''Panaeolus papilionaceus'', also known as ''Agaricus calosus'', ''Panaeolus campanulatus'', ''Panaeolus retirugis'', and ''Panaeolus sphinctrinus'', and commonly known as Petticoat mottlegill, is a very common and widely distributed little brown mushroom that feeds on dung. This mushroom is the

type species In zoological nomenclature, a type species (''species typica'') is the species name with which the name of a genus or subgenus is considered to be permanently taxonomically associated, i.e., the species that contains the biological type specimen( ...

for the genus ''

Panaeolus ''Panaeolus'' is a genus of small, black-spored, saprotrophic agarics. The word ''Panaeolus'' is Greek for "all variegated", alluding to the spotted gills of the mushrooms produced. Characteristics These fungi are mostly dung and grassland s ...

''.

Description

*Cap: 1–5 cm across, obtusely conic, grayish brown, not

hygrophanous The adjective hygrophanous refers to the color change of mushroom tissue (especially the pileus surface) as it loses or absorbs water, which causes the pileipellis to become more transparent when wet and opaque when dry. When identifying hygrop ...

, becoming campanulate in age, margin adorned with white toothlike

partial veil In mycology, a partial veil (also called an inner veil, to differentiate it from the "outer", or universal veil) is a temporary structure of tissue found on the fruiting bodies of some basidiomycete fungi, typically agarics. Its role is to isol ...

fragments when young or towards the edge, flesh thin. *Gills: adnate to adnexed close to crowded, one or two tiers of intermediate gills, pale gray, acquiring a mottled, blackish appearance in age, with whitish edges. *Spores: 12–18 x 7–10 µm, elliptical, smooth, with an apical pore, spore print black. *Stipe: 6–12 cm by 2–4 mm, gray-brown to reddish brown, darker where handled, paler toward the apex, brittle, fibrous, and pruinose. *Odor: Mild. *Taste: Unappetizing. *Microscopic features: Basidia 4-sterigmate; abruptly clavate. Cheilocystidia abundant; subcylindric, often subcapitate or capitate.

Habitat and formation

Occurring singly, gregariously, or caespitosely on cow/horse dung, moose droppings, and in pastures. Widely distributed in North America throughout the year, but only in warmer climates in winter. It can be found in countries includingWorldwide Distribution of Neurotropic Fungi, Guzman (www.museocivico.rovereto.tn.it)
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(

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, Alaska,

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,''Panaeolus papilionaceus''
The Mushroom Observer (mushroomobserver.org)]

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, Washington), the Caribbean (

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, and the

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Edibility

''Panaeolus papilionaceus'' is inedible, and is neither choice in flavor nor substantial in mass. While similar looking species, such as ''

Panaeolus cinctulus ''Panaeolus cinctulus'', syn. ''Panaeolus subbalteatus'', commonly known as the banded mottlegill, weed Panaeolus or is a very common, widely distributed psilocybin mushroom. According to American naturalist and mycologist David Arora, ''Panaeol ...

'', do contain

psilocybin Psilocybin ( , ) is a naturally occurring psychedelic prodrug compound produced by more than 200 species of fungi. The most potent are members of the genus ''Psilocybe'', such as '' P. azurescens'', '' P. semilanceata'', and '' P.&n ...

, ''Panaeolus papilionaceus'' does not.

Gallery

File:Panaeolus.Papilionaceus.001.jpg, ''Panaeolus papilionaceus var. papilionaceus '' Image:2011-08-31_Panaeolus_papilionaceus_(Bull.)_Qu%C3%A9l_183735.jpg Image:Panaeolus.sphinctrinus2.-.lindsey.jpg Image:Panaeolus papilionaceus 20080913w.jpg File:Panaeolus.papilionaceus3.-.lindsey.jpg

References

External links