The Negro Southern League (NSL) was one of the several

Negro baseball leagues The Negro leagues were United States professional baseball leagues comprising teams of African Americans. The term may be used broadly to include professional black teams outside the leagues and it may be used narrowly for the #Significant Neg ...

created during the time organized baseball was segregated. The NSL was organized as a minor league in 1920 and lasted until 1936. It was considered a major league for the 1932 season and it was also the only organized league to finish its full schedule that season (primarily due to the

Great Depression The Great Depression was a severe global economic downturn from 1929 to 1939. The period was characterized by high rates of unemployment and poverty, drastic reductions in industrial production and international trade, and widespread bank and ...

). Prior to the season, several established teams joined the NSL, mainly from the collapsed Negro National League.

League history

Founding

The Negro Southern League was a Negro baseball league organized by Tom Wilson in 1920 as a minor league. Leagues in the depression-era

Southern United States The Southern United States (sometimes Dixie, also referred to as the Southern States, the American South, the Southland, Dixieland, or simply the South) is List of regions of the United States, census regions defined by the United States Cens ...

were far less organized and lucrative than those in the north, owing to a smaller population base and a lower

standard of living Standard of living is the level of income, comforts and services available to an individual, community or society. A contributing factor to an individual's quality of life, standard of living is generally concerned with objective metrics outsid ...

. The NSL operated on an irregular basis as each season's schedule was depended upon the availability of the more prominent team owners who were quick to seek more profitable avenues whenever possible.

Hiatuses

The NSL did not organize a schedule for the 1924, 1925 or 1928 seasons due to the Birmingham Black Barons and Memphis Red Sox participating in the Negro National League those years. The remaining NSL teams all played independent schedules those years. The 1929 season was poorly attended and teams struggled to complete their schedules; Birmingham and Memphis did not participate. For the 1930 season, the Nashville Elite Giants and Louisville Black Caps left for the NNL; this, and the continued absence of Birmingham and Memphis, led to the 1930 season being scrapped. The remaining NSL teams played independent schedules that year, while the New Orleans Caulfield Ads moved to the Texas–Louisiana League.

Level of play

For most of its existence, the NSL was considered a minor league, with some teams providing talent to more profitable Negro league teams. The most notable example is the Monroe Monarchs acting as a farm team for the Kansas City Monarchs. The Negro National League collapsed for good after the 1931 season and many players (and two teams) migrated to the NSL. The

had decimated the profits of most Negro league teams and only a few organized Negro leagues survived; the newly formed East-West League also folded in mid-1932. The NSL was considered the highest quality surviving league and it therefore became the ''de facto'' major league for the 1932 season. The NSL was the only organized league to complete their full schedule. With the creation of a new Negro National League in 1933, many players and some teams left the NSL and it slipped back into being regarded as having minor league status.

Legacy

When the NSL collapsed for the last time after the 1936 season, some of its member teams folded as well, but a handful of the teams continued on. The Nashville Elite Giants excelled in the new Negro National League for years, while the Memphis Red Sox and Birmingham Black Barons excelled in the Negro American League, which was newly organized in time for the 1937 season and absorbed some NSL teams when the league collapsed. On the eve of integration in 1945, a new minor Negro league was organized with teams in the South; it assumed the name of the old league and also called itself the Negro Southern League. This second NSL lasted until 1951.

Negro Southern League franchises

Eight franchises competed in what many consider the first "minor league" season in 1920. They were the Montgomery Grey Sox, Atlanta Black Crackers, New Orleans Caulfield Ads, Knoxville Giants, Birmingham Black Barons, Nashville White Sox, Pensacola Giants and Jacksonville Stars. Below is a list of teams that competed in the Negro Southern League. *Note: An "associate team" is one who is not a member of the league, but games played against them by league teams count in the league standings.

1932: Major league status

Eight franchises competed in the league in 1932, the sole season the Negro Southern League was considered a major Negro league: * Atlanta Black Crackers * Cole's American Giants * Indianapolis ABCs * Louisville Black Caps; moved to Columbus and became the Columbus Turfs during the 1932 season * Memphis Red Sox * Monroe Monarchs * Montgomery Grey Sox * Nashville Elite Giants

Member timeline

Below is a timeline of teams that played more than one season in the NSL: DateFormat = yyyy ImageSize = width:800 height:400 PlotArea = left:20 right:50 bottom:20 top:20 Colors = id:majorGridColor value:rgb(0.9,0.9,0.9) id:lineColor value:gray(0.6) id:nl1 value:gray(0.9) id:inactive value:gray(0.5) id:gold value:rgb(0.99,0.72,0.15) id:brown value:rgb(0.36,0.20,0.10) id:vegasgold value:rgb(0.80,0.72,0.49) id:green value:rgb(0, 0.51,0.28) id:darkgreen value:rgb(0, 0.20,0) id:orange value:rgb(1 ,0.39,0) id:redorange value:rgb(1 ,0.20,0) id:red value:rgb(0.80,0.01,0.07) id:red2 value:rgb(0.90,0.01,0.07) id:darkred value:rgb(0.50,0 ,0) id:iceblue value:rgb(0.20,0.60,0.80) id:lgray value:gray(0.1) id:gray value:gray(0.3) id:gray2 value:gray(0.5) id:sand value:rgb(0.94,0.89,0.77) id:navy value:rgb(0 ,0 ,0.30) id:teal value:rgb(0 ,0.65,0.65) id:teal2 value:rgb(0 ,0.45,0.45) Period = from:1920 till:1937 TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal format:yyyy ScaleMajor = start:1920 increment:1 gridcolor:majorGridColor BarData = bar:KNX # Knoxville Giants bar:MTG # Montgomery Grey Sox bar:ATL # Atlanta Black Crackers bar:BRM # Birmingham Black Barons bar:NOA # New Orleans Caulfield Ads bar:NSH # Nashville Elite Giants bar:CHT # Chattanooga Tigers bar:MEM # Memphis Red Sox bar:NOC # New Orleans Crescent Stars bar:CBL # Chattanooga Black Lookouts bar:EVN # Evansville Reichert Giants bar:LOU # Louisville Black Caps bar:MNR # Monroe Monarchs Define $Up = shift:(,1) Define $Left = anchor:from align:right shift:(-1,) Define $Right = anchor:till align:left shift:(2,) Define $Right2 = anchor:till align:right shift:(-25,) Define $Down = shift:(,-10) Define $UpLeft = anchor:from align:right shift:(-1,1) Define $UpLeft2 = anchor:from align:left shift:(-1,1) Define $UpRight2 = anchor:till align:right shift:(-1,1) Define $UpRight = anchor:till align:left shift:(2,1) Define $DownRight = anchor:till align:left shift:(2,-10) Define $DownLeft = anchor:from align:left shift:(2,-10) Define $UpUpRight = anchor:till align:left shift:(2,10) PlotData = color:inactive textcolor:black width:20 fontsize:S mark:(line,black) anchor:middle # other options are anchor:from anchor:till align:center # other options are align:left align:right shift:(0,-5) # Note on dates: A team's bar begins with the season that team played its first game, and ends with the season after that team played its last game. For example, the Cleveland Tate Stars played their first game in 1922 and played their last game in 1923. Therefore, their bar goes from 1922 to 1924. bar:KNX from:1920 till:1923 color:orange text:" " $Right bar:KNX from:1931 till:1933 color:orange text:"Knoxville Giants" $Right2 bar:MTG from:1920 till:1923 color:oceanblue text:" " $Right bar:MTG from:1926 till:1927 color:oceanblue text:" " $Right bar:MTG from:1931 till:1934 color:oceanblue text:" " $Right bar:MTG from:1935 till:1937 color:oceanblue text:"Montgomery Grey Sox" $Right2 bar:ATL from:1920 till:1922 color:yellow text:" " $Right bar:ATL from:1926 till:1928 color:yellow text:" " $Right bar:ATL from:1929 till:1930 color:yellow text:" " $Right bar:ATL from:1932 till:1933 color:yellow text:" " $Right bar:ATL from:1935 till:1937 color:yellow text:"Atlanta Black Crackers" $Right2 bar:BRM from:1920 till:1922 color:gold text:" " $Right bar:BRM from:1923 till:1924 color:gold text:" " $Right bar:BRM from:1926 till:1927 color:gold text:" " $Right bar:BRM from:1931 till:1933 color:gold text:" " $Right bar:BRM from:1934 till:1937 color:gold text:"Birmingham Black Barons" $Right2 bar:NOA from:1920 till:1923 color:iceblue text:" " $Right bar:NOA from:1926 till:1927 color:iceblue text:" " $Right bar:NOA from:1929 till:1930 color:iceblue text:" " $Right bar:NOA from:1935 till:1936 color:iceblue text:"New Orleans Caulfield Ads" $Right2 bar:NSH from:1921 till:1924 color:green text:" " $Right bar:NSH from:1926 till:1928 color:green text:" " $Right bar:NSH from:1929 till:1930 color:green text:" " $Right bar:NSH from:1931 till:1933 color:green text:"Nashville Elite Giants" $Right2 bar:CHT from:1921 till:1923 color:red text:"Chattanooga Tigers" $Right2 bar:MEM from:1921 till:1924 color:vegasgold text:" " $Right bar:MEM from:1926 till:1927 color:vegasgold text:" " $Right bar:MEM from:1931 till:1937 color:vegasgold text:"Memphis Red Sox" $Right2 bar:NOC from:1922 till:1924 color:redorange text:" " $Right bar:NOC from:1933 till:1935 color:redorange text:"New Orleans Crescent Stars" $Right2 bar:CBL from:1926 till:1928 color:skyblue text:" " $Right bar:CBL from:1929 till:1930 color:skyblue text:" " $Right bar:CBL from:1931 till:1932 color:skyblue text:" " $Right bar:CBL from:1935 till:1937 color:skyblue text:"Chattanooga Black Lookouts" $Right2 bar:EVN from:1927 till:1928 color:kelleygreen text:" " $Right bar:EVN from:1929 till:1930 color:kelleygreen text:"Evansville Reichert Giants" $Right2 bar:LOU from:1929 till:1930 color:teal text:" " $Right bar:LOU from:1932 till:1933 color:teal text:"Louisville Black Caps" $Right2 bar:MNR from:1932 till:1935 color:yelloworange text:"Monroe Monarchs" $Right2 LineData = layer:front at:1924 color:black at:1926 color:black at:1928 color:black at:1929 color:black at:1930 color:black at:1931 color:black *1920 – Formation of NSL consisting of 8 teams: Montgomery Grey Sox, Atlanta Black Crackers, New Orleans Caulfield Ads, Knoxville Giants, Birmingham Black Barons, Nashville White Sox, Pensacola Giants and Jacksonville Stars. *1921 – Dropped: Nashville White Sox, Pensacola Giants and Jacksonville Stars; Added: Nashville Elite Giants, Memphis Red Sox and Chattanooga Tigers. *1922 – Dropped: Atlanta Black Crackers, Birmingham Black Barons and New Orleans Caulfield Ads (mid-June); Added: Louisville Stars and New Orleans Crescent Stars (mid-June). *1923 – Dropped: Knoxville Giants, Louisville Stars, Montgomery Grey Sox and Chattanooga Tigers; Added: Birmingham Black Barons. *(1924) – ''no schedule played'' *(1925) – ''no schedule played'' *1926 – Dropped: New Orleans Crescent Stars; Added: New Orleans Caulfield Ads, Albany Giants, Montgomery Grey Sox, Atlanta Black Crackers and Chattanooga Black Lookouts. *1927 – Dropped: Birmingham Black Barons, Memphis Red Sox, Albany Giants, Montgomery Grey Sox and New Orleans Caulfield Ads; Added: Evansville Louis Reichert Giants, Bessemer Grey Sox, Hopkinsville Athletics and Jackson Cubs. *(1928) – ''no schedule played'' *1929 – Dropped: Bessemer Grey Sox, Hopkinsville Athletics and Jackson Cubs; Added: Louisville Black Caps and New Orleans Caulfield Ads. *(1930) – ''no schedule played'' *1931 – Dropped: Evansville Louis Reichert Giants, Atlanta Black Crackers, Louisville Black Caps and New Orleans Caulfield Ads; Added: Birmingham Black Barons, Memphis Red Sox, Knoxville Giants and Montgomery Grey Sox. *1932 – Dropped: Chattanooga Black Lookouts and Knoxville Giants; Added: Cole's American Giants, Monroe Monarchs, Little Rock Grays, Louisville Black Caps, Indianapolis ABC's, Atlanta Black Crackers and Cleveland Cubs. *1933 – Dropped: Cole's American Giants, Nashville Elite Giants, Little Rock Grays, Louisville Black Caps, Indianapolis ABC's, Birmingham Black Barons, Atlanta Black Crackers and Cleveland Cubs; Added: Little Rock Stars, New Orleans Crescent Stars, Shreveport Cubs, Algiers Giants, Jackson Senators and Alexandria Lincoln Giants. *1934 – Dropped: Little Rock Stars, Shreveport Cubs, Algiers Giants, Jackson Senators and Alexandria Lincoln Giants; Added: Cincinnati Tigers, Birmingham Black Barons and Louisville Caps. *1935 – Dropped: Monroe Monarchs, Louisville Caps, Cincinnati Tigers and New Orleans Crescent Stars; Added: Claybrook Tigers, New Orleans Caulfield Ads, Atlanta Black Crackers, Chattanooga Black Lookouts and Montgomery Grey Sox. *1936 – Dropped: Claybrook Tigers and New Orleans Caulfield Ads; Added: Cincinnati Tigers, Nashville Black Vols and Hopkinsville Athletics. League fell apart before second-half ended.

League champions

Most seasons were split in halves, with the winner of the first half of the season playing the winner of the second half of the season in a formal league play-off that decided the Pennant winner. For some years it is unclear if a split season was played and if the second half schedule was completed. In the below list, the first half winner is noted with a raised "1" and the second half winner is noted with a raised "2".

Pennant winners

* 1920: Montgomery Grey Sox * 1921: Nashville Elite Giants * 1922: Nashville Elite Giants * 1923: Birmingham Black Barons * (1924): ''no schedule played'' * (1925): ''no schedule played'' * 1926: Birmingham Black Barons * 1927: Chattanooga Black Lookouts * (1928): ''no schedule played'' * 1929: Nashville Elite Giants * (1930): ''no schedule played'' * 1931: Nashville Elite Giants * 1932: Cole's American Giants * 1933: Memphis Red Sox^{(1st half)} /
New Orleans Crescent Stars^{(2nd half)} * 1934: Undetermined * 1935: Claybrook Tigers * 1936: Birmingham Black Barons

League playoffs

* 1921: Nashville Elite Giants defeated Montgomery Grey Sox, 4g-1g * 1926: Birmingham Black Barons¹ defeated Memphis Red Sox², 5g-2g (3 ties) * 1932: Cole's American Giants¹ defeated Nashville Elite Giants², 5g-3g * 1935: Claybrook Tigers² defeated Memphis Red Sox¹, 4g-3g

Negro Dixie Series

The Negro Dixie Series was an informal "championship" series between a top NSL team and the champion of one of the various Texas-based Negro leagues. Oddly, the NSL participant was usually not the league champion. * 1927: Nashville Elite Giants (NSL) defeated Dallas Black Giants (of the Negro Texas League), 4g-1g * 1931: Monroe Monarchs (of the Texas–Louisiana Negro League) defeated Nashville Elite Giants (NSL), no details * 1932: Monroe Monarchs (NSL) defeated Austin (of the Texas–Louisiana Negro League), 4g-2g * 1933: New Orleans Crescent Stars (NSL) ''tied'' Nashville Elite Giants (of the NNL2), 4g-4g ** 1933 (first round): New Orleans Crescent Stars defeated Houston Black Buffaloes (of the Negro Texas League), 4g-0g After the completion of the 1933 Negro Dixie Series, the

Chicago American Giants The Chicago American Giants were a Chicago-based Negro league baseball team. From 1910 until the mid-1930s, the American Giants were the most dominant team in black baseball. Owned and managed from 1911 to 1926 by player-manager Andrew "Rube" F ...

challenged the Crescent Stars to a "self-proclaimed" Negro World Series. The American Giants had their claim to the NNL first-half title dismissed by the league president, who also happened to be the owner of the team who did claim the first-half title ( Pittsburgh Crawfords). In response, Chicago held their own championship series, and defeated the Crescent Stars, 5 games to 1.

References

External links