The Order of St Alexander () was the second highest Bulgarian

order Order, ORDER or Orders may refer to: * A socio-political or established or existing order, e.g. World order, Ancien Regime, Pax Britannica * Categorization, the process in which ideas and objects are recognized, differentiated, and understood ...

during the

Kingdom of Bulgaria The Tsardom of Bulgaria (), also known as the Third Bulgarian Tsardom (), usually known in English as the Kingdom of Bulgaria, or simply Bulgaria, was a constitutional monarchy in Southeastern Europe, which was established on , when the Bulgaria ...

. It was established by Knyaz

Alexander I Alexander I may refer to: * Alexander I of Macedon, king of Macedon from 495 to 454 BC * Alexander I of Epirus (370–331 BC), king of Epirus * Alexander I Theopator Euergetes, surnamed Balas, ruler of the Seleucid Empire 150-145 BC * Pope Alex ...

and named after his patron saint (

Alexander Nevsky Alexander Yaroslavich Nevsky (; ; monastic name: ''Aleksiy''; 13 May 1221 – 14 November 1263) was Prince of Novgorod (1236–1240; 1241–1256; 1258–1259), Grand Prince of Kiev (1249–1263), and Grand Prince of Vladimir (1252–1263). ...

History

The order was established with a decree on 25 December 1881, in honour of the patron saint of Alexander Battenberg. Initially it was planned to have five grades and a Necklace but subsequently four grades and Grand and Lesser Necklace were formed and in 1908 a Grand Cross was added. With time wartime grades with swords in the middle and above the cross were added. The order was awarded to Bulgarian and foreign citizens with the personal benevolence of the Bulgarian monarch, who was the Grand Master.

Description

The order had a white enamelled

cross pattée A cross pattée or cross patty (, ), also known as a cross formée or cross formy, or even a Templar cross, is a type of Christian cross with arms that are narrow at the centre and often flared in a curve or straight line shape to be broader at th ...

with golden or silver edges according to the grade. On the pendant of the obverse there was a stylized inscription with the name of the order and on the surrounding ring there was the motto СЪ НАМИ БОГЪ (God with us) with

laurel wreath A laurel wreath is a symbol of triumph, a wreath (attire), wreath made of connected branches and leaves of the bay laurel (), an aromatic broadleaf evergreen. It was also later made from spineless butcher's broom (''Ruscus hypoglossum'') or cher ...

s below. On the reverse there was a white background with inscription 19 ФЕВРАЛЪ 1878 (19 February 1878) - the date of the signing of the

Treaty of San Stefano The 1878 Preliminary Treaty of San Stefano (; Peace of San-Stefano, ; Peace treaty of San-Stefano, or ) was a treaty between the Russian and Ottoman empires at the conclusion of the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878. It was signed at San Ste ...

. Atop the cross was a royal crown. The first grade was worn with a crimson moire ribbon over the right shoulder with a rosette in the edge. It had its own eight-ray silver star with the obverse of the order placed in the middle. The Grand necklace consisted of thirty interconnected medallions with crowned lions, alternated with the monogram of the founder Knyaz Alexander I and eight edges

Orthodox cross The Russian Orthodox Cross (or just the Orthodox Cross by some Russian Orthodox traditions) is a variation of the Christian cross since the 16th century in Russia, although it bears some similarity to a cross with a bottom crossbeam slanted the ...

. There was a special issue with two field marshal's batons which belonged to

Tsar Tsar (; also spelled ''czar'', ''tzar'', or ''csar''; ; ; sr-Cyrl-Latn, цар, car) is a title historically used by Slavic monarchs. The term is derived from the Latin word '' caesar'', which was intended to mean ''emperor'' in the Euro ...

Ferdinand Ferdinand is a Germanic name composed of the elements "journey, travel", Proto-Germanic , abstract noun from root "to fare, travel" (PIE , "to lead, pass over"), and "courage" or "ready, prepared" related to Old High German "to risk, ventu ...

. The Lesser Necklace was similar to the Grand Necklace but in smaller size. The Grand Cross, established in 1908, was also similar to the initial issue but the cross was enamelled in green and in the middle of the pendant was placed a crowned Bulgarian lion. The star was of similar design with green ring around the crowned lion on red background. The other grades are like the first issue but smaller in size. The sixth grade was made in silver without enamel over the shoulders of the cross. The Ottoman sultans

Abdul Hamid II Abdulhamid II or Abdul Hamid II (; ; 21 September 184210 February 1918) was the 34th sultan of the Ottoman Empire, from 1876 to 1909, and the last sultan to exert effective control over the fracturing state. He oversaw a Decline and modernizati ...

and

Mehmed V Mehmed V Reşâd (; or ; 2 November 1844 – 3 July 1918) was the penultimate List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire, sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1909 to 1918. Mehmed V reigned as a Constitutional monarchy, constitutional monarch. He had ...

were respectively awarded the Grand and Lesser Necklace of the Order of St Alexander with diamonds. They are currently kept in the collection of the

Topkapı Palace The Topkapı Palace (; ), or the Seraglio, is a large museum and library in the east of the Fatih List of districts of Istanbul, district of Istanbul in Turkey. From the 1460s to the completion of Dolmabahçe Palace in 1856, it served as the ad ...

Istanbul Istanbul is the List of largest cities and towns in Turkey, largest city in Turkey, constituting the country's economic, cultural, and historical heart. With Demographics of Istanbul, a population over , it is home to 18% of the Demographics ...

Grades

*Great Cross of the Order of St Alexander, Grand and Lesser Necklace *I grade, Grand Cross. Awarded to senior state officers and military personnel. It was worn with a scarf over the shoulder. *II grade, Grand Officer Cross. The cross was with white enamel, it was worn with red ribbon and had a star. *III grade, Commander Cross. The cross was with white or green enamel (according to the emission), it was worn with red ribbon and had no star. *IV grade, Officer Cross. The cross was with white enamel, it was worn on the chest with triangle red ribbon with rosette, it had no star. *V grade, Officer Cross. The cross was with white enamel, it was worn on the chest with triangle red ribbon, it had no star. *VI grade, Silver Cross. The cross was made of silver with no enamel, it was worn on the chest with triangle red ribbon, it had no star.

Notable recipients

;I grade, Grand Cross *

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* Konstantin Zhostov ;III grade, Commander Cross * Rolf Andvord * Wladimir Giesl von Gieslingen * Panteley Kiselov *

Ivan Kolev (general) Ivan Kolev Stoyanov () (15 September 1863 in – 29 July 1917 in Vienna) was a Bulgarian lieutenant general and distinguished cavalry commander during World War I. Biography Ivan Kolev was born in the southern Bessarabian village of , then part ...

* Konstantin Lukash *

Hristo Lukov Hristo Nikolov Lukov (; 6 January 1887 in Varna – 13 February 1943 in Sofia) was a Bulgarian lieutenant-general, politician, and Minister of War, who led the nationalistic Union of Bulgarian National Legions (UBNL), an organisation largely supp ...

* Aleksandar Protogerov *

Vladimir Sukhomlinov Vladimir Aleksandrovich Sukhomlinov ( rus, Владимир Александрович Сухомлинов, p=sʊxɐˈmlʲinəf; – 2 February 1926) was a Russian general in the Imperial Russian Army who served as the Chief of the General Staf ...

* Ivan Valkov ;IV or V grade, Officer Cross * Petar Darvingov *

Heinrich Jacobi (archaeologist) Heinrich Christian Jacobi (2 July 1866 – 3 March 1946) was a German architect and archaeologist, specialising in the Roman Empire. He was born and died in Homburg vor der Höhe. Life Heinrich Jacobi was son of Louis Jacobi (another archaeolog ...

* Stefan Nerezov * Rudolf Toussaint *

Damyan Velchev Damyan Velchev or Velcev () (4 March 1883, Gabrovo – 25 January 1954, Paris) was a Bulgarian politician and general. From 1925 to 1935 he was the leader of the Military League (Bulgaria) (1919–1947), an organization of Bulgarian officers wh ...

* Pencho Zlatev ;VI grade, Silver Cross ;Unknown Grades * Michail Arnaudov *

Hans Baur Johannes 'Hans' Baur (19 June 1897 – 17 February 1993) was Adolf Hitler's pilot during the political campaigns of the early 1930s. He began his aviation career as a flying ace in World War I. He later became Hitler's personal pilot and leade ...

* Friedrich von Boetticher * Georgi Bogdanov *

Michael von Faulhaber Michael von Faulhaber (5 March 1869 – 12 June 1952) was a German Catholic prelate who served as list of bishops of Freising and archbishops of Munich and Freising, Archbishop of Munich and Freising for 35 years, from 1917 to his death in 195 ...

* Friedrich von Georgi * Hristo Matov * Hans Michahelles *

Igor Moiseyev Igor Aleksandrovich Moiseyev (; – 2 November 2007) was a Soviet and Russian ballet master, dancer, choreographer and pedagogue. Moiseyev was widely acclaimed as the greatest 20th-century choreographer of character dance, a dance style simila ...

* Stevan Mokranjac * Dumitru C. Moruzi * Eberhard Graf von Schmettow *

Simeon Saxe-Coburg-Gotha Simeon Borisov Saxe-Coburg-Gotha (, ; born 16 June 1937) is a Bulgarian politician who reigned as the last Tsar of the Kingdom of Bulgaria, Tsardom of Bulgaria as Simeon II from 1943 until 1946. In 1946, the monarchy was abolished by a 1946 Bu ...

* Vladimir Vazov

References

* {{cite book , last = Miller , first = Michael , title = Leaders Of The Storm Troops Volume 1 , publisher = Helion & Company , location = England, year = 2015 , isbn = 978-1-909982-87-1

Sources

*„Каталог Български ордени и медали“. Веселин Денков *„Българските ордени и медали 1878 - 2002“. Тодор Петров *„Ордени и медали в България“. 1998 Тодор Петров *„Българска Енциклопедия от А-Я“. 2005 Авторски колектив към БАН Military awards and decorations of Bulgaria Orders of chivalry of Bulgaria Awards established in 1881 1881 establishments in Bulgaria