North Hollywood is a neighborhood and district in the
San Fernando Valley
The San Fernando Valley, known locally as the Valley, is an urbanized valley in Los Angeles County, Los Angeles County, California. Situated to the north of the Los Angeles Basin, it comprises a large portion of Los Angeles, the Municipal corpo ...
of
Los Angeles
Los Angeles, often referred to by its initials L.A., is the List of municipalities in California, most populous city in the U.S. state of California, and the commercial, Financial District, Los Angeles, financial, and Culture of Los Angeles, ...
, California. The neighborhood contains the
NoHo Arts District,
El Portal Theater, several art galleries, and the
Academy of Television Arts & Sciences
The Academy of Television Arts & Sciences (ATAS), also colloquially known as the Television Academy, is a professional honorary organization dedicated to the advancement of the Television in the United States, television industry in the United S ...
. The
North Hollywood Metro Rail station is the northern terminus of the
B Line subway on the
Los Angeles Metro
The Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority (LACMTA), branded as Metro, is the county agency that plans, operates, and coordinates funding for most of the Transportation in Los Angeles, public transportation system in Los Ang ...
.
North Hollywood was established by the Lankershim Ranch Land and Water Company in 1887. It was first named "Toluca" before being renamed "Lankershim" in 1896 and finally "North Hollywood" in 1927.
History
Before annexation
North Hollywood was once part of the vast landholdings of the
Mission San Fernando Rey de España
Mission San Fernando Rey de España is a Spanish missions in California, Spanish mission in the Mission Hills, Los Angeles, Mission Hills community of Los Angeles, California. The mission was founded on September 8, 1797 at the site of Achooyko ...
, which was confiscated by the government during the Mexican period of rule.
A group of investors assembled as the San Fernando Farm Homestead Association purchased the southern half of the
Rancho Ex-Mission San Fernando. The leading investor was
Isaac Lankershim, a Northern California stockman and grain farmer, who was impressed by the Valley's wild oats and proposed to raise sheep on the property. In 1873, Isaac Lankershim's son and future son-in-law,
James Boon Lankershim and
Isaac Newton Van Nuys, moved to the San Fernando Valley and took over management of the property. Van Nuys thought the property could profitably grow wheat using the
dryland farming
Drylands are defined by a scarcity of water. Drylands are zones where precipitation is balanced by evaporation from surfaces and by transpiration by plants (evapotranspiration). The United Nations Environment Program defines drylands as tropical ...
technique developed on the
Great Plains
The Great Plains is a broad expanse of plain, flatland in North America. The region stretches east of the Rocky Mountains, much of it covered in prairie, steppe, and grassland. They are the western part of the Interior Plains, which include th ...
and leased land from the Association to test his theories. In time, the Lankershim property, under its third name, the Los Angeles Farming and Milling Company, would become the world's largest wheat-growing empire.
[Link 1991, p.27]
In October 1887, J.B. Lankershim and eight other developers organized the Lankershim Ranch Land and Water Company, purchasing north of the Cahuenga Pass from the Lankershim Farming and Milling Company.
[Link 1991, p. 31] Lankershim established a townsite which the residents named Toluca along the old road from
Cahuenga Pass to
San Fernando. On April 1, 1888, they offered ready-made small farms for sale, already planted with deep-rooted deciduous fruit and nut trees—mostly peaches, pears, apricots, and walnuts—that could survive the rainless summers of the Valley by relying on the high
water table
The water table is the upper surface of the phreatic zone or zone of saturation. The zone of saturation is where the pores and fractures of the ground are saturated with groundwater, which may be fresh, saline, or brackish, depending on the loc ...
along the
Tujunga Wash rather than surface irrigation.
[Jorgenson 1982, p. 82]
The land boom of the 1880s went bust by the 1890s, but despite another brutal drought cycle in the late 1890s, the fruit and nut farmers remained solvent. The Toluca Fruit Growers Association was formed in 1894. The next year the Southern Pacific opened a branch line slanting northwest across the Valley to
Chatsworth. The Chatsworth Limited made one freight stop a day at Toluca, though the depot bore the new name of Lankershim. With the post office across the street being called Toluca, controversy over the town's name continued, and the local ranchers used to quip, "Ship the merchandise to Lankershim, but bill it to Toluca." In 1896, under pressure from Lankershim, the post office at Toluca was renamed "Lankershim" after his father, although the new name of the town would not be officially recognized until 1905.
By 1903, the area was known as "The Home of the Peach". In 1912, the area's major employer, the Bonner Fruit Company, was canning over a million tons of peaches, apricots, and other fruits.
[Bearchell and Fried 1988, p. 124] When the
Los Angeles Aqueduct
The Los Angeles Aqueduct system, comprising the Los Angeles Aqueduct (Owens Valley aqueduct) and the Second Los Angeles Aqueduct, is a water conveyance system, built and operated by the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power. The Owens Valley ...
opened in 1913, Valley farmers offered to buy the surplus water, but the federal legislation that enabled the construction of the aqueduct prohibited Los Angeles from selling the water outside of the city limits.
At first, resistance to the real-estate development and downtown business interests of Los Angeles remained strong enough to keep the small farmers unified in opposition to annexation. However, the fruit packing company interests were taken over by the Los Angeles interests. The two conspired to decrease prices and mitigate the farmers' profit margins, making their continued existence tenuous. When droughts hit the valley again, rather than face foreclosure, the most vulnerable farmers agreed to mortgage their holdings to the fruit packing company and banks in Los Angeles for the immediate future and vote on annexation.
Annexation to Los Angeles
West Lankershim agreed to be annexed to the City of Los Angeles in 1919. Lankershim proper and non-proper joined in 1923. Much of the promised water delivery was withheld, and many of the ranchers one by one had their holding foreclosed or transferred to the packing companies. In turn, these were bought up by the real-estate developers and by the late 1920s a massive effort was underway to market the area to prospective home owners throughout the country. As part of this effort, in 1927, in an effort to capitalize on the glamour and proximity of Hollywood, Lankershim was renamed "North Hollywood".
The result was a massive development of housing which transformed the area into a suburban development of Los Angeles.
Retail hub
Lankershim Boulevard
Lankershim Boulevard is a major north-south arterial road the runs for in the eastern San Fernando Valley in the Los Angeles, California.
Geography
Lankershim Boulevard's northern terminus is at San Fernando Road in Sun Valley, Los Angele ...
around
Magnolia Boulevard was the heart of the town of Lankershim, and of North Hollywood and until the mid-1950s boasted the largest concentration of retail stores, banks, restaurants, and entertainment. In 1953, for example, the shopping strip included three full-line department stores:
J.C. Penney at 5261 Lankershim, Yeakel & Goss department store at 5272, and the upscale single-location
Rathbun's department store at nos. 5311 (5307–15), opened in 1921. There were also branches of the large
Harris & Frank
Harris & Frank was a clothing retailer and major chain in the history of retail in Southern California, which at its peak had around 40 stores across Southern California and in neighboring states and regions. Its history dates back to a clothing ...
clothing chain at 5236 Lankershim that opened in 1950,
J. J. Newberry five and dime at 5321, and
Safeway at 5356.
In the late 1940s and 1950s the area saw the first department-store-anchored, auto-oriented shopping center in the Valley:
Valley Plaza, covering both a development at Laurel Canyon at Victory boulevards but also a loose collection of other retail stores south along Laurel Canyon to Oxnard, including a branch of the
May Co., the second-largest suburban department store branch in the U.S. at the time. In the mid-1950s Valley Plaza claimed to be the largest shopping center on the
West Coast of the United States
The West Coast of the United States, also known as the Pacific Coast and the Western Seaboard, is the coastline along which the Western United States meets the North Pacific Ocean. The term typically refers to the Contiguous United States, contig ...
and the third-largest in the country.
It was difficult for the Lankershim retail district to compete and by 1980, most stores had closed including Rathbun's.
The May Co. at the south end of the Valley Plaza shopping district built its own attached, enclosed mall,
Laurel Plaza, opening in 1968.
[Alternate Link]
via ProQuest
ProQuest LLC is an Ann Arbor, Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan-based global information-content and technology company, founded in 1938 as University Microfilms by Eugene Power.
ProQuest is known for its applications and information services for l ...
. The last department of Valley Plaza's anchors,
Sears
Sears, Roebuck and Co., commonly known as Sears ( ), is an American chain of department stores and online retailer founded in 1892 by Richard Warren Sears and Alvah Curtis Roebuck and reincorporated in 1906 by Richard Sears and Julius Rosen ...
, closed in 2019 as department store-anchored shopping centers lost favor. As of 2020, much of the Valley Plaza retail space is either empty, portion is now a middle school, and the Laurel Plaza site is under construction to become the NoHo West
mixed-use development
Mixed use is a type of urban development, urban design, urban planning and/or a zoning classification that blends multiple uses, such as residential, commercial, cultural, institutional, or entertainment, into one space, where those functions ...
, which includes retail.
1950s–present
By the late 1950s, many of the original owners were aging, and their children were moving to other areas. School integration in the subsequent years,
blockbusting
Blockbusting was a business practice in the United States in which real estate agents and building developers convinced residents in a particular area to sell their property at below-market prices. This was achieved by fearmongering the homeowne ...
, and subsequent ethnic turmoil encouraged many remaining families to move out, who in turn were replaced with black and Hispanic families moving from
Central and
South Los Angeles
South Los Angeles, also known as South Central Los Angeles or simply South Central, is a region in southwestern Los Angeles County, California, lying mostly within the city limits of Los Angeles, south of Downtown Los Angeles, downtown.
It is de ...
. By the 1990s, the demographic changes had almost completely transformed the region.
The
North Hollywood shootout
The North Hollywood shootout, also known as the Battle of North Hollywood, was a confrontation between two heavily armed and armored bank robbers, Larry Phillips Jr. and Emil Mătăsăreanu, and police officers in the North Hollywood neighborho ...
occurred in 1997, leaving 12
Los Angeles Police Department
The City of Los Angeles Police Department, commonly referred to as Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD), is the primary law enforcement agency of Los Angeles, California, United States. With 8,832 officers and 3,000 civilian staff, it is the th ...
officers and eight civilians injured and the two armed robbers dead.
21st century
The opening of
North Hollywood station in 2000, establishment and success of the
NoHo Arts District in the old "downtown", and repurposing of disused lots such as
Laurel Plaza into NoHo West, has revitalized the heart of North Hollywood.
Since 2000, the community has been developing and undergoing many changes, thanks in large part to the formation of the 743-acre North Hollywood Development District and the subsequent NoHo Commons projects.
In 2015, Lankershim Boulevard in North Hollywood was part of the first San Fernando Valley
CicLAvia, an event sponsored by the
Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority
The Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority (LACMTA), branded as Metro, is the county agency that plans, operates, and coordinates funding for most of the Transportation in Los Angeles, public transportation system in Los Ang ...
in which major roads are temporarily closed to motorized vehicle traffic and used for recreational
human-powered transport
Human-powered transport is the transport of passenger, person(s) and/or goods (freight) using human power, human muscle power. Unlike animal-powered transport, human-powered transport has existed since time immemorial in the form of walking, run ...
.
Geography
North Hollywood is bordered on the north by
Sun Valley and on the northeast and east by
Burbank
Burbank may refer to:
Places Australia
* Burbank, Queensland, a suburb in Brisbane
United States
* Burbank, California, a city in Los Angeles County
* Burbank, Santa Clara County, California, a census-designated place
* Burbank, Illinois, ...
.
Toluca Lake borders North Hollywood on the southeast and south, and
Studio City abuts it on the southwest. It is bordered by
Valley Village and
Valley Glen on the west.
North Hollywood is not bordered by the neighborhood of
Hollywood
Hollywood usually refers to:
* Hollywood, Los Angeles, a neighborhood in California
* Hollywood, a metonym for the cinema of the United States
Hollywood may also refer to:
Places United States
* Hollywood District (disambiguation)
* Hollywood ...
, as North Hollywood is approximately north of Hollywood.
North Hollywood has a hot summer
Mediterranean Climate
A Mediterranean climate ( ), also called a dry summer climate, described by Köppen and Trewartha as ''Cs'', is a temperate climate type that occurs in the lower mid-latitudes (normally 30 to 44 north and south latitude). Such climates typic ...
(
Köppen climate classification
The Köppen climate classification divides Earth climates into five main climate groups, with each group being divided based on patterns of seasonal precipitation and temperature. The five main groups are ''A'' (tropical), ''B'' (arid), ''C'' (te ...
Csa).
Demographics
The 2000 U.S. census counted 77,848 residents in the 5.87-square-mile North Hollywood neighborhood—or 13,264 people per square mile, about an average
population density
Population density (in agriculture: Standing stock (disambiguation), standing stock or plant density) is a measurement of population per unit land area. It is mostly applied to humans, but sometimes to other living organisms too. It is a key geog ...
for the city but among the highest for the county. In 2008, the city estimated that the population had increased to 87,241. In 2000, the median age for residents was 30, considered an average age for city and county neighborhoods; the percentage of residents aged 19 to 34 was among the county's highest.
The neighborhood was considered "moderately diverse" ethnically within Los Angeles. The breakdown was 57.7%
Latino, 27%
Non-Hispanic White
Non-Hispanic Whites, also referred to as White Anglo Americans or Non-Latino Whites, are White Americans who are classified by the United States census as "White" and not of Hispanic or Latino origin. According to annual estimates from the Unit ...
, 5.7%
Asian, 5.6%
black
Black is a color that results from the absence or complete absorption of visible light. It is an achromatic color, without chroma, like white and grey. It is often used symbolically or figuratively to represent darkness.Eva Heller, ''P ...
, and 4% from other groups. Foreign-born residents made up 46.4% of residents, a high percentage for Los Angeles; Mexico (43.2%) and El Salvador (16%) were the most common places of birth for this portion of the population. The percentages of never-married men and never-married women were among the county's highest.
[
The median yearly household income in 2008 dollars was $42,791, considered average for the city but low for the county. The percentages of households that earned $40,000 or less were high for the county. Renters occupied 75.4% of the housing stock, and house- or apartment-owners held 24.6%.][
]
Attractions
* Academy of Television Arts & Sciences
The Academy of Television Arts & Sciences (ATAS), also colloquially known as the Television Academy, is a professional honorary organization dedicated to the advancement of the Television in the United States, television industry in the United S ...
* Amelia Earhart Regional Library
* David Familian Chapel of Temple Adat Ari El
* El Portal Theater
* Idle Hour Cafe
* The Iliad Bookshop
* Lankershim Arts Center
* Lankershim Depot
* NoHo Gateway Sign
* North Hollywood Masonic Temple
* Phil's Diner
* St. Charles Borromeo Church
* Valhalla Memorial Park Cemetery and its Portal of the Folded Wings Shrine to Aviation
* Weddington House
Parks and recreation
The North Hollywood Recreation Center is mostly in North Hollywood, with a portion in Valley Village.[Map]
." Valley Village Neighborhood Council. Retrieved on September 21, 2009.
" City of Los Angeles. Retrieved on March 19, 2010. The park has an auditorium, lighted indoor baseball diamond courts, lighted outdoor baseball diamonds, lighted outdoor basketball courts, a children's play area, lighted handball courts, picnic tables, an outdoor unheated seasonal pool, and lighted tennis courts. In addition the center has an indoor gymnasium which can be used as a second auditorium and a community room; the gymnasium's capacity is 250 people.
The Valley Plaza Recreation Center in North Hollywood includes an auditorium, barbecue pits, a lighted baseball diamond, lighted outdoor basketball courts, a children's play area, a 40-person community room, a lighted American football field, an indoor gymnasium without weights, an outdoor gymnasium without weights, picnic tables, lighted tennis courts, and unlighted volleyball courts. The Jamie Beth Slaven Park, an unstaffed pocket park with unlighted outdoor basketball courts, a children's play area, and picnic tables, is in North Hollywood.
Education
Eighteen percent of North Hollywood residents aged 25 and older had earned a four-year degree by 2000, an average figure for both the city and the county. The percentage of the same-age residents with less than a high school diploma
A high school diploma (sometimes referred to as a high school degree) is a diploma awarded upon graduation of high school
A secondary school, high school, or senior school, is an institution that provides secondary education. Some secondary s ...
was high for the county.[
Schools within the North Hollywood boundaries are:
]
Public
* Bellingham Primary Center Elementary School, 6728 Bellingham Avenue
* Fair Avenue Elementary School, 6501 Fair Avenue
* Lankershim Elementary School, 5250 Bakman Avenue
* Maurice Sendak Elementary School, 11414 West Tiara Street
* Oxnard Street Elementary School, 10912 Oxnard Street
* Victory Boulevard Elementary School, 6315 Radford Avenue
* James Madison Middle School, 13000 Hart St
* Roy Romer Middle School, 6501 Laurel Canyon Boulevard
* North Hollywood High School
North Hollywood High School (NHHS) is a public high school in the North Hollywood neighborhood of Los Angeles, California, United States. It is in the San Fernando Valley and enrolls approximately 2,500 students. Several neighborhoods, including m ...
, 5231 Colfax Avenue
* East Valley High School, 5525 Vineland Avenue
* The Science Academy STEM Magnet (7 year college preparatory), 5525 Vineland Avenue
* North Hollywood Adult Learning Center, LAUSD Adult Education, 10952 Whipple Street
Private
* Penny Lane, a center for children who were abused by their family members and bullies, in existence since 2013. NOTE: This was the former site of the Dubnoff Center for Child Development, K–12, 10526 Dubnoff Way. The school's main building was designed in 1965 by Ena Dubnoff in association with Flores, Gelman and Green, completed in 1968. Penny Lane bought out the Dubnoff Center in 2013 due to the Dubnoff Center losing money and facing bankruptcy and liquidation issues.
* San Fernando Valley Professional School, K–12, 6215 Laurel Canyon Boulevard
* St. Paul's First Lutheran, Pre-K-8, 11330 McCormick Street, a school of the Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod
The Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod (WELS), also referred to simply as the Wisconsin Synod, is an American Confessional Lutheran denomination of Christianity. Characterized as Christian theology, theologically conservative, it was founded ...
(WELS)
* St. Patrick Elementary School, 10626 Erwin Street
* Montessori Academy of North Hollywood, elementary, 6000 Ensign Avenue
* Laurel Hall, elementary, 11919 Oxnard Street
* Oakwood High School, 11600 Magnolia Blvd
* Or Hachaim Academy, elementary, 6021 Laurel Canyon Boulevard
* The Wesley School, elementary, 4832 Tujunga Avenue
* St. Charles Borromeo, elementary, 10650 Moorpark Street
Libraries
* North Hollywood Amelia Earhart Regional Library
* Valley Plaza Branch Library
Infrastructure
Transportation
The Los Angeles County Transportation Commission approved the construction of the subway connecting North Hollywood to Hollywood, East Hollywood, Koreatown, Westlake and downtown Los Angeles along the Metro Rail Red Line in 1990. The decision followed the Los Angeles City Council
The Los Angeles City Council is the Legislature, lawmaking body for the Government of Los Angeles, city government of Los Angeles, California, the second largest city in the United States. It has 15 members who each represent the 15 city council ...
unanimously endorsing North Hollywood as the northern terminal of the Red Line with the final route having termini at Union Station and North Hollywood. The North Hollywood Metro Subway station opened in June 2000. Close to half a million people took advantage of free rides on the Red Line subway in its first weekend in operation. The station is the starting point for the B Line of the Metro subway, which cost $4.5 billion to build.
Instead of a further B Line extension further into the Valley, Metro built the Metro G Line bus rapid transit. Its terminus is located across the street
A street is a public thoroughfare in a city, town or village, typically lined with Building, buildings on one or both sides. Streets often include pavements (sidewalks), pedestrian crossings, and sometimes amenities like Street light, streetligh ...
from the subway station. This expanded the station area into a transit hub, and many local
Local may refer to:
Geography and transportation
* Local (train), a train serving local traffic demand
* Local, Missouri, a community in the United States
Arts, entertainment, and media
* ''Local'' (comics), a limited series comic book by Bria ...
and rapid
Rapid(s) or RAPID may refer to:
Hydrological features
* Rapids, sections of a river with turbulent water flow
* Rapid Creek (Iowa River tributary), Iowa, United States
* Rapid Creek (South Dakota), United States, namesake of Rapid City
Sport ...
buses now stop at the station. Proposals have been made to extend the B Line northeasterly to Bob Hope Airport in Burbank and the Downtown Burbank Metrolink station in downtown Burbank, or to extend it in a northwesterly direction along Lankershim Boulevard and eventually to Sylmar. Neither project is currently funded nor is included in Metro's Long Term Transportation Plan. The North Hollywood to Pasadena Transit Corridor was approved by the Metro board April 28, 2022, and is expected to be completed by 2024. It has promised to provide faster bus service to Glendale and Pasadena.
Notable people
* Gene Autry
Orvon Grover "Gene" Autry (September 29, 1907 – October 2, 1998), nicknamed the Singing Cowboy, was an American actor, musician, singer, composer, rodeo performer, and baseball team owner, who largely gained fame by singing in a Crooner ...
, actor
* Corbin Bernsen, actor[Biography](_blank)
from a USA Network
USA Network (or simply USA) is an American basic cable television channel owned by the NBCUniversal Media Group division of Comcast's NBCUniversal. It was launched in 1977 as Madison Square Garden Sports Network, one of the first national sports ...
website for ''Psych
''Psych'' is an American detective comedy-drama television series created by Steve Franks for USA Network. The series stars James Roday as Shawn Spencer, a young crime consultant for the Santa Barbara Police Department whose "heightened o ...
''
* Brennan Boesch, MLB baseball player
* Everett G. Burkhalter (1897–1975), California politician["City Council Candidates"]
''Los Angeles Times,'' March 12, 1961. page SF-4
* Adam Carolla, North Hollywood High School
* Nudie Cohn
Nuta Kotlyarenko (; December 15, 1902 – May 9, 1984), known professionally as Nudie Cohn, was a Ukrainian-American tailor who designed decorative rhinestone-covered suits, known popularly as "Nudie Suits", and other elaborate outfits for some ...
, tailor
* Vince DiMaggio, baseball player
* Michael Erush (born 1984), soccer player and coach
* Teri Garr
Terry Ann Garr (December 11, 1944 – October 29, 2024), known as Teri Garr, was an American actress. Known for her comedic roles in film and television in the 1970s and 1980s, she often played women struggling to cope with the life-changing ex ...
, actress
* Tina Jordan, model['']Playboy
''Playboy'' (stylized in all caps) is an American men's Lifestyle journalism, lifestyle and entertainment magazine, available both online and in print. It was founded in Chicago in 1953 by Hugh Hefner and his associates, funded in part by a $ ...
'' magazine, March 2002, page 90.
* Dorothy Lamour
Dorothy Lamour (born Mary Leta Dorothy Slaton; December 10, 1914 – September 22, 1996) was an American actress and singer. She is best remembered for having appeared in the ''Road to...'' movies, a series of successful comedies starring Bing C ...
, actress
* Robin Lopez and Brook Lopez, NBA basketball players
* Bruce Manson
Bruce Manson (born March 20, 1956) is an American former professional tennis player. He achieved a career-high doubles ranking of world No. 17 in 1981. His career high singles ranking was World No. 39, but he did, when ranked 112, defeat world n ...
(born 1956), tennis player
* Randy Rhoads (1956–1982), guitarist
* Tony Robbins, author, motivational speaker
* Hervé Villechaize
Hervé Jean-Pierre Villechaize (; April 23, 1943 – September 4, 1993) was a French actor. He is best known for his roles as the evil henchman Nick Nack in the 1974 James Bond film '' The Man with the Golden Gun'' and as Mr. Roarke's assistant ...
(1943–1993), actor
* Wilson Weddington (1847–1923), postmaster and original landowner
* Jim Wilson, City Council member[Los Angeles Public Library reference file]
Dbasel.lapl.org
* Danielle von Zerneck, actressDanielle von Zerneck
''AllMovie''
See also
*
References
Notes
Bibliography
* Bearchell, Charles, and Larry D. Fried, ''The San Fernando Valley Then and Now'', Windsor Publications, 1988,
* Coscia, David, ''Pacific Electric and the Growth of the San Fernando Valley'', Shade Tree Books, 2011,
* Jorgensen, Lawrence C., ''The San Fernando Valley Past and Present'', Pacific Rim Research, 1982,
* Link, Tom: ''Universal City – North Hollywood, a Centenniel Portrait'', Windsor Publications, 1991,
* Mullaly, Larry, and Bruce Petty, ''The Southern Pacific in Los Angeles 1873–1996'', Golden West Books/Los Angeles Railroad Heritage Foundation, 2002,
* Roderick, Kevin, ''The San Fernando Valley: America's Suburb'', Los Angeles Times Books, 2001,
External links
* ''Los Angeles Times'', Real Estate section, Neighborly Advice column:
(July 27, 2003)
{{Authority control
1887 establishments in California
Communities in the San Fernando Valley
Neighborhoods in Los Angeles
Populated places established in 1887
Armenian diaspora communities in the United States