Unix (, ; trademarked as UNIX) is a family of multitasking, multi-user computer operating systems that derive from the original AT&T Unix, the development of which started in 1969 at the Bell Labs research center by Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie, and others. Initially intended for use inside the Bell System, AT&T licensed Unix to outside parties in the late 1970s, leading to a variety of both academic and commercial Unix variants from vendors including University of California, Berkeley ( BSD), Microsoft ( Xenix), Sun Microsystems ( SunOS/ Solaris), HP/ HPE ( HP-UX), and IBM ( AIX). The early versions of Unix, which are retrospectively referred to as " Research Unix", ran on computers such as the PDP-11 and VAX; Unix was commonly used on minicomputers and mainframes from the 1970s onwards. It distinguished itself from its predecessors as the first portable operating system: almost the entire operating system is written in the C programming language (in 1973), w ...

macOS (previously OS X and originally Mac OS X) is a proprietary Unix operating system, derived from OPENSTEP for Mach and FreeBSD, which has been marketed and developed by Apple since 2001. It is the current operating system for Apple's line of Mac computers. As of April 2026, within the market of desktop and laptop computers, it is the second most widely used desktop OS, after Microsoft Windows and ahead of all Linux distributions, including ChromeOS and SteamOS. , the most recent release of macOS is macOS 26 Tahoe, the 22nd major version of macOS. Mac OS X succeeded the classic Mac OS, the primary Macintosh operating system from 1984 to 2001. Its underlying architecture came from NeXT's NeXTSTEP, as a result of Apple's acquisition of NeXT, which also brought Steve Jobs back to Apple. The first desktop version, Mac OS X 10.0, was released on March 24, 2001. Apart from OS X Lion, all versions from Mac OS X Leopard onwards are UNIX 03 certifi ...

Berkeley most often refers to: * Berkeley, California, a city in the United States ** University of California, Berkeley, a public university in Berkeley, California * George Berkeley (1685–1753), Anglo-Irish philosopher Berkeley may also refer to: PlacesAustralia * Berkeley, New South Wales, a suburb of Wollongong Canada * Berkeley, Ontario, a community in Grey County United Kingdom * Berkeley (hundred), an administrative division from late Saxon period to the 19th century * Berkeley, Gloucestershire, a town in England United States * Berkeley, California, a city in the San Francisco Bay Area, the largest city named Berkeley * Berkeley, Denver, a neighborhood in Denver, Colorado * Berkeley, Illinois, a suburb of Chicago * Berkeley, Missouri, a northwestern suburb of St. Louis * Berkeley Township, Ocean County, New Jersey * Berkeley, Rhode Island * Berkeley, Virginia (other) * Berkeley, West Virginia * Berkeley County (other) People * Berkeley (gi ...

A computer is a machine that can be programmed to automatically carry out sequences of arithmetic or logical operations ( computation). Modern digital electronic computers can perform generic sets of operations known as programs, which enable computers to perform a wide range of tasks. The term ''computer system'' may refer to a nominally complete computer that includes the hardware, operating system, software, and peripheral equipment needed and used for full operation, or to a group of computers that are linked and function together, such as a computer network or computer cluster. Numbering only a few in the 1930s, today computers are ubiquitous over a broad range of industrial and consumer products that use computers as control systems. The price, size, and complexity of computers can range from simple single-purpose devices like key fobs, microwave ovens, and remote controls up to supercomputers and factories using industrial robots. Computers are at th ...

Joe or JOE may refer to: Arts Film and television * ''Joe'' (1970 film), starring Peter Boyle * ''Joe'' (2013 film), starring Nicolas Cage, based on the novel ''Joe'' (1991) by Larry Brown * Joe (2023 film), an Indian film * ''Joe'' (TV series), a British TV series airing from 1966 to 1971 * ''Joe'', a 2002 Canadian animated short about Joe Fortes Music and radio * "Joe" (Inspiral Carpets song) * "Joe" (Red Hot Chili Peppers song) * "Joe", a song by The Cranberries on their album '' To the Faithful Departed'' *"Joe", a song by PJ Harvey on her album '' Dry'' *"Joe", a song by AJR on their album '' OK Orchestra'' * Joe FM (other), any of several radio stations Computing * Joe's Own Editor, a text editor for Unix systems * Joe, an object-oriented Java computing framework based on Sun's Distributed Objects Everywhere project Media * Joe (website), a news website for the UK and Ireland * ''Joe'' (magazine), a defunct periodical developed originally for Kenyan yo ...

Wayland may refer to: Computers * Wayland (protocol), a graphical display system for Unix-like operating systems Fiction * Jace Wayland, a character in the ''Mortal Instruments'' book series * Wayland (''Star Wars''), a planet in the ''Star Wars'' fictional universe * Turk Wayland, in the ''Rennie Stride'' mystery series by Patricia Kennealy-Morrison Music * Wayland (band), a US rock music band Mythology and folklore * Wayland the Smith, figure from northern European folklore PlacesUnited Kingdom * HM Prison Wayland, Norfolk * Wayland, Norfolk * Wayland Wood, near Watton, Norfolk * Wayland Rural District, merged into Breckland District, Norfolk, UK * Wayland's Smithy, a Neolithic site in the UK United States Cities, towns, and communities * Wayland, Iowa, a village * Wayland, Kentucky, a city * Wayland, Massachusetts, a town * Wayland, Michigan, a city ** Wayland Township, Michigan, a township which borders the city in Allegan County * Wayland, Missouri, a city * ...

Free commonly refers to: * Freedom Freedom is the power or right to speak, act, and change as one wants without hindrance or restraint. Freedom is often associated with liberty and autonomy in the sense of "giving oneself one's own laws". In one definition, something is "free" if ..., the ability to act or change without constraint or restriction ** Emancipate, attaining civil and political rights or equality * Free of charge, something provided at no cost Free may also refer to: Computing * Free (programming), a function that releases dynamically allocated memory for reuse * Free software, software usable and distributable with few restrictions and no payment *, an emoji in the Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement block Mathematics * Free object ** Free abelian group ** Free algebra ** Free group ** Free module ** Free semigroup * Free variable People * Free (surname) * Free (rapper) (born 1968), or Free Marie, American rapper and media personality * Free, a ...

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Quartz is a hard mineral composed of silica ( silicon dioxide). Its atoms are linked in a continuous framework of SiO4 silicon–oxygen tetrahedra, with each oxygen atom being shared between two tetrahedra, giving an overall chemical formula of SiO2. Therefore, quartz is classified structurally as a framework silicate mineral and compositionally as an oxide mineral. Quartz is the second most common mineral or mineral group in Earth's lithosphere, comprising about 12% by mass. Quartz exists in two forms, the normal α-quartz and the high-temperature β-quartz, both of which are chiral. The transformation from α-quartz to β-quartz takes place abruptly at . Since the transformation is accompanied by a significant change in volume, it can easily induce microfracturing of ceramics or rocks passing through this temperature threshold. There are many different varieties of quartz, several of which are classified as gemstones. Since antiquity, varieties of quartz have been t ...

Android most commonly refers to: * Android (robot), a humanoid robot or synthetic organism designed to imitate a human * Android (operating system), an operating system primarily developed by Google ** Android (desktop operating system), an upcoming desktop operating system by Google for Android PCs ** The Android mascot, the mascot of the Android operating system ** Android TV, a operating system developed by Google for Smart TVs Android may also refer to: Arts and entertainmentFilm * ''Android'' (film), a 1982 film directed by Aaron Lipstadt * ''Android'', the Russian title for the 2013 film '' App'' Music * The Androids, an Australian rock band * "Android" (song), a 2012 song by TVXQ * "Android", a song by Green Day from the album '' Kerplunk'' * "Android", a song on The Prodigy's '' What Evil Lurks'' EP Other uses in arts and entertainment * ''Android'' (board game), published by Fantasy Flight Games * Amazo, DC Comics character aka The Android * ''The Android'' (nov ...