Prince Chong'er
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Duke Wen of Jin (697–628BC), personal name Ji Chong'er, was
duke Duke is a male title either of a monarch ruling over a duchy, or of a member of Royal family, royalty, or nobility. As rulers, dukes are ranked below emperors, kings, grand princes, grand dukes, and above sovereign princes. As royalty or nobi ...
of the Jin state from 636 BC to 628 BC. He was exiled from Jin for approximately 20 years before finally assuming the throne and rapidly leading Jin to
hegemony Hegemony (, , ) is the political, economic, and military predominance of one State (polity), state over other states, either regional or global. In Ancient Greece (ca. 8th BC – AD 6th c.), hegemony denoted the politico-military dominance of ...
over the other Chinese states of his time. Duke Wen is a figure in numerous Chinese legends, including those about his loyal courtier
Jie Zhitui Jie Zhitui (centuryBC), also known as Jie Zitui, was an ancient aristocrat who served the Jin prince Chong'er during the Spring and Autumn period of Chinese history. Chinese legend holds that when Chong'er finally ascended to power as the duke ...
, whose death is said to have inspired China's
Cold Food Festival The Cold Food or Hanshi Festival (寒食节) is a traditional Chinese holiday which developed from the local commemoration of the death of the Jin nobleman Jie Zitui in the 7thcenturyBC under the Zhou dynasty, into an occasion across East As ...
and
Qingming Festival The Qingming Festival or Ching Ming Festival, also known as Tomb-Sweeping Day in English (sometimes also called Chinese Memorial Day, Ancestors' Day, the Clear Brightness Festival, or the Pure Brightness Festival), is a traditional Chines ...
.


Names

"Duke Wen of Jin" is a
posthumous name A posthumous name is an honorary Personal name, name given mainly to revered dead people in East Asian cultural sphere, East Asian culture. It is predominantly used in Asian countries such as China, Korea, Vietnam, Japan, Malaysia and Thailand. ...
bestowed on him as part of his family's
ancestral veneration The veneration of the dead, including one's ancestors, is based on love and respect for the deceased. In some cultures, it is related to beliefs that the dead have a continued existence, and may possess the ability to influence the fortune of t ...
. It literally means the "Cultured Duke of Jin". Duke Wen's given name was Chong'er. His clan name was Ji.


Life


Early life

Prince Chong'er was born to
Duke Xian of Jin Duke Xian of Jin (), personal name Ji Guizhu, was a ruler of the Jin state, reigning for 26 years. He moved the capital from Quwo (曲沃) to Jiang (絳). He was named after the Rongdi (戎狄) leader Guizhu (詭諸), whom his father and predece ...
in 697 BC. The ''
Zuo Zhuan The ''Zuo Zhuan'' ( zh, t=左傳, w=Tso Chuan; ), often translated as ''The Zuo Tradition'' or as ''The Commentary of Zuo'', is an ancient Chinese narrative history traditionally regarded as a commentary on the ancient Chinese chronicle the '' ...
'' notes that "his ribs were all grown together," a sign of strength and leadership. Chong'er's half-brothers included
Shensheng Shensheng (, died 20 February 655 BCESima Qian records the day of Shensheng's suicide as the ''wushen'' day (午申; day 45) of the twelfth month according to the Jin calendar (Sima Qian, 39:1646). This was during the spring according to the Lu c ...
and
Xiqi Ji Xiqi was briefly a ruler of the Jin state. He was the son of Duke Xian and his favored concubine Li Ji, and later replaced his older half-brother Ji Shensheng as crown prince. After the death of Duke Xian, he took the throne for about a mon ...
. While Shensheng was the original crown prince, in his later years Duke Xian favoured the concubine Li Ji, who desired her son Xiqi to be heir instead. As such, she plotted to discredit Shensheng before his father, eventually leading to Shensheng's suicide in 656 BC.


Wandering

This event led to a civil war in Jin, known as the
Li Ji Unrest The Li Ji Unrest or Rebellion (657–651 BCE) was a series of events that took place in the State of Jin during the Spring and Autumn period of ancient China, caused by Li Ji, the concubine of Duke Xian of Jin, in order to put her son Xiqi onto ...
, where Duke Xian led several campaigns against his own sons, forcing them to flee Jin. With a retinue of capable men, including
Zhao Cui Zhao Cui (), also known by his posthumous name A posthumous name is an honorary Personal name, name given mainly to revered dead people in East Asian cultural sphere, East Asian culture. It is predominantly used in Asian countries such as Chi ...
,
Hu Yan Hu Yan (715–629BC) was a Di tribesman who served as a minister and general of Jin during the Spring and Autumn period of Chinese history. Hu Yan assisted Prince Chong'er (posthumously the " Wen Duke") during his long exile, his usurpation o ...
, Wei Chou (魏犨), Jia Tuo (賈佗), Xian Zhen (先軫), and
Jie Zhitui Jie Zhitui (centuryBC), also known as Jie Zitui, was an ancient aristocrat who served the Jin prince Chong'er during the Spring and Autumn period of Chinese history. Chinese legend holds that when Chong'er finally ascended to power as the duke ...
, Chong'er fled to the north. In 651 BC, after the death of Duke Xian led to a succession crisis, Chong'er was invited to return to Jin and assume the duchy, but declined; the throne passed instead to his half-brother Yiwu, who became
Duke Hui of Jin Duke Hui of Jin, personal name Ji Yiwu, was duke of the Jin state from 650 BC to 637 BC. Life Early life Yiwu was one of the nine sons of Duke Xian. His mother was Xiao Rongzi. He was the younger sibling of Shensheng and Chong'er (later Du ...
. In 644 BC, after failed assassination attempts by Duke Hui, Chong'er moved to the
State of Qi Qi, or Ch'i in Wade–Giles romanization, was a ancient Chinese state, regional state of the Zhou dynasty in History of China#Ancient China, ancient China, whose rulers held Zhou dynasty nobility, titles of ''Hou'' (), then ''Gong (title), Go ...
. He remained there until yet another succession crisis in Qi in 639 BC, whereupon he fled first to the
State of Cao The State of Cao () was a vassal state in China during the Zhou dynasty (1046–221 BC). The state was founded sometime in the 11th century BC by (d. 1053 BC), a son of King Wen of Zhou and younger brother of King Wu of Zhou. With its capital ...
, then the states of
Song A song is a musical composition performed by the human voice. The voice often carries the melody (a series of distinct and fixed pitches) using patterns of sound and silence. Songs have a structure, such as the common ABA form, and are usu ...
, Zheng,
Chu Chu or CHU may refer to: Chinese history * Chu (state) (c. 1030 BC–223 BC), a state during the Zhou dynasty * Western Chu (206 BC–202 BC), a state founded and ruled by Xiang Yu * Chu Kingdom (Han dynasty) (201 BC–70 AD), a kingdom of the H ...
and finally the
State of Qin Qin (, , or ''Ch'in'') was an ancient Chinese state during the Zhou dynasty. It is traditionally dated to 897 BC. The state of Qin originated from a reconquest of western lands that had previously been lost to the Xirong. Its location at ...
. Over this 19-year period of exile, Chong'er gained both prestige and talented followers; a lady of a foreign court once commented that "When I look at the followers of the prince of Jin, every one of them is fit to be a premier of a state". In 636 BC, after the death of Duke Hui,
Duke Mu of Qin Duke Mu of Qin (died 621BC), born Ying Renhao, was a duke of the state of Qin. Sometimes considered one of the Five Hegemons of the Spring and Autumn period, Duke Mu greatly expanded the territory of Qin during the reign of King Xiang of Zhou. ...
escorted Chong'er back to Jin with an army, and Chong'er was installed as the Duke of Jin.


Duke of Jin

Duke Wen undertook several major reforms of the state's military and civil institutions, partly in order to fill the gaps that had been caused by the slaughter of the ducal house previously. These included the formation of a three-army system, with an upper, middle and lower army each commanded by a General and a Lieutenant-General. The state was further invigorated by the many capable leaders Duke Wen had gathered from his wanderings, who were given senior military and governmental posts. With this army, as well as his considerable prestige, Duke Wen was able to absorb many of the states around Jin, greatly increasing its extent, while also subjecting others as vassals; its vassal states included Cao, which he attacked in reprisal for the rude treatment afforded him during his exile. At the same time, he took the political stance of supporting the
Eastern Zhou The Eastern Zhou (256 BCE) is a period in Chinese history comprising the latter two-thirds of the Zhou dynasty. The period follows the Western Zhou era and is named due to the Zhou royal court relocating the capital eastward from Fenghao ...
court and
King Xiang of Zhou King Xiang of Zhou (died 619BC), personal name Ji Zheng, was a king of the Zhou dynasty The Zhou dynasty ( ) was a royal dynasty of China that existed for 789 years from until 256 BC, the longest span of any dynasty in Chinese histor ...
. When in 635 BC King Xiang was deposed and driven out by his brother, Duke Wen led a coalition of states which re-installed him as King. At the same time, the northward expansion of the
State of Chu Chu (, Old Chinese: ''*s-r̥aʔ'') was an Ancient Chinese states, ancient Chinese state during the Zhou dynasty. Their first ruler was King Wu of Chu in the early 8th century BC. Chu was located in the south of the Zhou heartland and lasted ...
was also resisted by Duke Wen; the two states' conflict was mostly played out among the smaller states which lay between their territories and formed alliances with one state or another. In 633 BC, Chu invaded the
State of Song Song was an ancient Chinese state during the Zhou dynasty with its capital at Shangqiu. The state was founded soon after King Wu of Zhou conquered the Shang dynasty to establish the Zhou dynasty in 1046 BC. It was conquered by the state of ...
, which was an ally of Jin; Duke Wen led his coalition, including troops from Qin, Qi and Song, and won a decisive victory over Chu forces at the
Battle of Chengpu The Battle of Chengpu took place in 632 BC between the State of Jin and the State of Chu and its allies during the Spring and Autumn period of Chinese history. It was the first major battle in the protracted conflict between the states of th ...
in 632 BC. This battle checked Chu's northern expansion for decades, while cementing Duke Wen's position; the next year, he convened a large coalition of rulers at Jiantu, and was confirmed as hegemon over the other states, becoming one of the
Five Hegemons The Five Hegemons (), also referred to as the Five Hegemons of the Spring and Autumn period (), refers to several especially powerful rulers of Chinese states of the Spring and Autumn period of Chinese history (770–476 BCE), sometimes alternat ...
. Duke Jin died in 628 BC, and was succeeded by his son
Duke Xiang of Jin Duke Xiang of Jin (), personal name Ji Huan, was from 627 to 621 BC the ruler of the Jin state. He succeeded his father, Duke Wen, who was one of the Five Hegemons of China's Spring and Autumn period. Battle of Yao After Duke Wen died in the n ...
; his son also inherited the hegemony, which would stay with Jin for nearly a century.


Legends


Ordering the Army to Retreat Three ''She''

When Chong'er stayed at the court of
Chu Chu or CHU may refer to: Chinese history * Chu (state) (c. 1030 BC–223 BC), a state during the Zhou dynasty * Western Chu (206 BC–202 BC), a state founded and ruled by Xiang Yu * Chu Kingdom (Han dynasty) (201 BC–70 AD), a kingdom of the H ...
, its king set banquets for him and afforded him good treatment. At one meal, he asked Chong'er how he intended to repay this debt. Chong'er replied that, should Jin and Chu meet on the battlefield in the future, he would order his own troops to retreat three ''she'' () or about . After Chong'er was restored to his throne by the duke of Qin, he did meet Chu in battle. Remembering his promise, he ordered his men to retreat three ''she''. He used the occasion, however, to lure the Chu commander Ziyu into an ambush at Chengpu and won the battle there.


Cold Food Festival

Accounts of Chong'er and his retainer and musician
Jie Zhitui Jie Zhitui (centuryBC), also known as Jie Zitui, was an ancient aristocrat who served the Jin prince Chong'er during the Spring and Autumn period of Chinese history. Chinese legend holds that when Chong'er finally ascended to power as the duke ...
or Zitui circulated by at least the 4th century BC.
Sima Qian Sima Qian () was a Chinese historian during the early Han dynasty. He is considered the father of Chinese historiography for the ''Shiji'' (sometimes translated into English as ''Records of the Grand Historian''), a general history of China cov ...
relates that Jie was among those who followed the prince through all his years of exile but, crediting
Heaven Heaven, or the Heavens, is a common Religious cosmology, religious cosmological or supernatural place where beings such as deity, deities, angels, souls, saints, or Veneration of the dead, venerated ancestors are said to originate, be throne, ...
with Qin's willingness to install Chong'er in place of Duke Yu, he declined to present himself at court for reward and insulted those who did so. He and his mother left to become hermits in the forests around MtMian and were never seen again. Chong'er was distracted during this time by the chaos of his installation, as Yu's partisans started riots and even burnt down the ducal palace. He was eventually reminded of Jie by a poem about a
dragon A dragon is a Magic (supernatural), magical legendary creature that appears in the folklore of multiple cultures worldwide. Beliefs about dragons vary considerably through regions, but European dragon, dragons in Western cultures since the Hi ...
and some snakes that was posted on his new palace's main gate; unable to find or reward him, he set aside the fields of
Mianshang Jiexiu is a county-level city in the central part of Shanxi Province, China. It is under the administration of the prefecture-level city of Jinzhong and is located in the latter's western confines. Notable sites in and around Jiexiu include M ...
to endow sacrifices in his honor.. . This later developed into a temple, and Jie became regarded as a
Taoist immortal A ''xian'' ( zh, s=仙, t=僊, p=xiān, w=hsien) is any manner of immortal or mythical being within the Taoist pantheon or Chinese folklore. has often been translated into English as "immortal" or "wizard". Traditionally, ''xian'' refers t ...
with power over the weather by the early Han.. Later legends embellished this story: after the retinue of exiles were robbed by bandits while traveling through the Chinese countryside, they ran so low on food that Chong'er was at risk of starvation. Jie prepared him a hearty soup of meat and wild herbs that revitalized him and, under questioning, revealed that he had used flesh from his own thigh to prepare it. Upon the prince's restoration in Jin, he proclaimed that "awards may be divided into three grades: the first-grade award goes to those hofollowed me into exile; the second-grade award goes to those who donated money; and the third grade goes to those who welcomed the return of my dukedom" and that even "those who have supported me in other ways but not yet been rewarded may report their names for awards". Jie, however, was overlooked and felt so sad that he retired to the countryside, carrying his mother on his back. Recalling his loyal follower months or years later, Chong'er personally wandered the forests and ridges looking for them. His new advisors suggested using a
forest fire A wildfire, forest fire, or a bushfire is an unplanned and uncontrolled fire in an area of combustible vegetation. Depending on the type of vegetation present, a wildfire may be more specifically identified as a bushfire ( in Australia), dese ...
to drive Jie out, since his duty to his mother would overwhelm any other concerns. The fire was started on one or three sides, and men waited on the open end to welcome the official back into public service. Instead, the fire raged for three days and nights and the mother and son were found burnt to death beneath a
willow Willows, also called sallows and osiers, of the genus ''Salix'', comprise around 350 species (plus numerous hybrids) of typically deciduous trees and shrubs, found primarily on moist soils in cold and temperate regions. Most species are known ...
. In his sorrow and guilt, Chong'er renamed the mountain after Jie. (The surrounding territory would also later take the name "
Jiexiu Jiexiu is a county-level city in the central part of Shanxi Province, China. It is under the administration of the prefecture-level city of Jinzhong and is located in the latter's western confines. Notable sites in and around Jiexiu include ...
" or " lace ofJie's inalRest".) He also ordered a period of prohibition against
fire Fire is the rapid oxidation of a fuel in the exothermic chemical process of combustion, releasing heat, light, and various reaction Product (chemistry), products. Flames, the most visible portion of the fire, are produced in the combustion re ...
in Jie's honor, forcing the people to eat cold food during three days around the
Qingming The Qingming Festival or Ching Ming Festival, also known as Tomb-Sweeping Day in English (sometimes also called Chinese Memorial Day, Ancestors' Day, the Clear Brightness Festival, or the Pure Brightness Festival), is a traditional Chines ...
solar term A solar term (or ''jiéqì'', zh, t=節氣, s=节气) is any of twenty-four periods in traditional Chinese lunisolar calendars that matches a particular astronomical event or signifies some natural phenomenon. The points are spaced 15° apart ...
. In fact, the
Cold Food Festival The Cold Food or Hanshi Festival (寒食节) is a traditional Chinese holiday which developed from the local commemoration of the death of the Jin nobleman Jie Zitui in the 7thcenturyBC under the Zhou dynasty, into an occasion across East As ...
is not attested before the Han and began as a month-long popular observance to placate Jie's spirit in the depths of winter. The hardship this caused—including death among infants and the elderly—caused it to be repeatedly banned over a period of centuries. The regulations succeeded in moving the festival to the end of spring (by Chinese reckoning), but it never died out in
Shanxi Shanxi; Chinese postal romanization, formerly romanised as Shansi is a Provinces of China, province in North China. Its capital and largest city of the province is Taiyuan, while its next most populated prefecture-level cities are Changzhi a ...
and spread through the rest of China under the Sui and Tang. Aspects of
ancestral veneration The veneration of the dead, including one's ancestors, is based on love and respect for the deceased. In some cultures, it is related to beliefs that the dead have a continued existence, and may possess the ability to influence the fortune of t ...
added to it from the old
Double Third Festival The Double Third Festival () sometimes also called the Washing Festival is a traditional holiday originating from China, and is celebrated in multiple East Asian countries, including China and Korea. China The Double Third Festival () or Sha ...
eventually overshadowed the stories of Chong'er and Jie Zhitui, however, causing it to develop into the modern Tomb-Sweeping Festival instead.


Offspring

Huan (驩). Born by Bi Ji (逼姞). He succeeded his father and was known as
Duke Xiang of Jin Duke Xiang of Jin (), personal name Ji Huan, was from 627 to 621 BC the ruler of the Jin state. He succeeded his father, Duke Wen, who was one of the Five Hegemons of China's Spring and Autumn period. Battle of Yao After Duke Wen died in the n ...
. He was regarded as a good successor as he defeated Qin and Di, but died too early in 621 BC. His son became
Duke Ling of Jin Duke Ling of Jin (), personal name Ji Yigao, was from 620 to 607 BC the duke Duke is a male title either of a monarch ruling over a duchy, or of a member of Royal family, royalty, or nobility. As rulers, dukes are ranked below emperors, ki ...
, and
Duke Dao of Jin Duke Dao of Jin (), personal name Ji Zhou, was from 573 BC to 558 BC the duke of the Jin state. Accession to the throne Duke Dao came from a cadet branch of the House of Ji that ruled Jin. His grandfather Jie was one of the younger sons of Duke ...
was the grandson of his another son named Jie. Bo Ji (伯姬). Also born by Bi Ji (逼姞). She was married to
Zhao Cui Zhao Cui (), also known by his posthumous name A posthumous name is an honorary Personal name, name given mainly to revered dead people in East Asian cultural sphere, East Asian culture. It is predominantly used in Asian countries such as Chi ...
(趙衰), and was praised highly for returning the wifehood to the first wife Shu Wei (叔隗), thereby making herself a concubine. She bore three sons named Zhao Yingqi (趙嬰齊), Zhao Tong (趙同) and Zhao Kuo (趙括). Also known as Zhao Ji (趙姬) and Junjishi. Yong (雍). Born by Du Qi (杜祁). He was initially sent to the State of Qin to be a minister in Qin to avoid the probable conflict among his brothers. When Duke Xiang of Jin died, Zhao Dun decided to let Yong succeed the throne, since he was elder and had a good reputation. Therefore, Yong was returning to Qin guarded by Qin troops. However, when Yong and the Qin troops were at border, Dun changed his mind and created Yigao (夷皋) as Duke Ling of Jin and attacked the Qin troops. Yong was killed in the attack from the State of Jin. Le (Yue?) (樂). Born by Chen Ying (辰嬴) from the State of Qin. He was initially sent to the
State of Chen Chen () was a state founded by Duke Hu of Chen during the Zhou dynasty of ancient China. It existed from c. 1045 BC–479 BC. Its capital was Wanqiu, in present-day Huaiyang County in the plains of eastern Henan province. Chen, the 4th most ...
to avoid the probable conflict among his brothers. When Duke Xiang died, another noble minister, Hu Shegu (狐射姑), wanted to make Le the duke and secretly fetched him from Chen. However, he was ambushed and killed on the way by fellows led by Gongsun Chujiu, one of the men of Zhao Dun. Heitun (黑臀). Born by Zhou Nü (周女). He was initially sent to Zhou. When Duke Ling was murdered, he succeeded the throne and became
Duke Cheng of Jin Duke Cheng of Jin (), personal name Ji Heitun, was from 606 to 600 BC the duke of the Jin state. He was the youngest son of Duke Wen, and succeeded his nephew Duke Ling, who was killed by Zhao Chuan (趙穿). Zhao Dun (Viscount Xuan of Zhao) ...
. He died in 600 BC.


Family

* Father:
Duke Xian of Jin Duke Xian of Jin (), personal name Ji Guizhu, was a ruler of the Jin state, reigning for 26 years. He moved the capital from Quwo (曲沃) to Jiang (絳). He was named after the Rongdi (戎狄) leader Guizhu (詭諸), whom his father and predece ...
* Stepmother: Li Ji * Brother:
Shensheng Shensheng (, died 20 February 655 BCESima Qian records the day of Shensheng's suicide as the ''wushen'' day (午申; day 45) of the twelfth month according to the Jin calendar (Sima Qian, 39:1646). This was during the spring according to the Lu c ...
, Hereditary Duke of Jin /
Xiqi Ji Xiqi was briefly a ruler of the Jin state. He was the son of Duke Xian and his favored concubine Li Ji, and later replaced his older half-brother Ji Shensheng as crown prince. After the death of Duke Xian, he took the throne for about a mon ...
, Duke of Jin /
Duke Hui of Jin Duke Hui of Jin, personal name Ji Yiwu, was duke of the Jin state from 650 BC to 637 BC. Life Early life Yiwu was one of the nine sons of Duke Xian. His mother was Xiao Rongzi. He was the younger sibling of Shensheng and Chong'er (later Du ...
* Nephew: Duke Huai of Jin


Legacy

Duke Wen's military and civil reforms created a framework of government which helped ensure the stability and preeminence of the Jin for subsequent decades. At the same time, though, it laid the framework for the political situation in the later years of Jin, when several houses of nobles came to dominate the ducal court. The houses of Wei and Zhao, for example, were consolidated by their military appointments in Duke Wen's court, setting the ground for their eventual domination and the
partition of Jin The Partition of Jin (), refers to the division of the State of Jin between rival families into the three states of Han, Zhao and Wei, a watershed event marking the division between the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods. Proceedi ...
two and a half centuries later.
Hong Kong Hong Kong)., Legally Hong Kong, China in international treaties and organizations. is a special administrative region of China. With 7.5 million residents in a territory, Hong Kong is the fourth most densely populated region in the wor ...
's
TVB Television Broadcasts Limited (TVB; zh, t=電視廣播有限公司) is a television broadcasting company based in Hong Kong. The company operates five free-to-air terrestrial television channels in Hong Kong, with TVB Jade as its main Canton ...
made a television drama series about Duke Wen in the early 1990s called ''The Legend of Duke Wen'' (), starring
Leon Lai Leon Lai Ming Silver Bauhinia Star, SBS Bronze Bauhinia Star, BBS Medal of Honour (Hong Kong), MH ( zh, 黎明; born 11 December 1966), is a Hong Kong actor, singer, film director, and businessman. He is one of the "Cantopop#1990s: Four Heav ...
. The series was semi-fictional, with many episodes featuring
wuxia ( , literally "martial arts and chivalry") is a genre of Chinese literature, Chinese fiction concerning the adventures of martial artists in ancient China. Although is traditionally a form of historical fantasy literature, its popularity ha ...
("kung fu") scenes. Other dramatizations of his life include the 2011 Chinese series ''Song of Spring and Autumn'', with the duke played by
Gallen Lo Gallen Lo Ka-leung () is a Hong Kong actor and singer who primarily acts in television series. He is sometimes credited as King Gallen or Law Ka-leung. Career Lo started his television career in 1984 at ATV. He received short-term success in a ...
. In 2019 a Chinese historical romantic comedy television series called
Chong Er's Preach ''Chong Er's Preach'', also known as ''The Legend of Chong Er'' () is a 2019 Chinese historical romantic comedy television series directed by Lai Shuiqing and Zhao Jian and starring Wang Longhua, Baby Zhang, Zhang Yishan, Madina Memet, Purba Rg ...
was directed by Lai Shuiqing and Zhao Jian and starring Wang Longhua, Baby Zhang,
Zhang Yishan Zhang Yishan (, born 5 May 1992) is a Chinese actor and former child star. He is most known for his roles as Liu Xing in the family sitcom '' Home with Kids'' (2004), and as the protagonist in the crime thriller '' Yu Zui'' (2016). Early life an ...
,
Madina Memet Madina Memet (; zh, s=麦迪娜·买买提, p=Màidínà Mǎimǎití; born 10 September 1987) is a Chinese actress of Uyghur ethnicity who first rose to prominence in 2011 for playing the Fragrant Concubine in the television series ''New My Fair ...
,
Purba Rgyal Purba Rgyal (; born July 8, 1985), also known as Pu Bajia ( zh, c=蒲巴甲, p=Pú Bājiǎ), is a Chinese singer and actor of Tibetan ethnicity. Life Early life Purba Rgyal was born on July 8, 1985, in Jinchuan County, Ngawa Tibetan and Qiang ...
, Shen Mengchen, and Gan Tingting. It is produced jointly by
China Film Group Corporation China Film Group Corporation (CFGC) is the largest, most influential film enterprise in the People's Republic of China, owned by the Central Propaganda Department of the Chinese Communist Party. According to ''Forbes'', it is a state monopoly ...
, Global Hao Xiang Television Media and Shenzhen Yucong Cultural Media Co., Ltd.. The television series follows the story of the Duke Wen of Jin from exile to later ascending the throne to become hegemon.


References


Citations


Bibliography

* . * . * * . * . * . * . * . * . * . * , reprinted by Penguin Classics, 1985. * . * . * .


External links


A simplified Chinese website depicting Duke Wen life and story


{{DEFAULTSORT:Wen of Jin, Duke Monarchs of Jin (Chinese state) 7th-century BC Chinese monarchs 690s BC births 620s BC deaths