The Permanent Structured Cooperation (PESCO) is the part of the

European Union The European Union (EU) is a supranational union, supranational political union, political and economic union of Member state of the European Union, member states that are Geography of the European Union, located primarily in Europe. The u ...

(EU) its security and defence policy (CSDP) in which 26 of the 27 national armed forces pursue structural integration (the exception being

Malta Malta, officially the Republic of Malta, is an island country in Southern Europe located in the Mediterranean Sea, between Sicily and North Africa. It consists of an archipelago south of Italy, east of Tunisia, and north of Libya. The two ...

). Based on Article 42(6) and Protocol 10 of the Treaty on the European Union, introduced by the Treaty of Lisbon in 2009, PESCO was initiated in 2017.Permanent Structured Cooperation on defence could be launched by end 2017
European External Action Service, 8 September 2017 The integration into PESCO is through projects which launched in 2018. Together with the Coordinated Annual Review on Defence (CARD), the European Defence Fund and the Military Planning and Conduct Capability (MPCC) it forms a comprehensive defence package for the EU. PESCO is similar to '' enhanced co-operation'' in other policy areas, in the sense that integration does not require participation of all EU member states.

History

Pre-activation

PESCO was first written into the European Constitution under Article III-312, which failed ratification, and then into the Treaty of Lisbon of 2009. It added the possibility for those

members Member may refer to: * Military jury, referred to as "Members" in military jargon * Element (mathematics), an object that belongs to a mathematical set * In object-oriented programming, a member of a class ** Field (computer science), entries in ...

whose military capabilities fulfil higher criteria and which have made more binding commitments to one another in this area with a view to the most demanding missions shall establish permanent structured cooperation (PESCO) within the EU framework. PESCO was seen as the way to enable the common defence foreseen in Article 42, but the scepticism towards further integration that had arisen around the rejection of the European Constitution meant its activation was unlikely. It was termed, by President

Jean-Claude Juncker Jean-Claude Juncker (; born 9 December 1954) is a Luxembourgish politician who was List of prime ministers of Luxembourg, prime minister of Luxembourg from 1995 to 2013 and president of the European Commission from 2014 to 2019. He also was List ...

, the Lisbon Treaty's "

sleeping beauty "Sleeping Beauty" (, or ''The Beauty Sleeping in the Wood''; , or ''Little Briar Rose''), also titled in English as ''The Sleeping Beauty in the Woods'', is a fairy tale about a princess curse, cursed by an evil fairy to suspended animation in fi ...

".Time for the Sleeping Beauty to wake
ECFR 15/NOV/17 In the 2010s, the geopolitical landscape around the EU began to change, triggering a series of crises. The Libyan Civil War, the Syrian Civil War and the rise of the

Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant The Islamic State (IS), also known as the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL), the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) and Daesh, is a transnational Salafi jihadist organization and unrecognized quasi-state. IS occupied signi ...

caused the

European migrant crisis The 2015 European migrant crisis was a period of significantly increased movement of refugees and Human migration, migrants into Europe, mostly from the Middle East. An estimated 1.3 million people came to the continent to request Right of asyl ...

. Russia intervened in Ukraine in 2014, annexing

Crimea Crimea ( ) is a peninsula in Eastern Europe, on the northern coast of the Black Sea, almost entirely surrounded by the Black Sea and the smaller Sea of Azov. The Isthmus of Perekop connects the peninsula to Kherson Oblast in mainland Ukrain ...

and triggering an ongoing conflict in the country over the Ukraine–European Union Association Agreement. In 2016,

Donald Trump Donald John Trump (born June 14, 1946) is an American politician, media personality, and businessman who is the 47th president of the United States. A member of the Republican Party (United States), Republican Party, he served as the 45 ...

, who was elected as

President of the United States The president of the United States (POTUS) is the head of state and head of government of the United States. The president directs the Federal government of the United States#Executive branch, executive branch of the Federal government of t ...

, was critical of

NATO The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO ; , OTAN), also called the North Atlantic Alliance, is an intergovernmental organization, intergovernmental Transnationalism, transnational military alliance of 32 Member states of NATO, member s ...

allies, even refusing on several occasions to back the mutual defence clause; and the United Kingdom, one of the EU's two largest military powers, voted in a referendum to withdraw from the EU.Angela Merkel: EU cannot completely rely on US and Britain any more
theguardian 28 May 2017 This new environment, while very different from the one PESCO was designed for, gave new impetus to European defence cooperation. The withdrawal of the UK, historically an opponent of that cooperation, gave further hope of success. At a rally in Bavaria, Angela Merkel argued that: “The times in which we could completely depend on others are, to a certain extent, over ... I’ve experienced that in the last few days. We Europeans truly have to take our fate into our own hands.” In late 2016, the EU put defence co-operation on its post-Brexit Bratislava and Rome declarations. There was some disagreement between France and Germany about the nature of PESCO. France foresaw a small but ambitious group with serious capabilities making major practical leaps forward; while Germany, weary of further divisions in the EU, wanted a more inclusive approach that could potentially include all states, regardless of their military capability or willingness to integrate. Further, for Germany, it was about building capabilities and giving a post-Brexit signal of unity, whereas France was focused on operations and looking for help for its overstretched African deployments. Their compromise was to re-imagine PESCO as a process. PESCO would be inclusive, but not all states had to take part in all projects and progress would be phased allowing the development of new, common capabilities without having to resolve larger differences on end-goals first. Further, states would not need to already have capabilities, but merely pledge to work towards them. This allowed France's idea of improving military capabilities without shutting out states who did not already attain the threshold.Can France and Germany Make PESCO Work as a Process Toward EU Defense?
German Marshall Fund 6 October 2017European military cooperation: How to defend Europe?
Euractiv 29 November 2017

Activation

On 7 September 2017, an agreement was made between EU foreign affairs ministers to move forward with PESCO with 10 initial projects. The agreement was signed on 13 November by 23 of the 28 member states. Ireland and Portugal notified the High Representative and the Council of the European Union of their desire to join PESCO on 7 December 2017 and PESCO was activated by the 25 states on 11 December 2017 with the approval of a Council Decision.Defence cooperation: Council establishes Permanent Structured Cooperation (PESCO), with 25 member states participating
Council of the European Union 11 December 2017 Denmark did not participate as (prior to its abolition in July 2022) it had an opt-out from the Common Security and Defence Policy, nor did the United Kingdom, which withdrew from the EU in 2020. Malta opted out as well, due to concerns it might conflict with its neutrality. As per Article 46 of the TEU, non-participating EU member states can request to join by notifying the Council, which will approve based on a qualified majority of participating member states.

Principles

Those states shall notify their intention to the Council and to the High Representative. The Council then adopts, by qualified majority a decision establishing PESCO and determining the list of participating Member States. Any other member state that fulfills the criteria and wishes to participate can join the PESCO following the same procedure, but in the voting for the decision only the states already part of the PESCO will participate. If a participating state no longer fulfills the criteria a decision suspending its participation is taken by the same procedure as for accepting new participants, but excluding the concerned state from the voting procedure. If a participating state wishes to withdraw from PESCO it just notifies the Council to remove it from the list of participants. All other decisions and recommendations of the Council concerning PESCO issues unrelated to the list of participants require a unanimous vote of the participating states. The criteria established in the PESCO Protocol are the following: * co-operate and harmonise requirements and pool resources in the fields related to defence equipment acquisition, research, funding and utilisation, notably the programmes and initiatives of the European Defence Agency (e.g. Code of Conduct on Defence Procurement) * capacity to supply, either at national level or as a component of multinational force groups, targeted combat units for the missions planned, structured at a tactical level as a battle group, with support elements including transport (

airlift An airlift is the organized delivery of Materiel, supplies or personnel primarily via military transport aircraft. Airlifting consists of two distinct types: strategic and tactical. Typically, strategic airlifting involves moving material lo ...

sealift Sealift is a term used predominantly in military logistics and refers to the use of cargo ships for the deployment of military assets, such as weaponry, vehicles, military personnel, and supplies. It complements other means of transport, such as ...

) and

logistics Logistics is the part of supply chain management that deals with the efficient forward and reverse flow of goods, services, and related information from the point of origin to the Consumption (economics), point of consumption according to the ...

, within a period of five to 30 days, in particular in response to requests from the

United Nations The United Nations (UN) is the Earth, global intergovernmental organization established by the signing of the Charter of the United Nations, UN Charter on 26 June 1945 with the stated purpose of maintaining international peace and internationa ...

, and which can be sustained for an initial period of 30 days and be extended up to at least 120 days. * capable of carrying out in the above timeframes the tasks of joint

disarmament Disarmament is the act of reducing, limiting, or abolishing Weapon, weapons. Disarmament generally refers to a country's military or specific type of weaponry. Disarmament is often taken to mean total elimination of weapons of mass destruction, ...

operations, humanitarian and

rescue Rescue comprises responsive operations that usually involve the saving of life, removal from danger, liberation from restraint, or the urgent treatment of injury, injuries after an incident. It may be facilitated by a range of tools and equipm ...

tasks, military advice and assistance tasks, conflict prevention and peace-keeping tasks, tasks of combat forces in crisis management, including peace-making and post-conflict stabilisation

Participating armed forces

The following member states have announced their intention of participating in PESCO: As per Article 46 of the TEU, the following non-participating

EU member states The European Union (EU) is a supranational political and economic union of member states that are located primarily in Europe. The union has a total area of and an estimated population of over 449million as of 2024. The EU is often de ...

can request to join by notifying the Council, which will approve based on a qualified majority of participating member states: *

, which wants to see how PESCO develops first since it may violate the Maltese Constitution (Neutrality Clause).

Denmark

Denmark Denmark is a Nordic countries, Nordic country in Northern Europe. It is the metropole and most populous constituent of the Kingdom of Denmark,, . also known as the Danish Realm, a constitutionally unitary state that includes the Autonomous a ...

originally had an opt-out from participating in the common defence policy. However, following the

Russian invasion of Ukraine On 24 February 2022, , starting the largest and deadliest war in Europe since World War II, in a major escalation of the Russo-Ukrainian War, conflict between the two countries which began in 2014. The fighting has caused hundreds of thou ...

in February 2022, the Danish parliament adopted a proposal in favour of the country participating in the Common Security and Defence Policy, including the European Defence Agency and PESCO, on 8 April 2022. Danish voters approved ending the opt-out in a 1 June 2022 referendum, which became effective 1 July. Subsequently the country proceeded to consider participating in PESCO, which was approved by Parliament in March 2023. The Council of the EU approved Denmark joining PESCO on 23 May 2023.

Non-EU participants

Since November 2020, third countries can also participate in PESCO. Canada, Norway, and the United States participate in the project to improve military mobility in Europe. In May 2021,

Turkey Turkey, officially the Republic of Türkiye, is a country mainly located in Anatolia in West Asia, with a relatively small part called East Thrace in Southeast Europe. It borders the Black Sea to the north; Georgia (country), Georgia, Armen ...

applied to participate in the military mobility project, but this was opposed by Austria in addition to the existing tensions with Greece and Cyprus. In June 2022, Finland and Sweden committed to "support the fullest possible involvement of Turkey and other non-EU Allies in the existing and prospective initiatives of the European Union's Common Security and Defence Policy, including Turkey's participation in the PESCO Project on Military Mobility" in a trilateral memorandum agreed to at the 2022 Madrid summit to facilitate Turkey's ratification of

Finland Finland, officially the Republic of Finland, is a Nordic country in Northern Europe. It borders Sweden to the northwest, Norway to the north, and Russia to the east, with the Gulf of Bothnia to the west and the Gulf of Finland to the south, ...

and

Sweden Sweden, formally the Kingdom of Sweden, is a Nordic countries, Nordic country located on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe. It borders Norway to the west and north, and Finland to the east. At , Sweden is the largest Nordic count ...

's NATO membership application. On 6 October 2022, at the 1st European Political Community Summit, British Prime Minister Liz Truss committed the United Kingdom to joining PESCO and its military mobility project. On 15 November 2022, the Council of the EU invited the UK to participate in the Military Mobility project. In 2025, Council of the EU invited invited

Switzerland Switzerland, officially the Swiss Confederation, is a landlocked country located in west-central Europe. It is bordered by Italy to the south, France to the west, Germany to the north, and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east. Switzerland ...

to join the military mobility project. An opinion poll conducted two months after the

2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine On 24 February 2022, , starting the largest and deadliest war in Europe since World War II, in a major escalation of the Russo-Ukrainian War, conflict between the two countries which began in 2014. The fighting has caused hundreds of thou ...

showed support for the country joining PESCO.

Neutral states

PESCO includes two of the three EU states that describe themselves as neutral (Austria and Ireland), and is designed to be as inclusive as possible by allowing states to opt in or out as their unique foreign policies allow. Some members of the Irish Parliament considered Ireland joining PESCO as an abandonment of neutrality. The measure was passed, with the government arguing that its opt-in nature allowed Ireland to "join elements of PESCO that were beneficial such as counter-terrorism, cyber security and peace keeping ... what we are not going to be doing is buying aircraft carriers and fighter jets." While critics of Ireland's participation point to the commitment to increase defence spending, the government has made clear that the 2% commitment is collective, and not for each state individually. The Irish government has made clear that any defence spending increase by Ireland would be minor. Malta, the only neutral state not to participate, argued that it was going to wait and see how PESCO develops, in order to see whether it would compromise Maltese neutrality.

NATO

While PESCO was formed in part due to doubts over the United States' commitment to NATO, officials stress that PESCO will be complementary to NATO security rather than in competition with it. NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg also highlighted how Military Mobility is a key example of NATO and EU co-operation.

Criticism and lobbying by the United States

The United States has voiced concerns and published 'warnings' about PESCO several times, which many analysts believe to be a sign that the United States fears a loss of influence in Europe, as a militarily self-sufficient EU would make NATO increasingly irrelevant. Alongside better military cooperation, PESCO also seeks to enhance the defence industry of member states and create jobs within the EU, which several US politicians have criticised over fears of losing revenue from EU states (on average, the United States sells over €1 billion in weapons to EU countries per year). According to Françoise Grossetête, a member of the

European Parliament The European Parliament (EP) is one of the two legislative bodies of the European Union and one of its seven institutions. Together with the Council of the European Union (known as the Council and informally as the Council of Ministers), it ...

from 1994 to 2019, the US is lobbying strongly against increased military cooperation between EU member states, going as far as to directly invite MEPs to 'private dinners' to try to convince them to vote against any directives or laws that would seek to strengthen military cooperation within the EU. Despite opposition to PESCO, the United States expressed its desire to participate in the Military Mobility project in 2021. European analysts have suggested that this might pose an attempt to undermine an independent European defence policy from within. In 2025, Hungary has expressed skepticism toward PESCO initiatives, favoring bilateral defense procurements and national industrial development. The Hungarian government's 2025 strategy emphasized maintaining autonomous defense capabilities through programs such as Zrínyi 2026, which aims to reduce reliance on supranational EU military structures.

Governance

The European Defence Agency and

European External Action Service The European External Action Service (EEAS) is the diplomatic service in charge of executing all Foreign relations of the European Union, international relations of the European Union. The EEAS is led by the Vice-President of the European Co ...

act as PESCO's secretariat. The projects are incentivised by the

European Commission The European Commission (EC) is the primary Executive (government), executive arm of the European Union (EU). It operates as a cabinet government, with a number of European Commissioner, members of the Commission (directorial system, informall ...

’s European Defence Fund. There is a two-layer governance structure: ;

Council A council is a group of people who come together to consult, deliberate, or make decisions. A council may function as a legislature, especially at a town, city or county/shire level, but most legislative bodies at the state/provincial or natio ...

level: Responsible for the overall policy direction and decision-making including as regards the assessment mechanism to determine if Member States are fulfilling their commitments. Only PESCO members are voting, decisions are taken by unanimity (except decisions regarding the suspension of membership and entry of new members which are taken by qualified majority). ;Projects level: Each project will be managed by those member states that contribute to it, in line with general rules for project management to be developed at overarching level.

List of projects

The first PESCO projects started with a list of 50 ideas and was whittled down to provide a short list of small-scale projects. Major armament projects are intended in the future (EU forces use 178 different weapon systems compared to 30 in the US), but initially PESCO is to be focused on smaller operations to lay groundwork. PESCO projects as of February, 2021 and participating countries by category:

Air - Systems

Cyber - C4ISR

{, class="wikitable" !Project name !Abbr. !Coordinator !Project members !Project observer , - ,

European Secure Software-defined Radio European Secure Software-defined Radio (ESSOR) is a planned European Union (EU) Permanent Structured Cooperation project for the development of common technologies for European military software-defined radio systems, to guarantee the interoperabi ...

, ESSOR , , , , - , Cyber Threats and Incident Response Information Sharing Platform , CTIRISP , , , - , Cyber Rapid Response Teams , CRRT , , , , - , The Strategic Command and Control System for CSDP Missions , ESC2 , , , , - , European High Atmosphere Airship Platform - ISR Capability , EHAAP , , , , - , SOCC for Small Joint Operations with Special Operations Forces Tactical Command and Control capabilities , SOCC FOR SJO , , , , - , Electronic Warfare Capability/Interoperability Programmer for future ISR , JISR , , , , - , Cyber and Information Domain Coordination Center , CIDCC , , , {{columns-list, * {{Flaglist, Austria * {{Flaglist, Czech Republic * {{Flaglist, Estonia * {{Flaglist, Greece * {{Flaglist, Italy * {{Flaglist, Poland * {{Flaglist, Portugal * {{Flaglist, Spain * {{Flaglist, Slovak Republic

Enabling - Joint

{, class="wikitable" !Project name !Abbr. !Coordinator !Project members !Project observer , - , European Medical Command , EMC , {{Flaglist, Germany , {{columns-list, colwidth=10em, style=width: 600px;, * {{Flaglist, Belgium * {{Flaglist, Czech Republic * {{Flaglist, Germany * {{Flaglist, Spain * {{Flaglist, France * {{Flaglist, Italy * {{Flaglist, Netherlands * {{Flaglist, Hungary * {{Flaglist, Luxembourg * {{Flaglist, Poland * {{Flaglist, Romania * {{Flaglist, Slovakia * {{Flaglist, Sweden , , - , Network of Logistic Hubs in Europe and support to operations , NetLogHubs , {{Flaglist, Germany , {{columns-list, colwidth=10em, style=width: 600px;, * {{Flaglist, Belgium * {{Flaglist, Bulgaria * {{Flaglist, Croatia * {{Flaglist, Cyprus * {{Flaglist, Germany * {{Flaglist, Greece * {{Flaglist, France * {{Flaglist, Italy * {{Flaglist, Netherlands * {{Flaglist, Hungary * {{Flaglist, Poland * {{Flaglist, Lithuania * {{Flaglist, Slovakia * {{Flaglist, Slovenia , , - , Military Mobility , MM , {{Flaglist, Netherlands , {{columns-list, colwidth=10em, style=width: 600px;, * {{Flaglist, Austria * {{Flaglist, Belgium * {{Flaglist, Bulgaria * {{Flaglist, Croatia * {{Flaglist, Cyprus * {{Flaglist, Czech Republic * {{Flaglist, Denmark{{Cite web , title=Update: Denmark joins PESCO military mobility project , url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/update-denmark-joins-pesco-military-mobility-project , access-date=2024-04-08 , website=www.janes.com , language=en * {{Flaglist, Estonia * {{Flaglist, Finland * {{Flaglist, Germany * {{Flaglist, Greece * {{Flaglist, France * {{Flaglist, Italy * {{Flaglist, Netherlands * {{Flaglist, Luxembourg * {{Flaglist, Latvia * {{Flaglist, Hungary * {{Flaglist, Poland * {{Flaglist, Portugal * {{Flaglist, Lithuania * {{Flaglist, Romania * {{Flaglist, Slovakia * {{Flaglist, Slovenia * {{Flaglist, Sweden * {{Flaglist, Spain , , - , Energy Operation Function , EOF , {{Flaglist, France , {{columns-list, colwidth=10em, style=width: 600px;, * {{Flaglist, Belgium * {{Flaglist, Spain * {{Flaglist, France * {{Flaglist, Italy , , - , Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear Surveillance as a Service , CBRN SaaS , {{Flaglist, Austria , {{columns-list, colwidth=10em, style=width: 600px;, * {{Flaglist, Austria * {{Flaglist, Croatia * {{Flaglist, France * {{Flaglist, Italy * {{Flaglist, Slovenia , , - , Geo-Meteorological and Oceanographic Support Coordination Element , GEOMETOC GMSCE , {{Flaglist, Germany , {{columns-list, colwidth=10em, style=width: 600px;, * {{Flaglist, Austria * {{Flaglist, Germany * {{Flaglist, Greece * {{Flaglist, France * {{Flaglist, Portugal * {{Flaglist, Romania , , - , Timely Warning and Interception with Space-based Theater Surveillance , TWISTER , {{Flaglist, France , {{columns-list, colwidth=10em, style=width: 600px;, * {{Flaglist, Finland * {{Flaglist, Germany * {{Flaglist, Italy * {{Flaglist, France * {{Flaglist, Netherlands * {{Flaglist, Spain , , - , Materials and Components for Technological EU Competitiveness , MAC-EU , {{Flaglist, France , {{columns-list, colwidth=10em, style=width: 600px;, * {{Flaglist, Germany * {{Flaglist, Portugal * {{Flaglist, France * {{Flaglist, Romania * {{Flaglist, Spain , , - , EU Collaborative Warfare Capabilities , ECOWAR , {{Flaglist, France , {{columns-list, colwidth=10em, style=width: 600px;, * {{Flaglist, Belgium * {{Flaglist, France * {{Flaglist, Hungary * {{Flaglist, Poland * {{Flaglist, Romania * {{Flaglist, Spain * {{Flaglist, Sweden , , - , European Global RPAS Insertion Architecture System , GLORIA , {{Flaglist, Italy , {{columns-list, colwidth=10em, style=width: 600px;, * {{Flaglist, France * {{Flaglist, Italy * {{Flaglist, Romania , , - , Robust Communication Infrastructure and Networks , ROCOMIN , {{Flaglist, Sweden , {{columns-list, colwidth=10em, style=width: 600px;, * {{Flaglist, Sweden * {{Flaglist, France , , - , Arctic Command & Control Effector And Sensor System , ACCESS , {{Flaglist, Finland , {{columns-list, colwidth=10em, style=width: 600px;, * {{Flaglist, Finland * {{Flaglist, Estonia * {{Flaglist, France * {{Flaglist, Sweden , , - , Counter Battery Sensors , COBAS , {{Flaglist, France , {{columns-list, colwidth=10em, style=width: 600px;, * {{Flaglist, Netherlands , , - , Role 2F , , {{Flaglist, Spain , {{columns-list, colwidth=10em, style=width: 600px;, * {{Flaglist, Spain * {{Flaglist, Bulgaria * {{Flaglist, France * {{Flaglist, Portugal * {{Flaglist, Finland * {{Flaglist, Sweden ,

Land - Formations - Systems

{, class="wikitable" !Project name !Abbr. !Coordinator !Project members !Project observer , - , Deployable Military Disaster Relief Capability Package , DM-DRCP , {{Flaglist, Italy , {{columns-list, colwidth=10em, style=width: 600px;, * {{Flaglist, Greece * {{Flaglist, Spain * {{Flaglist, Croatia * {{Flaglist, Austria * {{Flaglist, Italy , , - , Armoured Infantry Fighting Vehicle / Amphibious Assault Vehicle / Light Armoured Vehicle , AIFV/AAV/LAV , {{Flaglist, Italy , {{columns-list, colwidth=10em, style=width: 600px;, * {{Flaglist, Greece * {{Flaglist, Slovakia * {{Flaglist, Italy , , - , Crisis Response Operation Core , EUFOR CROC , {{Flaglist, Germany , {{columns-list, colwidth=10em, style=width: 600px;, * {{Flaglist, Cyprus * {{Flaglist, France * {{Flaglist, Germany * {{Flaglist, Greece * {{Flaglist, Italy * {{Flaglist, Spain , , - , Integrated Unmanned Ground System , UGS , {{Flaglist, Estonia , {{columns-list, colwidth=10em, style=width: 600px;, * {{Flaglist, Belgium * {{Flaglist, Czech Republic * {{Flaglist, Estonia * {{Flaglist, France * {{Flaglist, Finland * {{Flaglist, Germany * {{Flaglist, Hungary * {{Flaglist, Latvia * {{Flaglist, Netherlands * {{Flaglist, Poland * {{Flaglist, Spain , , - , Integrated Unmanned Ground Systems 2 , IUGS2 , {{Flaglist, Estonia , {{columns-list, colwidth=10em, style=width: 600px;, * {{Flaglist, Estonia * {{Flaglist, Germany * {{Flaglist, France * {{Flaglist, Italy * {{Flaglist, Latvia * {{Flaglist, Hungary * {{Flaglist, Netherlands * {{Flaglist, Finland * {{Flaglist, Sweden , , - , EU Beyond Line of Sight Land Battlefield Missile Systems , EU BLOS , {{Flaglist, France , {{columns-list, colwidth=10em, style=width: 600px;, * {{Flaglist, Belgium * {{Flaglist, Cyprus * {{Flaglist, France , , - , European Defense Airlift Training Academy , EDA-TA , {{Flaglist, France , {{columns-list, colwidth=10em, style=width: 600px;, * {{Flaglist, France * {{Flaglist, Spain * {{Flaglist, Italy * {{Flaglist, Hungary * {{Flaglist, Portugal ,

Maritime

{, class="wikitable" !Project name !Abbr. !Coordinator !Project member !Project observer , - , Maritime Semi-Autonomous Systems for Mine Countermeasures , MAS MCM , {{Flaglist, Belgium , {{columns-list, colwidth=10em, style=width: 600px;, * {{Flaglist, Belgium * {{Flaglist, Greece * {{Flaglist, Latvia * {{Flaglist, Netherlands * {{Flaglist, Poland * {{Flaglist, Portugal * {{Flaglist, Romania , , - , Harbour & Maritime Surveillance and Protection , HARMSPRO , {{Flaglist, Italy , {{columns-list, colwidth=10em, style=width: 600px;, * {{Flaglist, Greece * {{Flaglist, Italy * {{Flaglist, Poland * {{Flaglist, Portugal , , - , Upgrade of Maritime Surveillance , UMS , {{Flaglist, Greece , {{columns-list, colwidth=10em, style=width: 600px;, * {{Flaglist, Greece * {{Flaglist, Croatia * {{Flaglist, Cyprus * {{Flaglist, Bulgaria * {{Flaglist, France * {{Flaglist, Italy * {{Flaglist, Spain * {{Flaglist, Ireland , , - , Deployable Modular Underwater Intervention Capability Package , DIVEPACK , {{Flaglist, Bulgaria , {{columns-list, colwidth=10em, style=width: 600px;, * {{Flaglist, Bulgaria * {{Flaglist, Greece * {{Flaglist, France * {{Flaglist, Romania , , - , Maritime Unmanned Anti-Submarine System , MUSAS , {{Flaglist, Portugal , {{columns-list, colwidth=10em, style=width: 600px;, * {{Flaglist, France * {{Flaglist, Portugal * {{Flaglist, Spain * {{Flaglist, Sweden , , - , European Patrol Corvette , EPC , {{Flaglist, Italy , {{columns-list, colwidth=10em, style=width: 600px;, * {{Flaglist, Denmark * {{Flaglist, France * {{Flaglist, Greece * {{Flaglist, Norway * {{Flaglist, Spain * {{Flaglist, Italy * {{Flaglist, Romania , {{columns-list, * {{Flaglist, Croatia * {{Flaglist, Portugal , - , Anti-torpedo torpedo , ATT , {{Flaglist, Germany , {{columns-list, colwidth=10em, style=width: 600px;, * {{Flaglist, Germany * {{Flaglist, Netherlands , , - , Critical Seabed Infrastructure Protection , CSIP , {{Flaglist, Italy , {{columns-list, colwidth=10em, style=width: 600px;, * {{Flaglist, Italy * {{Flaglist, Germany * {{Flaglist, Spain * {{Flaglist, France * {{Flaglist, Portugal * {{Flaglist, Sweden ,

Space

{, class="wikitable" !Project name !Abbr. !Coordinator !Project members !Project observer , - , EU Radio Navigation Solution , EURAS , {{Flaglist, France , {{columns-list, colwidth=10em, style=width: 600px;, * {{Flaglist, Belgium * {{Flaglist, France * {{Flaglist, Germany * {{Flaglist, Spain * {{Flaglist, Italy * {{Flaglist, Poland , , - , European Military Space Surveillance Awareness Network , EU-SSA-N , {{Flaglist, Italy , {{columns-list, colwidth=10em, style=width: 600px;, * {{Flaglist, France * {{Flaglist, Greece * {{Flaglist, Netherlands * {{Flaglist, Italy ,

Training - Facilities

{, class="wikitable" !Project name !Abbr. !Coordinator !Project members !Project observer , - , European Training Certification Centre for European Armies , ETCCEA , {{Flaglist, Italy , {{columns-list, colwidth=10em, style=width: 600px;, * {{Flaglist, Greece * {{Flaglist, Italy , , - , Helicopter Hot and High Training , H3 TRAINING , {{Flaglist, Greece , {{columns-list, colwidth=10em, style=width: 600px;, * {{Flaglist, Greece * {{Flaglist, Italy * {{Flaglist, Romania , , - , Joint EU Intelligence School , JEIS , {{Flaglist, Greece , {{columns-list, colwidth=10em, style=width: 600px;, * {{Flaglist, Greece * {{Flaglist, Cyprus , , - , Integrated European Joint Training and Simulation Centre , EUROSIM , {{Flaglist, Hungary , {{columns-list, colwidth=10em, style=width: 600px;, * {{Flaglist, France * {{Flaglist, Germany * {{Flaglist, Hungary * {{Flaglist, Poland * {{Flaglist, Slovenia , , - , EU Cyber Academia and Innovation Hub , EU CAIH , {{Flaglist, Portugal , {{columns-list, colwidth=10em, style=width: 600px;, * {{Flaglist, Portugal * {{Flaglist, Spain , , - , Special Operations Forces Medical Training Centre , SMTC , {{Flaglist, Poland , {{columns-list, colwidth=10em, style=width: 600px;, * {{Flaglist, Hungary * {{Flaglist, Poland , , - , CBRN Defence Training Range , CBRNDTR , {{Flaglist, Romania , {{columns-list, colwidth=10em, style=width: 600px;, * {{Flaglist, France * {{Flaglist, Italy * {{Flaglist, Romania , , - , EU Network of Diving Centres , EUNDC , {{Flaglist, Romania , {{columns-list, colwidth=10em, style=width: 600px;, * {{Flaglist, Bulgaria * {{Flaglist, France * {{Flaglist, Romania ,

Potential

{{Further, Military of the European Union#Intergovernmental cooperation Potential future PESCO projects include the following existing intergovernmental cooperations between member states' militaries, presently outside the CSDP framework:{{Citation needed, reason=Any official source saying these will or may be absorbed?, date=December 2017 Forces and command centres: * Eurocorps *

European Gendarmerie Force The European Gendarmerie Force (EUROGENDFOR) is a European rapid reaction force composed of elements of several European police and gendarmerie forces. EUROGENDFOR is tasked with performing policing tasks within the scope of crisis management ope ...

* European Air Transport Command * European Maritime Force * Movement Coordination Centre Europe Bodies fostering integration: * European Air Group * Finabel *

Organisation for Joint Armament Cooperation The Organisation for Joint Armament Cooperation (French: ''Organisation Conjointe de Coopération en matière d'ARmement''; OCCAR) is a European intergovernmental organisation that facilitates and manages collaborative armament programmes throu ...

* European Personnel Recovery Centre

References

{{Reflist

External links

*{{Official, https://pesco.europa.eu/
Joint notification by member states to the High Representative and to the Council on PESCO, 13 November 2017Permanent Structured Cooperation: what’s in a name?

European Union Institute for Security Studies The European Union Institute for Security Studies (EUISS) is the EU’s think tank for foreign and security policy. Its core mission is to provide analysis on security and defence issues, and organise discussion forums to help formulate EU p ...

Description by the European CommissionFactsheetDescription by the European External Action ServiceETH Zurich description
{{Common Security and Defence Policy Foreign relations of the European Union European Union security policy Military of the European Union Common Security and Defence Policy