Paštrovići
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The Paštrovići ( sh-Cyrl, Паштровићи, ; or ) is a historical tribe and region in the Montenegrin Littoral. Paštrovići stretches from the southernmost part of the
Bay of Kotor The Bay of Kotor ( sh-Latn-Cyrl, Boka kotorska, Бока которска, separator=" / ", ), also known as the Boka ( sh-Cyrl, Бока), is a winding bay of the Adriatic Sea in southwestern Montenegro and the region of Montenegro concentrated a ...
, from the cape of Zavala to Spič. Its historical capital was the island of
Sveti Stefan Sveti Stefan ( Montenegrin and Serbian: Свети Стефан, ; lit. "Saint Stephen") is a town in Budva Municipality, on the Adriatic coast of Montenegro, approximately southeast of Budva. The town is known for the Aman Sveti Stefan resort ...
. From 1423 until 1797, it was part of the
Republic of Venice The Republic of Venice, officially the Most Serene Republic of Venice and traditionally known as La Serenissima, was a sovereign state and Maritime republics, maritime republic with its capital in Venice. Founded, according to tradition, in 697 ...
with interruptions by the
Ottoman Empire The Ottoman Empire (), also called the Turkish Empire, was an empire, imperial realm that controlled much of Southeast Europe, West Asia, and North Africa from the 14th to early 20th centuries; it also controlled parts of southeastern Centr ...
. It was part of the
Kingdom of Dalmatia The Kingdom of Dalmatia (; ; ) was a crown land of the Austrian Empire (1815–1867) and the Cisleithanian half of Austria-Hungary (1867–1918). It encompassed the entirety of the region of Dalmatia, with its capital at Zadar. History The Habs ...
from 1815 to 1918, then
Yugoslavia , common_name = Yugoslavia , life_span = 1918–19921941–1945: World War II in Yugoslavia#Axis invasion and dismemberment of Yugoslavia, Axis occupation , p1 = Kingdom of SerbiaSerbia , flag_p ...
, then became part of Montenegro only after World War II. The Paštrovići form one of the three historical tribes of the Montenegrin Littoral, the other two being
Krivošije Krivošije ( cyrl, Кривошије, ) is a microregion in southwestern Montenegro, located on a high plateau belonging to the Orjen mountain range, north of the Bay of Kotor. Krivošije was historically located at a tripoint between the Prin ...
and Mrkojevići.


Etymology

The etymology of the name Paštrovići is unclear. Vukmanović says that the name ''Paštrović'' could have been derived from the word ''pastro'', a name which still exists in modern Albanian, being derived from ''pastër'', meaning "clean" in Albanian. Another theory proposes that the name could be related to the Vlach word ''pastor'' or ''paštor'', meaning “shepherd” in
Latin Latin ( or ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic languages, Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally spoken by the Latins (Italic tribe), Latins in Latium (now known as Lazio), the lower Tiber area aroun ...
. Kaser suggests a possible derivation from Slavic ''pastiri''.


History

Mayhew and Calić considers them to have been an Albanian tribe, while according to Ćirković, the Paštrovići were Vlachs who had until the middle of the 14th century, been culturally and linguistically
Slavicized Slavicisation American and British English spelling differences#-ise, -ize (-isation, -ization), or Slavicization, is the acculturation of something non-Slavic into a Slavs, Slavic culture, cuisine, region, or nation. The process can either be v ...
, a thesis supported by Kaser. The name is first attested in a text dating to 1355, regarding nobleman Nikolica Paštrović in the service of Serbian emperor
Stefan Dušan Stephen (honorific), Stefan Uroš IV Dušan ( sr-Cyrl, Стефан Урош IV Душан), also known as Dušan the Mighty ( sr-Cyrl, Душан Силни; – 20 December 1355), was the King of Serbia from 8 September 1331 and Emperor of th ...
(r. 1331–55), sent to the
Republic of Ragusa The Republic of Ragusa, or the Republic of Dubrovnik, was an maritime republics, aristocratic maritime republic centered on the city of Dubrovnik (''Ragusa'' in Italian and Latin; ''Raguxa'' in Venetian) in South Dalmatia (today in southernmost ...
. In 1363, Radak Paštrović donated to a church in Rac. Since 1377 they are regularly mentioned in Ragusan documents. In March 1399, several "people from Paštrovići" are mentioned. During the First Scutari War (1405–13) they were under control of the related Đurašević family whose members held the most prestigious positions on the court of Balša III. In the Second Scutari War (1419–23) they at first served the Serbian Despotate, until January 1423 when the
Republic of Venice The Republic of Venice, officially the Most Serene Republic of Venice and traditionally known as La Serenissima, was a sovereign state and Maritime republics, maritime republic with its capital in Venice. Founded, according to tradition, in 697 ...
managed to bribe them and other tribes in the region over to the Venetian side. Though none of these were mobilized militarily, they left the Serbian ranks and thus became potential danger to Despot
Stefan Lazarević Stefan Lazarević ( sr-Cyrl, Стефан Лазаревић, 1377 – 19 July 1427), also known as Stefan the Tall (), was a Serbian ruler as prince (1389–1402) and Despot (court title), despot (1402–1427). He was also a diplomat, legislat ...
. The Paštrović assembly agreed to enter the service of Venice in April 1423, accepting Venetian suzerainty and taxes; in return they received promise to respect their tribal institution, guarantees of their present lands and recognition of their right to lost lands. Peace was signed in August 1423. Thus, by this 1423 treaty, the province of Paštrovići received an autonomous status, while the brotherhoods (families) of Paštrovići became a "tribe", building their free villager estate and internal self-government with kinship organization – becoming petty nobility. In the Bosnian-Ragusan war for the lands of
Konavle Konavle () is a municipality and a small Dalmatian subregion located southeast of Dubrovnik, Croatia. The region is administratively part of the Dubrovnik-Neretva County and the center of the municipality is Cavtat. Demographics The total muni ...
, the Ragusan republic hired 200 Albanian mercenaries from Paštrovići (''ex Albanensibus de loco Pastrouichi''), who along with soldiers from other regions where contracted for a period of 2 months, and were paid 5 perpero per man. In 1445, Venetian supporters in Paštrovići killed a cousin in a blood feud. Afterwards an oath of '' besa'' was taken, being soon broken with two people from the murderer’s family being killed. The Venetian administration provided for the victims' families however they did not interfere directly, allowing the Paštrovići to regulate their personal matters in accordance with the Kanun, this being allowed through the legal privileges granted by Venice. The Paštrovići were permitted to use local judicial assemblies for settling and resolving any disputes. Among the leaders of the medieval Paštrovići, a certain ''comes Progonus'' is mentioned, ''Progon'' being a common Albanian anthroponym. In the 1582–83 Ottoman ''
defter A ''defter'' was a type of tax register and land cadastre in the Ottoman Empire. Etymology The term is derived from Greek , literally 'processed animal skin, leather, fur', meaning a book, having pages of goat parchment used along with papyrus ...
'' (tax registry) of the Montenegro Vilayet, an autonomous province of the
Sanjak of Scutari The Sanjak of Scutari or Sanjak of Shkodra (; ; or ''İşkodra Sancağı'') was one of the sanjaks of the Ottoman Empire. It was established after the Ottoman Empire acquired Shkodra after the siege of Shkodra in 1478–9. It was part of th ...
, Paštrovići was one of nine
nahiya A nāḥiyah ( , plural ''nawāḥī'' ), also nahiyeh, nahiya or nahia, is a regional or local type of administrative division that usually consists of a number of villages or sometimes smaller towns. In Tajikistan, it is a second-level divisi ...
, with 36 villages (out of a total of 148 in the vilayet). In 1592–93, Derviš-beg Alić Sarvanović, the sanjak-bey of Montenegro, also held Paštrovići and Perast. After the battle of Kotor 1657, Governor General Antonio Bernardo continued to support tribe of Paštrovići.Tea Perinčić Mayhew, 2008 Dalmatia Between Ottoman and Venetian Rule: Contado Di Zara, 1645-1718 https://www.academia.edu/860183/Dalmatia_Between_Ottoman_and_Venetian_Rule_Contado_Di_Zara_1645-1718 #page=45 In 16th and 17th century documents, the surname ''Paštar'' is found, ie ''Pastar'', which likely refers to the old Paštrović brotherhood. In 1571, the judge ''Rado Paštar'' is mentioned, and in 1609 ''Kristina'', daughter of ''Nikola Pastra'', who converted to the Catholic faith. In two places in Glamočko Polje, in Zajaruza and Čukura, live two families of the Pashtra brotherhood. Paštrovići were the part of Republic of Venice until the fall of Venice in 1797.


Culture

Paštrovići is traditionally Orthodox Christian. In these areas there are six
Serbian Orthodox The Serbian Orthodox Church ( sr-Cyrl-Latn, Српска православна црква, Srpska pravoslavna crkva) is one of the autocephalous (ecclesiastically independent) Eastern Orthodox Christian churches. The majority of the populat ...
monasteries and among them, Gradište monastery. People from Paštrovići were oriented towards maritime trade and they had a great number of captains and shipowners. Majority of the population were dealing with agriculture and livestock breeding, while in the littoral salination was developed very well.


Notable people

* Stefan Štiljanović, Hungarian nobleman, proclaimed Serbian saint * Stefan Paštrović, 16th-century publisher of the earliest Serbian primer * Stefano Zannowich, Serbian writer and adventurer * Stjepan Mitrov Ljubiša, a writer *
Visarion Ljubiša Visarion Ljubiša (; 28 February 1823 – 14 April 1884) was the Serbian Orthodox Church, Serbian Orthodox metropolitan bishop of Montenegro from 1882 to 1884. Early life and schooling Stefan Ljubiša was born in the village of Sveti Stefan to t ...
, Metropolitan of Montenegro * Rade Andrović, a national hero * Borko Paštrović, Serbian Chetnik commander during the
First Balkan War The First Balkan War lasted from October 1912 to May 1913 and involved actions of the Balkan League (the Kingdoms of Kingdom of Bulgaria, Bulgaria, Kingdom of Serbia, Serbia, Kingdom of Greece, Greece and Kingdom of Montenegro, Montenegro) agai ...


References


Sources

* * * * * *


External links


Paštrovići homepage
{{DEFAULTSORT:Pastrovici Budva Municipality Bar Municipality Tribes of Montenegro