The Pima Revolt, also known as the O'odham Uprising or the Pima Outbreak, was a revolt of Pima native Americans in 1751 against colonial forces in Spanish Arizona and one of the major northern frontier conflicts in early

New Spain New Spain, officially the Viceroyalty of New Spain ( ; Nahuatl: ''Yankwik Kaxtillan Birreiyotl''), originally the Kingdom of New Spain, was an integral territorial entity of the Spanish Empire, established by Habsburg Spain. It was one of several ...

Background

The revolt culminated from decades of violence by the local Spanish settlers against Natives beginning in 1684. The period was characterized by local Natives gradual loss of autonomy and territory. Treaties allowing the Spanish to mine and herd on Native lands led to an influx of new settlers; by 1760, Hispanos had become a substantial presence in the present-day American Southwest. However, the colonial province of

Sonora Sonora (), officially Estado Libre y Soberano de Sonora (), is one of the 31 states which, along with Mexico City, comprise the Administrative divisions of Mexico, Federal Entities of Mexico. The state is divided into Municipalities of Sonora, 72 ...

was characterized by a larger native population, and more frequent conflict between them and the Spaniards. The Pima Revolt was directly preceded by the Seri Revolt of Seri Natives in Sonora.

Uprising

While the Pima people had no central authority, the charismatic Luis Oacpicagigua (Luis of Sáric) began the task of uniting—with varying degrees of success—the disparate groups, numbering at least 15,000 people, under a single war plan. The initial act of rebellion was the killing of 18 settlers lured to Oacpicagigua's home in Sáric on November 20th, 1751. Over the next day, uprisings followed in Caborca, Pitiquito, Oquitoa,

Atil Atil, also Itil, was the capital of the Khazar Khaganate from the mid-8th century to the late 10th century. It is known historically to have been situated along the Silk Road, on the northern coast of the Caspian Sea, in the Volga Delta region of ...

, Tubutama, Sonoyta, Busani, Agua Caliente, Baboquivari, Arivaca, and Tubac; more than a hundred settlers were killed. Oacpicagigua surrendered to Captain José Díaz del Carpio on March 18, 1752 after a negotiated peace. When the Pima leaders laid the blame for the revolt on

Jesuit The Society of Jesus (; abbreviation: S.J. or SJ), also known as the Jesuit Order or the Jesuits ( ; ), is a religious order (Catholic), religious order of clerics regular of pontifical right for men in the Catholic Church headquartered in Rom ...

missionaries (who would be expelled from Spain and its colonies in 1767), they were pardoned by the colonial governor Ortiz Parrilla.

After the conflict

Small scale conflict soon began again, however, and Oacpicagigua eventually died in a Spanish prison in 1755. The colonial government founded three new presidios in Sonora to control the Pima and Seri populace in the years after the revolt: San Ignacio de Tubac, Santa Gertrudis de Altar, and San Carlos de Buenavista, present-day Tubac, Arizona, Altar, Sonora, and Buenavista, Sonora, respectively. While intermittent rebellions continued most notably Jabanimo revolt in 1756, by the end of the eighteenth century, Sonoran natives had been largely missionized or Hispanicized, and the assimilated tribes of frontier New Spain were absorbed into the

Spanish Empire The Spanish Empire, sometimes referred to as the Hispanic Monarchy (political entity), Hispanic Monarchy or the Catholic Monarchy, was a colonial empire that existed between 1492 and 1976. In conjunction with the Portuguese Empire, it ushered ...

References

External links

* {{cite book, url=http://parentseyes.arizona.edu/tubac/cpt5-int.htm, title=Tubac Through Four Centuries: An Historical Resume and Analysis, author=Henry F. Dobyns, author-link=Henry F. Dobyns, year=1999, publisher=Arizona State Parks Board, pages="CHAPTER V: THE PIMA REVOLT OF 1751", type=full text Conflicts in 1751 Conflicts in 1752 1751 in New Spain 1752 in New Spain 18th-century rebellions Pima Revolt Pre-statehood history of Arizona Colonial Mexico Indigenous rebellions against the Spanish Empire