Mămăligă

Mămăligă (;) is a polenta-like dish made out of yellow maize flour, traditional in Romania, Moldova, south-west regions of Ukraine and among Poles in Ukraine (''mamałyga''), Hungary (''puliszka''), the Black Sea regions of Georgia and Turkey, and Thessaly and Phthiotis, as well as in Bulgaria (''kačamak'') and in Greece. It is also eaten in Italy, Switzerland, Southern France, Slovenia, Croatia, Brazil, often with the name ''polenta''.

History

Historically a peasant food, it was often used as a substitute for bread or even as a staple food in the poor rural areas. However, in the last decades it has emerged as an upscale dish available in the finest restaurants.

Maize was consumed by Romani slaves in Wallachia and Moldavia, as well as Muslim slaves, who were prisoners of war.

Roman influence

Historically, porridge is the oldest form of consumption of grains in the whole of humanity, long before the appearance of bread. Originally, the seeds used to prepare slurries were very diverse as millet or einkorn.

Before the introduction of maize in Europe in the 16th century A.D., mămăligă had been made with millet flour, known to the Romans as ''pulmentum''.

Corn's introduction in the Romanian lands

Maize was introduced into Spain by Hernán Cortés from Mexico in 1530 and spread in Europe in the 16th century. Maize (called ''corn'' in the United States) requires a good amount of heat and humidity. The Danube Valley is one of Europe's regions ideal for growing maize.

A Hungarian scholar documented the arrival of corn in Timișoara, Banat region, 1692. In Transylvania, maize is also called 'cucuruz', which could imply a connection between Transylvanian and Serbian merchants, kukuruz being a Slavic word. Some assume it was either Șerban Cantacuzino or Constantin Mavrocordat who introduced corn in Wallachia, Maria Theresa in Transylvania and Constantine Ducas in Moldavia where it is called păpușoi.
Mămăligă of millet would have been replaced gradually by mămăligă made of corn. Corn then became an important food, especially in the fight against famine, which prevailed in the 17th and 18th centuries.

Historian Nicolae Iorga noted that farmers of the Romanian Principalities had grown corn since the early-to-mid-17th century.

Etienne Ignace Raicevich, a Ragusan consul of Napoleonic France to Bucharest in the fourth quarter of the 18th century, wrote that corn was introduced only ''da poco tempo'' (recently).

Before the arrival of maize in Eastern Europe, ''mămăligă'' was made of millet flour. Long lost, millet ''mămăligă'' is now again fashionable in western Europe.

Preparation

Traditionally, ''mămăligă'' is cooked by boiling water, salt and cornmeal in a special-shaped cast iron pot called ''ceaun'' or ''tuci''. When cooked peasant-style and used as a bread substitute, ''mămăligă'' is supposed to be much thicker than the regular Italian polenta to the point that it can be cut in slices, like bread. When cooked for other purposes, ''mămăligă'' can be much softer, sometimes almost to the consistency of porridge. Because ''mămăligă'' sticks to metal surfaces, a piece of sewing thread is used to cut it into slices instead of a knife; it can then be eaten by holding it with the hand, just like bread.

''Mămăligă'' is a versatile food: various recipes of ''mămăligă''-based dishes may include milk, butter, various types of cheese, eggs, sausages (usually fried, grilled or oven-roasted), bacon, mushrooms, ham, fish etc. ''Mămăligă'' is a fat-free, cholesterol-free, high-fiber food. It can be used as a healthy alternative to more refined carbohydrates such as white bread, pasta, or hulled rice.

Serving mămăligă

''Mămăligă'' is often served with sour cream and cheese on the side (''mămăligă cu brânză și smântână'') or crushed in a bowl of hot milk (''mămăligă cu lapte''). Sometimes slices of ''mămăligă'' are pan-fried in oil or in lard, the result being a sort of corn pone.

The traditional Moldavian meal is often served with meat, usually pork or fried fish, and mujdei, a garlic-and-oil sauce. Harder boiled mamaliga is traditionally cut with a string, so it would not stick on a knife.

Similar dishes

Since ''mămăligă'' can be used as an alternative for bread in many Romanian and Moldovan dishes, there are quite a few which are either based on ''mămăligă'', or include it as an ingredient or side dish. Arguably, the most popular of them is sarmale (a type of cabbage roll/grapevine roll) with ''mămăligă''.

Another very popular Romanian dish based on ''mămăligă'' is called bulz, and consists of ''mămăligă'' with cheese and butter and roasted in the oven.

Balmoș (sometimes spelled balmuș) is another ''mămăligă''-like traditional Romanian dish, but is more elaborate. Unlike ''mămăligă'' (where the cornmeal is boiled in water) when making ''balmoș'' the cornmeal must be boiled in sheep milk. Other ingredients, such as butter, sour cream, '' telemea'' (a type of feta cheese), '' caș'' (a type of fresh curdled ewe cheese without whey, which is sometimes called " green cheese" in English), '' urdă'' (similar to ricotta), etc., are added to the mixture at certain times during the cooking process. It is a specialty dish of old Romanian shepherds, and nowadays very few people still know how to make a proper ''balmoș''.

In literature

In Chapter One of ''Dracula'' by Bram Stoker, the character Jonathan Harker writes, "I had for breakfast more paprika, and a sort of porridge of maize flour which they said was 'mamaliga', and egg-plant stuffed with forcemeat, a very excellent dish, which they call 'impletata'".

As a traditional Szekler food, it also appears in Hungarian folktales multiple times, for example in ''Szép Palkó''.

Similar dishes

Cornmeal mush is its analogue common in some regions of the United States and grits in the southern regions.

Its analogue in Serbia and Bulgaria is called kačamak (, ) and is served mainly with white brine cheese or pork rind (fried pieces of pork fat with parts of the skin).

In Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia (also ''polenta'' or ''palenta''), Serbia (also ''kačamak'') and in Montenegro, the dish is mainly called ''pura''. In North Macedonia, it is called ''bakrdan'' () and in Slovenia, ''polenta''.

Hungarians call it ''puliszka, and is traditionally eaten in both salty and sweet form''. It is also called kukoricamálé, kukoricagánica or ganca.

The Transylvanian Saxons call it 'palukes' in their traditional cuisine.

In Turkey, it is also called mamaliga, or kaçamak. Another similar dish, called ''kuymak'' or ''muhlama'', is among the typical dishes of the Black Sea Region, although now popular in all the greater cities where there are many regional restaurants.

Broccoliga is a variant of mămăligă featuring a broccoli-polenta mixture suffused with cheddar cheese and herbs.

Known by different names in local languages (, , ka, ღომი, ghomi, , , , ), it is also widespread in Caucasian cuisines.

There is also a distinct similarity to '' cou-cou'' (as it is known in the Barbados), or ''fungi'' (as it is known in Antigua and Barbuda and other Leeward Islands in the Caribbean Sea).

This dish is eaten widely across Africa, often with white maize flour instead of yellow, where it has different local names:

Gallery

File:Bulz și pastramă la grătar 02.jpg, Grilled bulz and pastrami
File:Kulesha&brunza.jpg, Mămăligă with pork rind, bryndza and sour cream
File:Mamałyga-e.jpg, Mămăligă with a spoonful of sour cream and sarmale
File:Păstrăv la staniol.jpg, Mămăligă and trout wrapped in tinfoil
File:Tochitura-moldoveneasca.jpg, Moldavian tochitură with mămăligă, cheese and egg
File:Bulz cu ou.jpg, Bulz with egg
Mămăligă2020-02-12.jpg, Mămăligă served with salad, cheese, and meat in Moldova

See also

* Bulz
* Banosh
* Cocoloși
* Cornbread
* List of maize dishes
* List of porridges
* Tocană

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