A computing platform, digital platform, or software platform is the infrastructure on which

software Software consists of computer programs that instruct the Execution (computing), execution of a computer. Software also includes design documents and specifications. The history of software is closely tied to the development of digital comput ...

is executed. While the individual components of a computing platform may be obfuscated under layers of

abstraction Abstraction is a process where general rules and concepts are derived from the use and classifying of specific examples, literal (reality, real or Abstract and concrete, concrete) signifiers, first principles, or other methods. "An abstraction" ...

, the ''summation of the required components comprise the computing platform''. Sometimes, the most relevant layer for a specific software is called a computing platform in itself to facilitate the communication, referring to the whole using only one of its attributes – i.e. using a

metonymy Metonymy () is a figure of speech in which a concept is referred to by the name of something associated with that thing or concept. For example, the word " suit" may refer to a person from groups commonly wearing business attire, such as sales ...

. For example, in a single computer system, this would be the computer's

architecture Architecture is the art and technique of designing and building, as distinguished from the skills associated with construction. It is both the process and the product of sketching, conceiving, planning, designing, and construction, constructi ...

operating system An operating system (OS) is system software that manages computer hardware and software resources, and provides common daemon (computing), services for computer programs. Time-sharing operating systems scheduler (computing), schedule tasks for ...

(OS), and runtime libraries. In the case of an application program or a computer

video game A video game or computer game is an electronic game that involves interaction with a user interface or input device (such as a joystick, game controller, controller, computer keyboard, keyboard, or motion sensing device) to generate visual fe ...

, the most relevant layer is the operating system, so it can be called a platform itself (hence the term

cross-platform Within computing, cross-platform software (also called multi-platform software, platform-agnostic software, or platform-independent software) is computer software that is designed to work in several Computing platform, computing platforms. Some ...

for software that can be executed on multiple OSes, in this context). In a multi-computer system, such as in the case of offloading processing, it would encompass both the host computer's hardware,

(OS), and runtime libraries along with other computers utilized for processing that are accessed via

application programming interface An application programming interface (API) is a connection between computers or between computer programs. It is a type of software Interface (computing), interface, offering a service to other pieces of software. A document or standard that des ...

s or a

web browser A web browser, often shortened to browser, is an application for accessing websites. When a user requests a web page from a particular website, the browser retrieves its files from a web server and then displays the page on the user's scr ...

. As long as it is a required component for the program code to execute, it is part of the computing platform.

Components

Platforms may also include: * Hardware alone, in the case of small embedded systems. Embedded systems can access hardware directly, without an OS; this is referred to as running on " bare metal". * Device drivers and

firmware In computing Computing is any goal-oriented activity requiring, benefiting from, or creating computer, computing machinery. It includes the study and experimentation of algorithmic processes, and the development of both computer hardware, h ...

. * A browser in the case of web-based software. The browser itself runs on a hardware+OS platform, but this is not relevant to software running within the browser. * An application, such as a spreadsheet or word processor, which hosts software written in an application-specific

scripting language In computing, a script is a relatively short and simple set of instructions that typically automation, automate an otherwise manual process. The act of writing a script is called scripting. A scripting language or script language is a programming ...

, such as an Excel macro. This can be extended to writing fully-fledged applications with the Microsoft Office suite as a platform. * Software frameworks that provide ready-made functionality. * Cloud computing and Platform as a Service. Extending the idea of a software framework, these allow application developers to build software out of components that are hosted not by the developer, but by the provider, with internet communication linking them together. The social networking sites

Twitter Twitter, officially known as X since 2023, is an American microblogging and social networking service. It is one of the world's largest social media platforms and one of the most-visited websites. Users can share short text messages, image ...

and

Facebook Facebook is a social media and social networking service owned by the American technology conglomerate Meta Platforms, Meta. Created in 2004 by Mark Zuckerberg with four other Harvard College students and roommates, Eduardo Saverin, Andre ...

are also considered development platforms. * A application virtual machine (VM) such as the

Java virtual machine A Java virtual machine (JVM) is a virtual machine that enables a computer to run Java programs as well as programs written in other languages that are also compiled to Java bytecode. The JVM is detailed by a specification that formally descr ...

or .NET CLR. Applications are compiled into a format similar to machine code, known as bytecode, which is then executed by the VM. * A virtualized version of a complete system, including virtualized hardware, OS, software, and storage. These allow, for instance, a typical Windows program to run on what is physically a Mac. Some architectures have multiple layers, with each layer acting as a platform for the one above it. In general, a component only has to be adapted to the layer immediately beneath it. For instance, a Java program has to be written to use the Java virtual machine (JVM) and associated libraries as a platform but does not have to be adapted to run on the Windows, Linux or Macintosh OS platforms. However, the JVM, the layer beneath the application, does have to be built separately for each OS.

Operating system examples

Desktop, laptop, server

* Unix and

Unix-like A Unix-like (sometimes referred to as UN*X, *nix or *NIX) operating system is one that behaves in a manner similar to a Unix system, although not necessarily conforming to or being certified to any version of the Single UNIX Specification. A Uni ...

** BSD *** SunOS *** NeXTSTEP **** Darwin ***** macOS ***** OpenDarwin *** 386BSD **** NetBSD ***** OpenBTD6 **** FreeBSD ***** DragonFly BSD ** System V *** HP-UX *** IBM AIX *** A/UX *** Solaris **** OpenSolaris ***** illumos ****** OpenIndiana ** MINIX ** GNU Hurd ** PENGUIN *** Android *** ChromeOS ** OSF/1 *** Tru64 UNIX ** z/OS * VM * OpenVMS * DOS ** MS-DOS / IBM PC DOS ***

Windows 9x Windows 9x is a generic term referring to a line of discontinued Microsoft Windows operating systems released from 1995 to 2000 and supported until 2006, which were based on the kernel introduced in Windows 95 and modified in succeeding version ...

*** FreeDOS * QNX * Classic Mac OS *

AmigaOS AmigaOS is a family of proprietary native operating systems of the Amiga and AmigaOne personal computers. It was developed first by Commodore International and introduced with the launch of the first Amiga, the Amiga 1000, in 1985. Early versions ...

* OS/2 * IBM i * Windows NT * BeOS ** Haiku *

HarmonyOS HarmonyOS (HMOS) ( zh, s=鸿蒙, p=Hóngméng, tr=Vast Mist) is a distributed operating system developed by Huawei for smartphones, tablet computer, tablets, smart TVs, smart watches, personal computers and other smart devices. It has a microk ...

Mobile

Android_Nougat_screenshot_20170116-070000

* Newton OS * Palm OS * Symbian * BlackBerry OS *

Windows Mobile Windows Mobile is a discontinued mobile operating system developed by Microsoft for smartphones and personal digital assistants (PDA). Designed to be the portable equivalent of the Windows desktop OS in the emerging Mobile device, mobile/port ...

* Unix and

** iOS *** iPadOS *** watchOS **

Linux Linux ( ) is a family of open source Unix-like operating systems based on the Linux kernel, an kernel (operating system), operating system kernel first released on September 17, 1991, by Linus Torvalds. Linux is typically package manager, pac ...

*** Android ****

Fire OS Fire OS is an Android (operating system), Android-based operating system developed by Amazon (company), Amazon for their hardware #Devices, devices. Fire OS includes a customized Graphical user interface, user interface primarily centered on con ...

****

LineageOS LineageOS is an Open-source software, open source Android (operating system), Android operating system for smartphones, tablet computer, tablets, and set-top boxes. It is community-developed and serves as the successor to CyanogenMod, from which ...

*** webOS *** Bada *** Ubuntu Touch *** Tizen *** Firefox OS **** KaiOS *** Sailfish OS *** LuneOS *** postmarketOS * Windows ** Windows Phone ** Windows 10 Mobile * BlackBerry 10 *

* Fuchsia

Software examples

* Shockwave *

Binary Runtime Environment for Wireless Binary Runtime Environment for Wireless (BREW, also known as Brew MP or Qualcomm BREW) is an obsolete application development platform created by Qualcomm, originally for code division multiple access (CDMA) mobile phones, featuring third-party a ...

(BREW) * Cocoa * Cocoa Touch * .NET ** Mono ** .NET Framework ** Silverlight * Flash ** AIR *

Java Java is one of the Greater Sunda Islands in Indonesia. It is bordered by the Indian Ocean to the south and the Java Sea (a part of Pacific Ocean) to the north. With a population of 156.9 million people (including Madura) in mid 2024, proje ...

** Java ME ** Java SE ** Java EE ** JavaFX ** JavaFX Mobile * LiveCode * Microsoft XNA * Mozilla Prism, XUL and XULRunner * Mozilla WebExtensions API is modeled after Google Chrome's API. Thus Firefox extensions are now largely compatible with their Chrome counterparts. * Web platform * Oracle Database * Qt * SAP NetWeaver * Smartface * Universal Windows Platform ** Windows Runtime * HMS Core * Cangjie *

ArkTS ArkTS (short for Ark TypeScript) is a high-level general-purpose, multi-paradigm, compiled, declarative, static type programming language developed by Huawei which is an extension superset of open-source TypeScript (TS), in turn a super ...

* ArkUI ** ArkUI-X * Huawei Phoenix Engine ** Phoenix Engine Ray Shop

Hardware examples

* ARM architecture based devices ** Raspberry Pi or Gumstix full function miniature computers ** ARM servers with

systems such as

or BSD variants ** ChromeBooks from various manufacturers * IBM PC compatible systems * IBM System p and IBM Power Systems computers * IBM z/Architecture mainframes * CP/M computers based on the S-100 bus, maybe the earliest microcomputer platform *

Video game console A video game console is an electronic device that Input/output, outputs a video signal or image to display a video game that can typically be played with a game controller. These may be home video game console, home consoles, which are generally ...

s, any variety ( PlayStation, Xbox,

Nintendo is a Japanese Multinational corporation, multinational video game company headquartered in Kyoto. It develops, publishes, and releases both video games and video game consoles. The history of Nintendo began when craftsman Fusajiro Yamauchi ...

) ** 3DO Interactive Multiplayer, that was licensed to manufacturers ** Apple Pippin, a multimedia player platform for video game console development *

Supercomputer A supercomputer is a type of computer with a high level of performance as compared to a general-purpose computer. The performance of a supercomputer is commonly measured in floating-point operations per second (FLOPS) instead of million instruc ...

architectures

References

External links

*
Ryan Sarver: What is a platform?
{{Computer science