny Bartlett as Stanley, Miss Torso's returning boyfriend
* Dick Simmons as Man with Miss Torso

Cast notes
* Director Alfred Hitchcock makes his traditional cameo appearance in the songwriter's apartment, where he is seen winding a clock.

Themes

Analysis

''Rear Window'' is filmed almost entirely within Jeff's apartment and from his near-static point-of-view at his window. In Laura Mulvey's essay "Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema," she identifies what she sees as voyeurism and scopophilia in Hitchcock's movies, with ''Rear Window'' used as one example of how she sees cinema as incorporating the patriarchy into the way that pleasure is constructed and signaled to the audience. Additionally, she sees the " male gaze" as especially evident in ''Rear Window'' in the portrayal of characters such as the dancer "Miss Torso", who is a spectacle for both Jeff and the audience (through his substitution) to enjoy.

In his 1954 review of the film, François Truffaut suggested "this parable: The courtyard is the world, the reporter/photographer is the filmmaker, the binoculars stand for the camera and its lenses."

Voyeurism

John Fawell notes in Dennis Perry's book ''Hitchcock and Poe: The Legacy of Delight and Terror'' that Hitchcock "recognized that the darkest aspect of voyeurism ... is our desire for awful things to happen to people ... to make ourselves feel better, and to relieve ourselves of the burden of examining our own lives." Hitchcock challenges the audience, forcing them to peer through his rear window and become exposed to, as Donald Spoto calls it in his 1976 book ''The Art of Alfred Hitchcock: Fifty Years of His Motion Pictures'', the "social contagion" of acting as voyeur.

In his book ''Alfred Hitchcock's "Rear Window"'', John Belton further addresses the underlying issues of voyeurism which he asserts are evident in the film. He says "''Rear Window's'' story is 'about' spectacle; it explores the fascination with looking and the attraction of that which is being looked at."

In an explicit example of a condemnation of voyeurism, Stella expresses her outrage at Jeffries' voyeuristic habits, saying, "In the old days, they'd put your eyes out with a red hot poker" and "What people ought to do is get outside and look in for a change."

With further analysis, Jeff's positive evolution understandably would be impossible without voyeurism—or as Robin Wood puts it in his 1989 book ''Hitchcock's Films Revisited'', "the indulging of morbid curiosity and the consequences of that indulgence."

Production

Writing

The screenplay, which was written by John Michael Hayes, was based on Cornell Woolrich's 1942 short story '' It Had to Be Murder''. However, in 1990 the question as to who owned the film rights of Woolrich's original story went before the Supreme Court of the United States in '' Stewart v. Abend''. Although the film was copyrighted in 1954 by Patron Inc. by a production company set up by Hitchcock and Stewart, a subsequent rights holder refused to acknowledge previous rights agreements. As a result, Stewart and Hitchcock's estate became involved in the Supreme Court case. Its outcome led to the litigant, Sheldon Abend, becoming credited as a producer of the 1998 remake of ''Rear Window''.

Filming

The film was shot entirely at stage 17 at Paramount Studios which included an enormous indoor set to replicate a Greenwich Village courtyard, with the set stretching from the bottom of the basement storeroom to the top of the lighting grid in the ceiling. The lighting was rigged with four interchangeable scene lighting arrangements: morning, afternoon, evening, and night-time. Set designers Hal Pereira and Joseph MacMillan Johnson spent six weeks building the extremely detailed and complex set, which ended up being the largest of its kind at Paramount. One of the unique features of the set was its massive drainage system, constructed to accommodate the rain sequence in the film. They also built the set around a highly nuanced lighting system which was able to create natural-looking lighting effects for both the day and night scenes. Though the address given in the film is 125 W. Ninth Street in New York's Greenwich Village, the set was actually based on a real courtyard located at 125 Christopher Street.

In addition to the meticulous care and detail put into the set, careful attention was also given to sound, including the use of natural sounds and music that would drift across the courtyard and into Jefferies' apartment. At one point, the voice of Bing Crosby can be heard singing "To See You Is to Love You," originally from the 1952 Paramount film '' Road to Bali''. Also heard on the soundtrack are versions of songs popularized earlier in the decade by Nat King Cole ("Mona Lisa", 1950) and Dean Martin (" That's Amore", 1952), along with segments from Leonard Bernstein's score for Jerome Robbins' ballet '' Fancy Free'' (1944), Richard Rodgers's song " Lover" (1932), and "''M'appari tutt'amor''" from Friedrich von Flotow's opera '' Martha'' (1844), most borrowed from Paramount's music publisher, Famous Music.

Hitchcock used costume designer Edith Head on all of his Paramount films.

Soundtrack

Although veteran Hollywood composer Franz Waxman is credited with the score for the film, his contributions were limited to the opening and closing titles and the songwriter's piano tune ("Lisa"). This was Waxman's final score for Hitchcock. The director instead used primarily diegetic music and sounds throughout the film.

Release

On August 4, 1954, a "benefit world premiere" was held for the film, with United Nations officials and "prominent members of the social and entertainment worlds" at the Rivoli Theatre in New York City, with proceeds going to the American–Korean Foundation (an aid organization founded soon after the end of the Korean War and headed by Milton S. Eisenhower, brother of President Eisenhower).

During its initial theatrical run, ''Rear Window'' earned $5.3 million in North American box office rentals.

Reception

Bosley Crowther of ''The New York Times'' called the film a "tense and exciting exercise" and deemed Hitchcock as a director whose work has a "maximum of build-up to the punch, a maximum of carefully tricked deception and incidents to divert and amuse." Crowther also noted that "Mr. Hitchcock's film is not 'significant.' What it has to say about people and human nature is superficial and glib, but it does expose many facets of the loneliness of city life, and it tacitly demonstrates the impulse of morbid curiosity. The purpose of it is sensation, and that it generally provides in the colorfulness of its detail and in the flood of menace toward the end." '' Variety'' called the film "one of Alfred Hitchcock's better thrillers" which "combines technical and artistic skills in a manner that makes this an unusually good piece of murder mystery entertainment." The film ranked fifth on '' Cahiers du Cinémas Top 10 Films of the Year List in 1955.

''Time'' called it "just possibly the second-most entertaining picture (after '' The 39 Steps'') ever made by Alfred Hitchcock" and a film in which there is "never an instant ... when Director Hitchcock is not in minute and masterly control of his material." The reviewer also noted the "occasional studied lapses of taste and, more important, the eerie sense a Hitchcock audience has of reacting in a manner so carefully foreseen as to seem practically foreordained." '' Harrison's Reports'' named the film as a "first-rate thriller" that is "strictly an adult entertainment, but it should prove to be a popular one." They further added, "What helps to make the story highly entertaining is the fact that it is enhanced by clever dialogue and by delightful touches of comedy and romance that relieve the tension."

Nearly 30 years after the film's initial release, Roger Ebert reviewed the re-release by Universal Pictures in October 1983, after Hitchcock's estate was settled. He said the film "develops such a clean, uncluttered line from beginning to end that we're drawn through it (and into it) effortlessly. The experience is not so much like watching a movie, as like ... well, like spying on your neighbors. Hitchcock traps us right from the first ... And because Hitchcock makes us accomplices in Stewart's voyeurism, we're along for the ride. When an enraged man comes bursting through the door to kill Stewart, we can't detach ourselves, because we looked too, and so we share the guilt and in a way we deserve what's coming to him." In 1983, reviewing the film Vincent Canby wrote "Its appeal, which goes beyond that of other, equally masterly Hitchcock works, remains undiminished."

The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reports an approval rating of 98% based on 130 reviews, with an average rating of 9.30/10. The critics' consensus states that "Hitchcock exerted full potential of suspense in this masterpiece." At Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of a very rare perfect 100 out of 100 based on 18 critics, indicating "universal acclaim". In his 2012 review of the film, Killian Fox of ''The Guardian'' wrote: "Hitchcock made a career out of indulging our voyeuristic tendencies, and he never excited them more skilfully, or with more gleeful self-awareness, than in ''Rear Window''".

Awards and nominations

Legacy

In 1997, ''Rear Window'' was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant". By this time, the film interested other directors with its theme of voyeurism, and other reworkings of the film soon followed, which included Brian De Palma's 1984 film '' Body Double'' and Phillip Noyce's 1993 film '' Sliver''. In 1998 '' Time Out'' magazine conducted a poll and ''Rear Window'' was voted the 21st greatest film of all time. In the British Film Institute's 2012 '' Sight & Sound'' polls of the greatest films ever made, ''Rear Window'' was ranked 53rd among critics and 48th among directors. In the 2022 edition of the magazine's ''Greatest films of all time'' list the film ranked 38th in the critics poll. In 2017 ''Empire'' magazine's readers' poll ranked ''Rear Window'' at No. 72 on its list of ''The 100 Greatest Movies''. In 2022, '' Time Out'' magazine ranked the film at No. 26 on their list of "The 100 best thriller films of all time".

''Rear Window'' was restored by the team of Robert A. Harris and James C. Katz for its 1999 limited theatrical re-release (using Technicolor dye-transfer prints for the first time in this title's history) and the Collector's Edition DVD release in 2000.

American Film Institute included the film as number 42 in AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies, number 14 in AFI's 100 Years...100 Thrills, number 48 in AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies (10th Anniversary Edition) and number three in AFI's 10 Top 10 (Mysteries).

''Rear Window'' was one of five films that Hitchcock made with Paramount that were included under a deal in which the rights reverted back to him after eight years. Hitchcock removed all five films from circulation for almost 20 years (often referred to as "The Lost Hitchcocks" or "The Forbidden Five"), and he rarely granted rights for them to be shown publicly. The rights were purchased by Universal in 1983 for a rumored $6 million, after which they were re-released in theaters. These films include: '' Vertigo'', ''Rear Window'', '' The Man Who Knew Too Much'' (1956), ''Rope'', and ''The Trouble With Harry''.

''Rear Window'' was remade as a TV movie of the same name in 1998, with an updated storyline in which the lead character is paralyzed and lives in a high-tech home filled with assistive technology. Actor Christopher Reeve, himself paralyzed as a result of a 1995 horse-riding accident, was cast in the lead role. The telefilm also starred Daryl Hannah, Robert Forster, Ruben Santiago-Hudson, and Anne Twomey.

''Rear Window'' has directly influenced plot elements and themes of numerous Brian De Palma films, particularly '' Hi, Mom!'' (1970), ''Sisters'' (1972), '' Dressed to Kill'' (1980), and '' Body Double'' (1984).

'' Disturbia'' (2007) is a modern-day retelling, with the protagonist ( Shia LaBeouf) under house arrest instead of laid up with a broken leg, and who believes that his neighbor is a serial killer rather than having committed a single murder. On September 5, 2008, the Sheldon Abend Trust sued Steven Spielberg, DreamWorks, Viacom, and Universal Studios, alleging that the producers of ''Disturbia'' violated the copyright to the original Woolrich story owned by Abend. On September 21, 2010, the U.S. District Court in ''Abend v. Spielberg'', 748 F.Supp.2d 200 (S.D.N.Y. 2010), ruled that ''Disturbia'' did not infringe the original Woolrich story.

The 2004 horror film '' Saw'' pays homage to ''Rear Window'', in a particular scene involving the character Adam Stanheight (Leigh Whannell). In the film, Adam is kidnapped and uses a camera to take photos with his camera to illuminate the dark surroundings, mirroring the actions of Jeff in ''Rear Window'', with both scenes sharing a similar tone.

Numerous television episodes have paid homage to, or spoofed, ''Rear Window'', including the '' Simpsons'' episode " Bart of Darkness," the ''Pretty Little Liars'' episode " How the 'A' Stole Christmas," '' CSI: NY'' episode " Point of View," season four episode seven of '' 9-1-1'', "Night Terrors," the second episode ''of'' season 2 of the British crime drama '' Whitstable Pearl'' and "Mrs. Crabtree's Neighbourhood," season 17, episode 2 of Murdoch Mysteries.

In February 2008, the film was referenced as a part of Variety's ''The 2008 Hollywood Portfolio: Hitchcock Classics'' spread, with Scarlett Johansson and Javier Bardem as Lisa and Jeff, respectively.

''Rear Window'' has been referenced multiple times by singer-songwriter Taylor Swift. In the music video for her single " Me!", Swift wears a dress similar to one of Edith Head's designs worn by Grace Kelly. Swift has also stated that the voyeuristic elements of the film inspired the storytelling of her album '' Folklore.''

Home media

On September 25, 2012, Universal Studios Home Entertainment released ''Rear Window'' for the first time on Blu-ray as part of the "Alfred Hitchcock: The Masterpiece Collection". This edition included numerous supplemental features such as an audio commentary from John Fawell, excerpts from Hitchcock's interview with François Truffaut, two theatrical trailers, and an interview with the film's screenwriter John Michael Hayes.

On May 6, 2014, Universal Pictures Home Entertainment re-released ''Rear Window'' on Blu-ray with the same supplemental features.

See also

* List of films featuring surveillance

References

Informational notes

Citations

Further reading
*
** Orpen treats Hitchcock's and Tomasini's editing of ''Rear Window'' at length in a chapter of her monograph.

External links

* John Belton (ndg
"Rear Window"
at National Film Registry
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Detailed review
at Filmsite.org

''Rear Window''
essay by Daniel Eagan in America's Film Legacy: The Authoritative Guide to the Landmark Movies in the National Film Registry, A&C Black, 2010 , pages 490-491

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1954 films
1950s mystery thriller films
1950s psychological thriller films
American mystery thriller films
American psychological thriller films
Edgar Award–winning works
Films about disability in the United States
Films about murderers
Films about photographers
Films about security and surveillance
Films about socialites
Films about uxoricide
Films based on American short stories
Films based on works by Cornell Woolrich
Films directed by Alfred Hitchcock
Films produced by Alfred Hitchcock
Films scored by Franz Waxman
Films set in apartment buildings
Films set in Manhattan
Films with screenplays by John Michael Hayes
Paramount Pictures films
Social thriller films
United States National Film Registry films
Works subject to a lawsuit
1950s English-language films
1950s American films
English-language mystery thriller films
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