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Phan Châu Trinh (
Chữ Hán ( , ) are the Chinese characters that were used to write Literary Chinese in Vietnam, Literary Chinese (; ) and Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary in Vietnamese language, Vietnamese. They were officially used in Vietnam after the Red River Delta region ...
: 潘周楨, 9 September 1872 – 24 March 1926),
courtesy name A courtesy name ( zh, s=字, p=zì, l=character), also known as a style name, is an additional name bestowed upon individuals at adulthood, complementing their given name. This tradition is prevalent in the East Asian cultural sphere, particula ...
Tử Cán (梓幹),
pen name A pen name or nom-de-plume is a pseudonym (or, in some cases, a variant form of a real name) adopted by an author and printed on the title page or by-line of their works in place of their real name. A pen name may be used to make the author's na ...
Tây Hồ (西湖) or Hi Mã (希馬), was an early 20th-century
Vietnam Vietnam, officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (SRV), is a country at the eastern edge of mainland Southeast Asia, with an area of about and a population of over 100 million, making it the world's List of countries and depende ...
ese
nationalist Nationalism is an idea or movement that holds that the nation should be congruent with the State (polity), state. As a movement, it presupposes the existence and tends to promote the interests of a particular nation,Anthony D. Smith, Smith, A ...
and reformer. He sought to end France's colonial occupation of
Vietnam Vietnam, officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (SRV), is a country at the eastern edge of mainland Southeast Asia, with an area of about and a population of over 100 million, making it the world's List of countries and depende ...
. His method of ending French colonial rule over Vietnam had opposed both violence and turning to other countries for support, and instead believed in attaining Vietnamese liberation by educating the population and by appealing to French democratic principles.


Early years

Phan Châu Trinh was born in Tây Lộc village, Hà Đông district, Thăng Bình fu (now is Tam Lộc commune, Phú Ninh district) of Quảng Nam province in 1872. He was the third son of a rich and famous scholar, who joined and became an official in the Cần Vương association of Quảng Nam in 1885. Trinh stopped studying and followed his father for hunting and military training at age of 14. In 1887, his father was killed by the other leaders on suspicion. After that, Cần Vương association of Quảng Nam was also eliminated, Trinh came back home at age of 16. His older brother covered him to continue
Confucian Confucianism, also known as Ruism or Ru classicism, is a system of thought and behavior originating in ancient China, and is variously described as a tradition, philosophy, religion, theory of government, or way of life. Founded by Confucius ...
studying. In 1900, he obtained a Cử nhân (舉人 senior bachelor) degree in the regional exam. One year later, he got (sub table, under doctorate table) title in the national examination. A total of 22 candidates passed that exam, including two who later became Phan's close companions: Ngô Đức Kế got the ''Tiến sĩ'' (doctorate) title, and Nguyễn Sinh Sắc got the ''Phó bảng'' title. In 1903, Phan was appointed ''Thừa-biện'' (a mid-ranking official) of Ministry of Rites. In 1905, Phan resigned from his post in the mandarin bureaucracy. He had become strongly opposed to the
monarchy A monarchy is a form of government in which a person, the monarch, reigns as head of state for the rest of their life, or until abdication. The extent of the authority of the monarch may vary from restricted and largely symbolic (constitutio ...
, traditional Chinese Confucian-influenced Vietnamese court and mandarin system. He called for an end to the monarchy and its replacement with a democratic republic. Having earlier met
Phan Bội Châu Phan Bội Châu (; 26 December 1867 – 29 October 1940), born Phan Văn San, courtesy name Hải Thụ (later changed to Sào Nam), was a pioneer of 20th century Vietnamese nationalism. In 1904, he formed a revolutionary organization called ...
(Sào Nam) in 1903, in early March 1906, he went to
British Hong Kong Hong Kong was under British Empire, British rule from 1841 to 1997, except for a Japanese occupation of Hong Kong, brief period of Japanese occupation during World War II from 1941 to 1945. It was a crown colony of the United Kingdom from 1841 ...
then
Guangdong ) means "wide" or "vast", and has been associated with the region since the creation of Guang Prefecture in AD 226. The name "''Guang''" ultimately came from Guangxin ( zh, labels=no, first=t, t= , s=广信), an outpost established in Han dynasty ...
to meet with him again at
Liu Yongfu Liu Yongfu () (10 October 1837 – 9 January 1917) was a Chinese warlord, second president of the Republic of Formosa and commander of the celebrated Black Flag Army. Liu won fame as a Chinese patriot fighting against the French colonial empire, ...
(ông Lưu)'s house. He made his way there disguised as a disheveled common laborer. He then went to
Japan Japan is an island country in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean off the northeast coast of the Asia, Asian mainland, it is bordered on the west by the Sea of Japan and extends from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea ...
with Sào Nam as part of the Đông-Du movement. They stayed in
Yokohama is the List of cities in Japan, second-largest city in Japan by population as well as by area, and the country's most populous Municipalities of Japan, municipality. It is the capital and most populous city in Kanagawa Prefecture, with a popu ...
, where they had set up a two-story Japanese house to teach students, which they called Bính-Ngọ-Hiên ( Fire Horse Lodge). In early May 1906, they went to Tokyo to inspect the Japanese education and political system. Phan disagreed with Sào Nam's early ideas of asking for military assistance from Japan, as he didn't trust Japan's militarism. He also had other disagreements with Sào Nam's philosophy. Therefore, they had a friendly argument for a few weeks before he returned to Vietnam. Back in Vietnam he continued to receive letters from Sào Nam arguing about his opposition to the monarchy and his belief that the French could be used. Phan continued to campaign with slogans like "Up with Democracy, Out with Monarchy", and "Making Use of the French in the Quest for Progress". This made Sào Nam quite upset and worried that the movement was fragmenting and that fundraising efforts would fail.


Duy Tân Movement

In the summer of 1906, Phan Châu Trinh returned Vietnam, along with Huỳnh Thúc Kháng, Trần Quý Cáp continued renovation campaign, not only in Quảng Nam but also in neighboring provinces, made it a whole with slogan "Broaden the People’s Mind, Invigorate the People’s Spirit, then Enrich the People’s Well-being" (Vietnamese: ''Khai dân trí, chấn dân khí, hậu dân sinh''). By the end of the year 1906, he wrote a letter titled '' Đầu Pháp Chính phủ thư'' to the governors-general of French Indochina Paul Beau. He asked the French to live up to their civilising mission. He blamed them for the exploitation of the countryside by Vietnamese collaborators. He called on France to develop modern legal, educational, and economic institutions in Vietnam and industrialise the country, and to remove the remnants of the mandarin system. The letter was originally written in Chinese, then translated to French and published on the bulletin of
French School of the Far East The French School of the Far East (, ; also translated as The French School of Asian StudiesPreferred translation by EFEO staff. SeEFEO official website), abbreviated EFEO, is an associated college of PSL University dedicated to the study of ...
. In 1907, he and associates Lương Văn Can, Nguyễn Quyền opened a patriotic modern school in Hanoi for young Vietnamese men and women. The school was called
Tonkin Free School The Tonkin Free School (, ) was a short-lived but historically significant educational institution in Hanoi that aimed to reform Vietnamese society under the French protectorate during the beginning of the 20th century. History The school was fou ...
(Vietnamese: ''Đông Kinh Nghĩa Thục''), used new translated books like
Kang Youwei Kang Youwei (; Cantonese: ''Hōng Yáuh-wàih''; 19March 185831March 1927) was a political thinker and reformer in China of the late Qing dynasty. His increasing closeness to and influence over the young Guangxu Emperor sparked confli ...
's ''Datong Shu'' and
Liang Qichao Liang Qichao (Chinese: 梁啓超; Wade–Giles: ''Liang2 Chʻi3-chʻao1''; Yale romanization of Cantonese, Yale: ''Lèuhng Kái-chīu''; ) (February 23, 1873 – January 19, 1929) was a Chinese politician, social and political activist, jour ...
's ''Ice-Drinker's studio Collection'' (Vietnamese: ''Lương Khải Siêu – Đại đồng Thư, Khang Hữu Vi – Ẩm Băng thất Tùng thư'') . He was a lecturer at the school, and Sào Nam's writings were also used. Lương Văn Can was the headteacher, Nguyễn Quyền was the school supervisor. Nguyễn Văn Vĩnh, Phạm Duy Tốn were responsible for applying for the open license of school. The purpose of ''Đông Kinh Nghĩa Thục'' is "broaden the people’s mind without taking money". Its ideas attacked the brutality of the French occupation of Vietnam, but also wanted to learn modernisation from the French. The school required scholars to renounce their elitist traditions and learn from the masses. It also offered the peasants a modern education. After peasant tax revolts erupted in 1908, Phan was arrested, and his school was closed. He was sentenced to death, but it was commuted to life imprisonment after his progressive admirers in France intervened. He was sent to Côn Đảo. In 1911, after three years, he was pardoned and sentenced to house arrest. He said he would rather return to prison than have partial freedom. So instead he was deported to France with his son, where the French continued to monitor him. He went to Paris in 1915 to get the support of progressive French politicians and Vietnamese exiles. There he worked with Phan Văn Trường, Nguyễn An Ninh, Nguyễn Tất Thành and Nguyễn Thế Truyền in "The Group of Vietnamese Patriots". The group was based at 6 Villa des Gobelins. There they wrote patriotic articles signed with the name ''Nguyễn Ái Quốc'' which Hồ Chí Minh later used, "on behalf of the Group of Vietnamese Patriots". He worked as a photograph retoucher to support himself while he was in France. He returned to
Saigon Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC) ('','' TP.HCM; ), commonly known as Saigon (; ), is the most populous city in Vietnam with a population of around 14 million in 2025. The city's geography is defined by rivers and canals, of which the largest is Saigo ...
in 1925, where he died on 24 March 1926, aged 53. His funeral was attended by over 60,000 people and caused big protests across the country demanding the end of French colonial occupation.


Debates with other nationalists

In Tokyo, Phan told Sào Nam: "The level of their people is so high, and the level of our people is so low! How could we not become slaves? That some students now can enter Japanese schools has been your great achievement. Please stay on in Tokyo to take a quiet rest and devote yourself to writing, and not to making appeals for combat against the French. You should only call for 'popular rights and popular enlightenment.' Once popular rights have been achieved, then we can think about other things." Sào Nam commented: "Thereafter over more than ten days, he and I debated time and again, and our opinions were diametrically opposed. That is to say, he wished to overthrow the monarchy in order to create a basis for the promotion of popular rights; I, on the contrary, maintained that first the foreign enemy should be driven out, and after our nation's independence was restored we could talk about other things. My plan was to make use of the monarchy, which he opposed absolutely. His plan was to raise up the people to abolish the monarchy, with which I absolutely disagreed. In other words, he and I were pursuing one and the same goal, but our means were considerably different. He wished to start by relying on the French to abolish the monarchy, but I wished to start by driving out the French to restore Vietnam – That was the difference. However, even though his political view was the opposite of mine, he liked me personally a great deal and we roomed together for several weeks. Then all of a sudden he decided to return to our country."


Works

* ''Trưng Vương bình ngũ lãnh'' (
Trưng Sisters The Trưng sisters ( (), 𠄩婆徵, literally "Two Ladies amedTrưng", 14 – c. 43) were Luoyue military leaders who ruled for three years after Trung sisters' rebellion, commanding a rebellion of Luoyue tribes and other tribes in ...
pacified Ngũ Lãnh) composed and performed with Huỳnh Thúc Kháng in 1908 when imprisoned in Côn Đảo island. * ''Trung kỳ dân biến thỉ mạt ký'' (French: Manifestation de 1908 en Annam) written in 1911 when exiled in France, originally in Chinese then translated to Vietnamese and French. * ''Tây Hồ thi tập'' and ''Santé thi tập'': poetry collections including previous composed and new composed poems when Phan was in Santé prison from 1914 to 1915.


Legacy and memory

In 1930, the Trung Kỳ Brotherhood Association and Phan's family built a temple for him in Đa Kao. In 1933, the old temple was dismantled, instead, a new temple dedicated to Phan was built near his tomb in Tân Bình, Saigon. Nowadays, the Phan Châu Trinh memorial site covers 2,500 square meters, including his temple, his tomb and an artifacts gallery. The site became a national relic since 1994. Hanoi city also has a road and a ward named after Phan Châu Trinh in its central district – Hoàn Kiếm. In 2006, Madame Bình – a granddaughter of Phan Châu Trinh – and her associates, formed a Cultural Foundation named after him to "Import, Revive, Initiate, Preserve & Spread of quintessential cultural values to contribute to the renewal of Vietnamese culture in the 21st century". Most cities in Vietnam have named major streets after him.


References

* {{DEFAULTSORT:Phan, Châu Trinh 1872 births 1926 deaths People from Quảng Nam province Vietnamese Confucianists Vietnamese nationalists Vietnamese revolutionaries Vietnamese democracy activists Vietnamese independence activists