Mu (negative)

Chinese traditional character for Wu

In the Sinosphere, the word , realized in Japanese and Korean as ' and in Standard Chinese as , meaning 'to lack' or 'without', is a key term in the vocabulary of various East Asian philosophical and religious traditions, such as Buddhism and Taoism.

Etymology

The Old Chinese * () is cognate with the Proto-Tibeto-Burman *, meaning 'not'. This reconstructed root is widely represented in Tibeto-Burman languages; for instance, means 'not' in both Tibetan and Burmese.

Pronunciations

The Standard Chinese pronunciation of (; 'not', 'nothing') historically derives from the Middle Chinese , the Late Han Chinese ''muɑ'', and the reconstructed Old Chinese *.

Other varieties of Chinese have differing pronunciations of zh, c=無. Compare Cantonese zh, j=mou4, labels=no; and Southern Min (Quanzhou) and (Zhangzhou).

The common Chinese word () was adopted in the Sino-Japanese, Sino-Korean, and Sino-Vietnamese vocabularies. The Japanese kanji has readings of or , and a (Japanese reading) of . It is a fourth-grade kanji. The Korean is read (in Revised, McCune–Reischauer, and Yale romanization systems). The Vietnamese Hán-Việt pronunciation is or .

Meanings

Some English translation equivalents of or are:
*"no", "not", "nothing", or "without"Baroni, Helen Josephine.
The illustrated encyclopedia of Zen Buddhism
', p. 228.
*"nothing", "not", "nothingness", "un-", "is not", "has not", "not any"Fischer-Schreiber, I., Ehrhard, R. K. & Diener, M. S. (1991). ''The Shambhala dictionary of Buddhism and Zen'' (M. H. Kohn, Trans.). Boston: Shambhala. P. 147.
*# Pure awareness, prior to experience or knowledge. This meaning is used especially by the Chan school of Buddhism.
*# A negative.
*# Caused to be nonexistent.
*# Impossible; lacking reason or cause.
*# Nonexistence; nonbeing; not having; a lack of, without.
*# The "original nonbeing" from which being is produced in the ''Tao Te Ching''.Muller, A. Charles, ed. ''Digital Dictionary of Buddhism'' (Edition of 2010 July 31) page: "''non-existent''"
Note this quoted definition is abridged.

In modern Chinese, Japanese and Korean it is commonly used in combination words as a negative prefix to indicate the absence of something (no ..., without ..., un- prefix), e.g., zh, c=无-线, p=wú-xiàn// () for "wireless". In Classical Chinese, it is an impersonal existential verb meaning "not have".

The same character is also used in Classical Chinese as a prohibitive particle, though in this case it is more properly written zh, c=毋, p=wú.

Characters

In traditional Chinese character classification, the uncommon class of phonetic loan characters involved borrowing the character for one word to write another near-homophone. For instance, the character originally depicted a winnowing basket (), and scribes used it as a graphic loan for (, "his; her; its"), which resulted in a new character () (clarified with the bamboo radical ) to specify the basket.

The character () originally meant "dance" and was later used as a graphic loan for , "not". The earliest graphs for pictured a person with outstretched arms holding something (possibly sleeves, tassels, ornaments) and represented the word "dance; dancer". After meaning "dance" was borrowed as a loan for meaning "not; without", the original meaning was elucidated with the radical , " opposite feet" at the bottom of , "dance".

''Mu-kōan''

''The Gateless Gate'', a 13th-century collection of Zen ''kōan'', uses the word ''wu'' or ''mu'' in its title (''Wumenguan'' or ''Mumonkan'' 無門關) and first kōan case ("Zhao Zhou's Dog" 趙州狗子). Chinese Chan calls the word ''mu'' 無 "the gate to enlightenment". The Japanese Rinzai school classifies the Mu Kōan as ''hosshin'' 発心 "resolve to attain enlightenment", that is, appropriate for beginners seeking ''kenshō'' "to see the Buddha-nature".

Case 1 of ''The Gateless Gate'' reads as follows:

The koan originally comes from the ''Zhaozhou Zhenji Chanshi Yulu'' ( zh, t=趙州真際禪師語錄), ''The Recorded Sayings of Zen Master Zhao Zhou'', koan 132:

The '' Book of Serenity'' ( zh, c=從容録 , p=Cóngróng lù), also known as the ''Book of Equanimity'' or more formally the ''Hóngzhì Chánshī Guǎnglù'' ( zh, c=宏智禪師廣錄), has a longer version of this koan, which adds the following to the start of the version given in the ''Zhaozhou Zhenji Chanshi Yulu''.

Origins

In the original text, the question is used as a conventional beginning to a question-and-answer exchange ( mondo). The reference is to the ''Mahāyāna Mahāparinirvāṇa Sūtra'' which says for example:

Koan 363 in the ''Zhaozhou Zhenji Chanshi Yulu'' shares the same beginning question.

Interpretations

This koan is one of several traditionally used by Rinzai school to initiate students into Zen study, and interpretations of it vary widely. Hakuun Yasutani of the Sanbo Kyodan maintained that:

This koan is discussed in Part 1 of Hau Hoo's ''The Sound of the One Hand: 281 Zen Koans with Answers''. In it, the answer of "negative", mu, is clarified as although all beings have potential Buddha-nature, beings who do not have the capacity to see it and develop it essentially do not have it. The purpose of this primary koan to a student is to free the mind from analytic thinking and into intuitive knowing. A student who understands the nature of his question would understand the importance of awareness of potential to begin developing it.

Yoshitaka and Heine

The Japanese scholar made the following comment on the two versions of the koan:

A similar critique has been given by Steven Heine:

Non-dualistic meaning

In Robert M. Pirsig's 1974 novel '' Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance'', ''mu'' is translated as "no thing", saying that it meant "unask the question". He offered the example of a computer circuit using the binary numeral system, in effect using ''mu'' to represent high impedance:

The word features prominently with a similar meaning in Douglas Hofstadter's 1979 book, ''Gödel, Escher, Bach''. It is used fancifully in discussions of symbolic logic, particularly Gödel's incompleteness theorems, to indicate a question whose "answer" is to either un-ask the question, indicate the question is fundamentally flawed, or reject the premise that a dualistic answer can be given.

"Mu" may be used similarly to " N/A" or "not applicable," a term often used to indicate that the question cannot be answered because the conditions of the question do not match the reality. An example of this concept could be with the loaded question "Have you stopped beating your wife?", where "mu" would be considered the only respectable response.

The programming language Raku uses "Mu" for the root of its type hierarchy.

See also

*Falsum
* ''Ma'' (negative space)
*Many-valued logic
*Muji, a Japanese clothing retailer self-styled as "no-brand"
* Mushin (mental state) - Japanese concept of "no mind"
* Mokusatsu
* Neti neti
*Not even wrong
*Nothingness
* Wronger than wrong
*Wu (awareness) - Chinese concept of enlightenment
*Wuji (philosophy)
*''Wu wei'', a term in Chinese philosophy

Notes

References

Citations

Works cited

*

External links

Four myths about Zen Buddhism's "Mu Koan"
Steven Heine
The Koan Mu
John Tarrant

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mu (Negative)
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Kōan
Chinese words and phrases
Japanese words and phrases
Korean words and phrases
Kyōiku kanji