Minzälä District
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Menzelinsky District (; ) is a territorial administrative unit and
municipal district A municipal district is an administrative entity comprising a clearly-defined territory and its population. It may be a city, a town, a village, a small grouping of them, or a rural area. Brazil In Brazil, municipal districts are, in general, su ...
of the
Republic of Tatarstan Tatarstan, officially the Republic of Tatarstan, sometimes also called Tataria, is a Republics of Russia, republic of Russia located in Eastern Europe. It is a part of the Volga Federal District; and its capital city, capital and largest city i ...
within the
Russian Federation Russia, or the Russian Federation, is a country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia. It is the list of countries and dependencies by area, largest country in the world, and extends across Time in Russia, eleven time zones, sharing Borders ...
. The district is located on the right bank of the Kama River, in the north-eastern part of the Republic of Tatarstan. The administrative center is
Menzelinsk Menzelinsk (; ) is a town and the administrative center of Menzelinsky District in the Republic of Tatarstan, Russia, located on the Menzelya River near its confluence with the Kama, from the republic's capital of Kazan. Population: 15,800 ...
. Initially, an outpost of Russian streltsy was located on the site of the modern district. The modern district was formed in 1930. The Menzelinsky district is known for being the residence of the poet and
Hero of the Soviet Union The title Hero of the Soviet Union () was the highest distinction in the Soviet Union, awarded together with the Order of Lenin personally or collectively for heroic feats in service to the Soviet state and society. The title was awarded both ...
Musa Cälil who lived there during the
Great Patriotic War The Eastern Front, also known as the Great Patriotic War (term), Great Patriotic War in the Soviet Union and its successor states, and the German–Soviet War in modern Germany and Ukraine, was a Theater (warfare), theatre of World War II ...
.


Geography

The Menzelinsky municipal district is located in the north-eastern part of the Republic of Tatarstan, on the right bank of the
Kama ''Kama'' (Sanskrit: काम, ) is the concept of pleasure, enjoyment and desire in Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism. It can also refer to "desire, wish, longing" in Hindu, Buddhist, Jain, and Sikh literature.Monier Williamsका ...
. It is not far from the borders of
Bashkortostan Bashkortostan, officially the Republic of Bashkortostan, sometimes also called Bashkiria, is a republic of Russia between the Volga river and the Ural Mountains in Eastern Europe. The republic borders Perm Krai to the north, Sverdlovsk Oblast ...
and
Udmurtia Udmurtia, officially the Udmurt Republic, is a republics of Russia, republic of Russia located in Eastern Europe. It is administratively part of the Volga Federal District. Its capital city, capital is the types of inhabited localities in Russi ...
. It is 290 kilometers from the capital of Tatarstan,
Kazan Kazan; , IPA: Help:IPA/Tatar, ɑzanis the largest city and capital city, capital of Tatarstan, Russia. The city lies at the confluence of the Volga and the Kazanka (river), Kazanka Rivers, covering an area of , with a population of over 1. ...
. In the south, it borders with the Muslyumovsky District, in the west with the Tukayevsky District, in the south-west with the Sarmanovsky district, and in the east with the
Aktanyshsky District Aktanyshsky District (; ) is an territorial administrative unit and municipal district of the Republic of Tatarstan within the Russian Federation. The district is located in the north-east of the republic. The administrative centre of the distri ...
. The administrative center of the district is Menzelinsk. The terrain of the district is predominantly flat with elevations of up to 300 meters in the west of the district. Part of the district's lands were submerged as a result of the creation of the
Nizhnekamsk Reservoir Lower Kama Reservoir or Nizhnekamsk Reservoir (; ) is the lowest reservoir from the Kama River hydroelectric cascade. It is situated in Tatarstan, Udmurtia, Bashkortostan and Perm Krai, Russian Federation. The reservoir was filled in 1978-81 up to ...
. The land area of the district is 1919 km², which is 2.8% of the area of the entire Republic of Tatarstan. Arable land occupies about 45% of the district's territory, 24% meadows, 12% forests, 8% pastures. The average January temperature is -12.1°C. The average July temperature is +19.4°С


Coat of arms and flag

The Council of the Menzelinsky Municipal District of the Republic of Tatarstan approved the modern coat of arms and flag on November 24, 2006. It is based on the historical coat of arms of the county town of Menzelinsk of 1781. The red stripe symbolizes the hard work, courage, and strength of local residents. The main color is azure, which means honor, spirituality, and nobility. The main figure is the golden
gyrfalcon The gyrfalcon ( or ) (), also abbreviated as gyr, is a bird of prey from the genus ''Falco'' (falcons and kestrels) and the largest species of the family Falconidae. A high-latitude species, the gyrfalcon breeds on the Arctic coasts and tundra, ...
as the symbol of stability, intelligence, and respect. The flag of the Menzelinsky region is a rectangular blue cloth, 1/4 of which is occupied by a red stripe. Otherwise, it completely repeats the coat of arms.


History


Background

Russian streltsy founded a prison on the territory of the modern Menzelinsky region in 1584. It was a former fortification on the border of the Russian and Bashkir lands. The
fortress A fortification (also called a fort, fortress, fastness, or stronghold) is a military construction designed for the defense of territories in warfare, and is used to establish rule in a region during peacetime. The term is derived from L ...
was named after the nearby river Menzel. The first prison included five towers. In the middle of the 17th century, the outpost was expanded, and it became the largest fortress on the Old Zakamskaya line. The fortress belonged to the Ufa province until 1708. Then the province was assigned to the
Kazan Governorate Kazan Governorate was an administrative-territorial unit ('' guberniya'') of the Tsardom of Russia, the Russian Empire, and the Russian SFSR from 1708 to 1920, with its capital in Kazan. History Kazan Governorate, together with seven other ...
. A wave of Bashkir rebellions happened across the country in 1735. Bashkir people were dissatisfied with the construction of the Orsk defensive line by the Russians. The Russian garrisons of Menzelinsk, Tabynsk, Ufa, and the Verkhne-Yaitskaya fortress were placed under siege. The Bashkirs failed to incite the
Tatars Tatars ( )Tatar
in the Collins English Dictionary
are a group of Turkic peoples across Eas ...
,
Mishar Tatars The Mishar Tatars (endonyms: мишәрләр, мишәр татарлары, ''mişärlär, mişär tatarları''), previously known as the Meshcheryaki (мещеряки), are the second largest subgroup of the Volga Tatars, after the Kazan Tat ...
,
Chuvash people The Chuvash people (, ; , ) also called Chuvash Tatars, are a Turkic ethnic group, a branch of the Oğurs, inhabiting an area stretching from the Idel-Ural region to Siberia. Most of them live in the Russian republic of Chuvashia and the ...
,
Mari people The Mari ( ), also formerly known as the Cheremis or Cheremisses, are a Finno-Ugric peoples, Finno-Ugric people in Eastern Europe, who have traditionally lived along the Volga and Kama River, Kama rivers in Russia. They live mostly in the Mari E ...
,
Udmurt people The Udmurts (, ) are a Permian (Finno-Ugric) ethnic group in Eastern Europe, who speak the Udmurt language. They mainly live in the republic of Udmurtia in Russia. Etymology The name ''Udmurt'' comes from * 'meadow people,' where the first part ...
into the uprising. As a result, the revolt was suppressed. The Commission of Bashkir Affairs had been located in Menzelinsk from 1735 to 1742 after which Menzelinsk was included in the newly formed
Orenburg Governorate Orenburg Governorate () was an administrative-territorial unit (''Governorate'') of the Russian Empire The Russian Empire was an empire that spanned most of northern Eurasia from its establishment in November 1721 until the proclamation of ...
in 1743. The main trade routes including the Great Moscow Road ran through the fortress.
Catherine the Great Catherine II. (born Princess Sophie of Anhalt-Zerbst; 2 May 172917 November 1796), most commonly known as Catherine the Great, was the reigning empress of Russia from 1762 to 1796. She came to power after overthrowing her husband, Peter I ...
established the Ufa governorship of the Orenburg province, which included Menzelinsk in 1773. Menzelinsk received the status of a county town in 1781. The Ufa province was separated from the Orenburg province in 1865. Menzelinsky district remained in its composition until. The territory of the Menzelinsky district was annexed to the
Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic The Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, abbreviated as Tatar ASSR or TASSR, was an Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republics, autonomous republic of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, Russian SFSR. The resolution for its crea ...
as a canton in 1920. The canton was abolished and the Menzelinsky district was formed in its place in 1930. A part of the Matveyevsky district was added to Menzelinsky one in 1954.


Modernity

The Menzelinsky district has been headed by Giorgi Kupriyanov since 2006. He was appointed to the position of general director of the "Tatspirtprom" company in 2010. The position of the head of the district was taken by Rasim Sadykov, the former director of "Menzelinskagrokhimservice" until he resigned in 2013. The next head of the district was Aydar Salakhov, who was the Deputy Minister of Agriculture and Food of Tatarstan before.


Population

At the beginning of 2020, 27,686 people live in the Menzelinsky district. By ethnic composition the population is divided as follows: 60.1% Tatars, 35.4% Russians, 0.45% Chuvash, 2.7%
Mari people The Mari ( ), also formerly known as the Cheremis or Cheremisses, are a Finno-Ugric peoples, Finno-Ugric people in Eastern Europe, who have traditionally lived along the Volga and Kama River, Kama rivers in Russia. They live mostly in the Mari E ...
, and 1.35% other nationalities.


Municipal-territorial structure

The Menzelinsky municipal district has 1 urban and 19 rural settlements with 70 settlements within them. The administrative centers of rural settlements are the villages: Atryakle, Ayu, Bikbulovo, Verkhniy Takermen, Staryy Irkenyash, Kadryakovo, Konovalovka, Kuzembet'yevo, Naratly-Kichu, Nikolayevka, Novoye Mazino, Novyy Mel'ken, Podgornyy Baylar, Staroye Mazino, Staraya Matveyevka, Urusovo, Yurtovo, Verkhniye Yushady, Vorovskogo, and the city of Menzelinsk.


Economy


Industry

There are 5 large industrial enterprises in the Menzelinsky district: the branch of "Menzelinsky LVZ", the branch of "VAMIN", "Menzelinsky MSK", "Menzelinsky bakery", "Isiskatel plus" and the "Kuzembetyevsky mechanical repair plant". The Menzelinsky Mechanical Plant developed an investment project for the production of aviation, automobile, tractor, construction and railway components that meet world standards and with a capacity of 30 to 70 thousand units per year in 2009. The estimated cost of the project was 6 billion rubles. The general director of the plant asked the
President of the Republic of Tatarstan The Head of the Republic of Tatarstan (; ), formerly known as the President of the Republic of Tatarstan (1991–2023, ), is the head of the republic and the highest-ranking official of Tatarstan, a federal subject of Russia. The office was es ...
for help in securing financing for the project in 2014. A holding of four companies was created in the region to work in the field of oilfield services in 2012. Its parent company is "Menzelinsk-Service". The company prepares fields for
petroleum Petroleum, also known as crude oil or simply oil, is a naturally occurring, yellowish-black liquid chemical mixture found in geological formations, consisting mainly of hydrocarbons. The term ''petroleum'' refers both to naturally occurring un ...
production. The main customers of the company were " Lukoil" and "
Gazprom PJSC Gazprom ( rus, Газпром, , ɡɐsˈprom) is a Russian State-owned enterprise, majority state-owned multinational Energy industry, energy corporation headquartered in the Lakhta Center in Saint Petersburg. The Gazprom name is a contract ...
" for 2017. The holding contributes 500-600 thousand rubles a year to the budget of Menzelinsk through property taxes alone. In general, annual payments of the holding to the city budget amounted to 10-15 million rubles. The company invested about 48 million rubles in the development of the district until 2017. These funds were used for preschool institutions, two churches, and a secondary school. An industrial site "Promzona-Menzelinsk" was opened in the Menzelinsky district on 3 hectares in 2019. It specializes in the production of furniture. Three companies became domiciles. State support programs are available for them. In particular, subsidies of up to 10 million rubles for the construction or reconstruction of production facilities, and the purchase of new equipment were offered. In addition to this park, an industrial park "Izyskatel" operates in the region. It has seven residents for 2020. The gross product of the district amounted to 2.8 billion rubles in the period January-September 2020.


Agriculture

The agricultural sector is well developed in the Menzelinsky district. There were 82 economic entities, of which 58 were farms in this industry in 2019. 97.7 thousand hectares of land are occupied, including 86.1 thousand hectares of arable land, 2.7 thousand hectares of hayfields and 8.9 thousand hectares of pastures. Spring wheat, winter rye, barley, oats, buckwheat, peas, and millet are cultivated in the region. The Menzelinsky district has been among the regional leaders in terms of harvests. The main branches of
pastoral farming Animal husbandry is the branch of agriculture concerned with animals that are raised for meat, fibre, milk, or other products. It includes day-to-day care, management, production, nutrition, selective breeding, and the raising of livestock. ...
are meat and dairy cattle breeding,
sheep breeding Sheep farming or sheep husbandry is the raising and breeding of domestic sheep. It is a branch of animal husbandry. Sheep are raised principally for their meat (lamb and mutton), milk (sheep's milk), and fiber (wool). They also yield sheepskin an ...
. The Menzelinsky district occupies a leading place in the sowing of wheat among the regions of the northeastern Trans-Kama region of Tatarstan (Aktanyshsky, Zainsky district, Muslyumovsky and Chelninsky districts). The federal company "August" bought two agricultural firms and 14 thousand hectares of land in the region in 2019. It plans to build a robotic milking complex for 2.4 thousand head of cattle in the district. A similar complex for 1.2 thousand heads was sold by the same company in the Muslyumovsky district. Investments of it amounted to 1.1 billion rubles. The company "Kamsky Bacon" bought out 6,000 hectares of land in the region for the construction of an agricultural complex for breeding cattle. It was designed for 2.4 thousand animals. The company has already invested 1 billion rubles. The project plans another 800 million in future investment. "Kamsky Bacon" intended to build a second complex by 2021, however implementation was hampered by a conflict between the company and its shareholders. Shareholders are unhappy that "Kamsky Bacon" is not ready to pay rent private land with feed for livestock in accordance with the recommendations of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic. The company plans to pay only in money and only 800 rubles per hectare per year. The situation remains unresolved as of 2020. The total volume of investment in the district, excluding budgetary funds, amounted to 858 million rubles in January-June. The gross agricultural output of the district was 382 million rubles in the same period.


Транспорт

The main roads in the district are the M7 highway, Menzelinsk - Russky Karan - Togashevo, Bolshoye Nurkeevo - Kadryakovo, Menzelinsk - Byurgan and Menzelinsk - Kuzeyevo -
Naberezhnye Chelny Naberezhnye Chelny (, ; , ) is the second largest types of inhabited localities in Russia, city in the Republic of Tatarstan, Russia. A major industrial center, Naberezhnye Chelny stands on the Kama River east of Kazan near Nizhnekamsk Reservoi ...
. As the district is located on the bank of the Nizhnekamskoye reservoir, its water routes also go to Menzelinsk. There are three urban public transport routes (to the villages of Neftyanikov and Izyskateli) and 6 suburban routes on the territory of the Menzelinsky district Transport services are provided by the "Menzelinskoe ATP''. Major repairs began on the Menzelinsk - Russky Karan - Togashevo highway within the framework of the "Safe and High-Quality Roads National Project'' in 2020. The allocated budget is 80 million rubles.


Ecology

About 11.1% of the territory of the Menzelinsky district is forested land. The main forest-forming species are linden, oak, aspen, and birch. 993 species of flora and 302 species of fauna were listed in the district. Its territory is inhabited by representatives of endangered animal species listed in the Red Book Data of Taratsan. The second regional natural monument is the low-water
Menzelya The Menzelya (; ) is a river in Tatarstan, Russian Federation, a former left-bank tributary of the river Ik, which flows into the Nizhnekamsk Reservoir. It is long, and its drainage basin covers .boarding school A boarding school is a school where pupils live within premises while being given formal instruction. The word "boarding" is used in the sense of "room and board", i.e. lodging and meals. They have existed for many centuries, and now extend acr ...
, and 31 preschool educational institutions worked in 2019. Additionally, there is a pedagogical college, an agricultural technical school, and a medical school among secondary specialized educational institutions. There are 21 monuments in the Menzelinsky district. The cathedral mosque was built in 1910 and is now designated as an object of cultural heritage of regional (republican) significance. Before its appearance, the
Muslims Muslims () are people who adhere to Islam, a Monotheism, monotheistic religion belonging to the Abrahamic religions, Abrahamic tradition. They consider the Quran, the foundational religious text of Islam, to be the verbatim word of the God ...
of Menzelinsk conducted rituals in a prayer house. Muslims received permission to build a mosque after several unsuccessful attempts in 1907. The decorative design of the mosque combines elements of Tatar national architecture,
classicism Classicism, in the arts, refers generally to a high regard for a classical period, classical antiquity in the Western tradition, as setting standards for taste which the classicists seek to emulate. In its purest form, classicism is an aesthe ...
and oriental motives. The house where the
Hero of the Soviet Union The title Hero of the Soviet Union () was the highest distinction in the Soviet Union, awarded together with the Order of Lenin personally or collectively for heroic feats in service to the Soviet state and society. The title was awarded both ...
, the poet
Musa Cälil Musa Cälil (, ; ; – 25 August 1944) was a Soviet Tatar poet and resistance fighter during World War II. He is the only poet of the Soviet Union awarded simultaneously the Hero of the Soviet Union award for his resistance fighting and the Len ...
studied, is also a cultural heritage of regional significance. The building was a pedagogical school in 1914-1920. A memorial museum was opened in the city in 1970. A bust of the hero was installed in the Menzelinsky Park named after Cälil with the participation of the poet's daughter in 2017


References


Sources

* * * * * * * Мензелинский район // Татарская энциклопедия / Гл. ред. М. Х. Хасанов. — Казань : Институт Татарской Энциклопедии, 2008. — Т. 4. — С. 136. — 768 с.


External links


The official website of the district
{{Use mdy dates, date=November 2012 Districts of Tatarstan