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Miguel Piñero (December 19, 1946 – June 16, 1988) was a Puerto Rican born American
playwright A playwright or dramatist is a person who writes play (theatre), plays, which are a form of drama that primarily consists of dialogue between Character (arts), characters and is intended for Theatre, theatrical performance rather than just Readin ...
, actor and co-founder of the
Nuyorican Poets Café The Nuyorican Poets Cafe is a nonprofit organization in the Alphabet City, Manhattan, Alphabet City neighborhood of Manhattan in New York City. It is a bastion of the Nuyorican Movement, Nuyorican (Puerto Rican New Yorker) art movement, and has b ...
. He was a leading member of the Nuyorican literary movement.


Early years

Piñero was born on December 19, 1946, in
Gurabo, Puerto Rico Gurabo () is a Gurabo barrio-pueblo, town and Municipalities of Puerto Rico, municipality in eastern Puerto Rico. It is located in the central eastern region, north of San Lorenzo, Puerto Rico, San Lorenzo; south of Trujillo Alto, Puerto Rico, T ...
, to Miguel Angel Gómez Ramos and Adelina Piñero. In 1950, when Miguel was four, he moved with his parents and sister Elizabeth to
Loisaida Alphabet City is a neighborhood located within the East Village in the New York City borough of Manhattan. Its name comes from Avenues A, B, C, and D, the only avenues in Manhattan to have single-letter names. It is bounded by Houston ...
(or
Lower East Side The Lower East Side, sometimes abbreviated as LES, is a historic neighborhood in the southeastern part of Manhattan in New York City. It is located roughly between the Bowery and the East River from Canal to Houston streets. Historically, it w ...
) in
New York City New York, often called New York City (NYC), is the most populous city in the United States, located at the southern tip of New York State on one of the world's largest natural harbors. The city comprises five boroughs, each coextensive w ...
. His father abandoned the family in 1954 when his mother was pregnant with their fifth child. His mother then moved into a
basement A basement is any Storey, floor of a building that is not above the grade plane. Especially in residential buildings, it often is used as a utility space for a building, where such items as the Furnace (house heating), furnace, water heating, ...
and began receiving
welfare Welfare may refer to: Philosophy *Well-being (happiness, prosperity, or flourishing) of a person or group * Utility in utilitarianism * Value in value theory Economics * Utility, a general term for individual well-being in economics and decision ...
. He attended four different schools, three public and one parochial. He would steal food for his family to eat. His first of many criminal convictions came at the age of eleven, for
theft Theft (, cognate to ) is the act of taking another person's property or services without that person's permission or consent with the intent to deprive the rightful owner of it. The word ''theft'' is also used as a synonym or informal shor ...
. He was sent to the Juvenile Detention Center in the
Bronx The Bronx ( ) is the northernmost of the five Boroughs of New York City, boroughs of New York City, coextensive with Bronx County, in the U.S. state of New York (state), New York. It shares a land border with Westchester County, New York, West ...
, and to Otisville State Training School for Boys. He joined a
street gang A gang is a social group, group or secret society, society of associates, friends, or members of a family with a defined leadership and internal organization that identifies with or claims control over Wiktionary:territory#Noun, territory in a ...
called "The Dragons" when he was 13; when he was 14, he was hustling in the streets.The Truth About Miguel Piñero & The Problems With Biopics
/ref> He moved to Brooklyn, where he and three other friends committed robberies (according to Piñero, more than 100), until they were caught at a jewelry store. He was sent to
Rikers Island Rikers Island is a prison island in the East River in the Bronx, New York (state), New York, United States, that contains New York City's largest jail. Named after Abraham Rycken, who took possession of the island in 1664, the island was orig ...
in 1964. After this, he joined the
Job Corps Job Corps is a program administered by the United States Department of Labor that offers free education and vocational training to young people ages 16 to 24.
, and was sent to
Camp Kilmer Camp Kilmer is a former United States Army camp in Central New Jersey that was activated in June 1942 as a staging area and part of an installation of the New York Port of Embarkation. The camp was organized as part of the Army Service Forces Tra ...
for training. It turned out the opportunity was, as Piñero put it, "Dope City, Skag Town." He returned to New York City and became affiliated with the
Young Lords The Young Lords, also known as the Young Lords Organization (YLO), were a left-wing political organization that originally developed from a Chicago street gang. With major branches in Chicago and New York City, they were known for their direct act ...
, a group similar to the
Black Panthers The Black Panther Party (originally the Black Panther Party for Self-Defense) was a Marxist–Leninist and black power political organization founded by college students Bobby Seale and Huey P. Newton in October 1966 in Oakland, California ...
. He was back in Rikers for drug possession not long after, and spent time at Phoenix House. After his second stint at Rikers, his mother sent him to Manhattan State Hospital, where he would receive his high-school equivalency diploma.


''Short Eyes''

In 1972, when Piñero was 25 years old, he was incarcerated in
Sing Sing Sing Sing Correctional Facility is a maximum-security prison for men operated by the New York State Department of Corrections and Community Supervision in the village of Ossining (village), New York, Ossining, New York, United States. It is abou ...
prison for second-degree armed robbery. His first literary work was ''Black Woman with a Blonde Wig On''. Marvin Felix Camillo, the director of The Family, an acting troupe made up of ex-cons, submitted the poem to a contest, which it won. The warden of Sing Sing then became concerned that "contraband" was being taken from the prison and nearly put Camillo in jail after seeing an article in the newspaper. While serving time in prison, Piñero wrote the play '' Short Eyes'' as part of the inmates' playwriting workshop.
Mel Gussow Melvyn Hayes "Mel" Gussow (; December 19, 1933 – April 29, 2005) was an American theater critic, movie critic, and author who wrote for ''The New York Times'' for 35 years. Biography Gussow was born in New York City and grew up in Rockville ...
came to see it, and due to his review in ''
The New York Times ''The New York Times'' (''NYT'') is an American daily newspaper based in New York City. ''The New York Times'' covers domestic, national, and international news, and publishes opinion pieces, investigative reports, and reviews. As one of ...
'', the director of the Theater at Riverside Church wanted Piñero to present it there. When Piñero was released from Sing Sing on parole in 1973, he was able to present ''Short Eyes'' with The Family. The title comes from the
prison slang Prison slang is an argot used primarily by criminals and detainees in correctional institutions. It is a form of anti-language.Mayr, A. 2012. Prison Language. The Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics. Many of the terms deal with criminal behavior ...
term for
child molestation Child sexual abuse (CSA), also called child molestation, is a form of child abuse in which an adult or older adolescent uses a child for sexual stimulation. Forms of child sexual abuse include engaging in sexual activities with a child (whet ...
. The play is a
drama Drama is the specific Mode (literature), mode of fiction Mimesis, represented in performance: a Play (theatre), play, opera, mime, ballet, etc., performed in a theatre, or on Radio drama, radio or television.Elam (1980, 98). Considered as a g ...
based on his experiences in prison and portrays how a house of detention populated primarily by Black and Latino inmates is affected by the incarceration there of a white
pedophile Pedophilia ( alternatively spelled paedophilia) is a psychiatric disorder in which an adult or older adolescent experiences a primary or exclusive sexual attraction to prepubescent children. Although girls typically begin the process of puber ...
, considered the lowest form of prison life. In 1974, the play was presented at Riverside Church in
Manhattan Manhattan ( ) is the most densely populated and geographically smallest of the Boroughs of New York City, five boroughs of New York City. Coextensive with New York County, Manhattan is the County statistics of the United States#Smallest, larg ...
. Theater impresario
Joseph Papp Joseph Papp (born Joseph Papirofsky; June 22, 1921 – October 31, 1991) was an American theatrical producer and director. Papp is a pioneering figure in American theater, known for creating Shakespeare in the Park, which aimed to make classi ...
saw the play and was so impressed that he moved the production to
Broadway Broadway may refer to: Theatre * Broadway Theatre (disambiguation) * Broadway theatre, theatrical productions in professional theatres near Broadway, Manhattan, New York City, U.S. ** Broadway (Manhattan), the street ** Broadway Theatre (53rd Stre ...
. It went from Riverside Church, then to
The Public Theater The Public Theater is an arts organization in New York City. Founded by Joseph Papp, The Public Theater was originally the Shakespeare Workshop in 1954; its mission was to support emerging playwrights and performers.Epstein, Helen. ''Joe Papp: ...
, eventually to
Vivian Beaumont Theater The Vivian Beaumont Theater is a Broadway theatre, Broadway theater in the Lincoln Center complex at 150 West 65th Street on the Upper West Side of Manhattan in New York City, New York, U.S. Operated by the nonprofit Lincoln Center Theater (LCT ...
. The play was nominated for six
Tony Awards The Antoinette Perry Award for Excellence in Broadway Theatre, more commonly known as a Tony Award, recognizes excellence in live Broadway theatre. The awards are presented by the American Theatre Wing and The Broadway League at an annual cere ...
. It won the
New York Drama Critics Circle Award The New York Drama Critics' Circle is made up of 23 drama critics from daily newspapers, magazines and wire services based in the New York City metropolitan area. The organization is best known for its annual awards for excellence in theater.Jon ...
and an
Obie Award The Obie Awards or Off-Broadway Theater Awards are annual awards given since 1956 by ''The Village Voice'' newspaper to theater artists and groups involved in off-Broadway and off-off-Broadway productions in New York City. Starting just after th ...
for the "best play of the year". The play was also a success in Europe. The play catapulted Piñero to
literary Literature is any collection of written work, but it is also used more narrowly for writings specifically considered to be an art form, especially novels, plays, and poems. It includes both print and digital writing. In recent centuries, ...
fame. ''Short Eyes'' was published in book form by the editorial house Hill & Wang. It became the first play written by a Puerto Rican playwright to be put on Broadway.


Nuyorican Poets Café

In the 1970s, Piñero co-founded the
Nuyorican Poets Café The Nuyorican Poets Cafe is a nonprofit organization in the Alphabet City, Manhattan, Alphabet City neighborhood of Manhattan in New York City. It is a bastion of the Nuyorican Movement, Nuyorican (Puerto Rican New Yorker) art movement, and has b ...
with a group of artists including Pedro Pietri and Miguel Algarín, who would become his closest friends. The Café is a place for performance of poetry about the experience of being a
Nuyorican Nuyorican is a portmanteau word blending "New York" (or "Nueva York" in Spanish) and "Puerto Rican," referring to Puerto Ricans located in or around New York City, their culture, or their descendants (especially those raised or currently livin ...
or Puerto Rican in New York.


Television and films

In 1977, Piñero's play ''Short Eyes'' was turned into a film directed by Robert M. Young and Piñero played the part of "Go-Go," a prisoner. While on set, he and Tito Goya were arrested for armed robbery and were arraigned in the same building where they were filming. The charges were dropped, but some thought Piñero had a "need" to go back to prison. The following year, Piñero was arrested and charged with armed robbery, but those charges were also dropped when state Supreme Court Judge Peter J. McQuillan ruled that the evidence against him and two other men was inadmissible in court, because there was no justifiable cause for the arrest. In subsequent years, Piñero would land supporting roles in such films as ''
The Jericho Mile ''The Jericho Mile'' is a 1979 Emmy Award-winning American made for TV crime sports film, directed by Michael Mann. The film won five awards, including three Emmy Awards. The story is set at Folsom State Prison, and the film was shot on location ...
'' (1979), ''
Times Square Times Square is a major commercial intersection, tourist destination, entertainment hub, and Neighborhoods in New York City, neighborhood in the Midtown Manhattan section of New York City. It is formed by the junction of Broadway (Manhattan), ...
'' (1980), '' Fort Apache, The Bronx'' (1981), '' Breathless'' (1983), '' Deal of the Century'' (1983), and ''Alphabet City'' (1984). Piñero was considered a talented writer who described the evils of society, even though he continued to be a drug addict. Piñero wrote the ''
Baretta ''Baretta'' is an American detective television series which ran on ABC from 1975 to 1978. The show was a revised and milder version of a 1973–1974 ABC series, '' Toma'', starring Tony Musante as chameleon-like, real-life New Jersey police ...
'' TV episode ''The Gadjo'' in 1978 and acted in the episode ''Por Nada'' in 1977. He played the part of drug lord Esteban Calderone in two episodes of the TV series ''
Miami Vice ''Miami Vice'' is an American crime drama television series created by Anthony Yerkovich and produced by Michael Mann for NBC. The series stars Don Johnson as James "Sonny" Crockett and Philip Michael Thomas as Ricardo Tubbs, Ricardo "Rico" Tub ...
'' in 1984 and drug cartel boss Esteban Revilla in another episode in 1985, as well as writing the 1984 episode "Smuggler's Blues". He also wrote the screenplay for the 1977 film '' Short Eyes''. In 1985, Pinero returned to Miami Vice, appearing in Season II, as the drug lord Revilla.


Writing career

His next play, ''Sideshow'' (1974), which would be a shorter version of ''Playland Blues'' (1980), and follows street kids as they decide to put on their own play about a social worker placing difficult teenagers in various living situations and their attempts to adapt. He followed that with a one-act play titled ''The Guntower'', premiered at the 1976
New York Shakespeare Festival Shakespeare in the Park (or Free Shakespeare in the Park) is a theatrical program that stages productions of Shakespearean plays at the Delacorte Theater, an open-air theater in New York City's Central Park. The theater and the productions are ...
. Instead of following prisoners, like in ''Short Eyes'', this one is about two guards in the watchtower. In that same year was ''The Sun Always Shines for the Cool'' (1976) which follows the lives of players, operators, drug dealers, and thieves as they come together in a bar owned by a man named Justice. In 1975, he moved to
Philadelphia Philadelphia ( ), colloquially referred to as Philly, is the List of municipalities in Pennsylvania, most populous city in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania and the List of United States cities by population, sixth-most populous city in the Unit ...
to star in
Bruce Jay Friedman Bruce Jay Friedman (April 26, 1930June 3, 2020) was an American novelist, screenwriter, playwright, and actor. He was noted for his versatility of writing in both literature and pop culture. He was also a trailblazer in the style of modern Ameri ...
's ''
Steambath A steam bath is a steam-filled room or steam-filled cabinet designed for the purpose of relaxation and holistic treatment. Steam baths have been formally recognized since ancient Greek and Roman times, yet variations can be found throughout the ...
'' as God. ''Eulogy for a Small-Time Thief'' (1977) was set in his new hometown. It regards a small-time thief who does not really know his place in the world and thinks he can manipulate it to his liking. He wrote two one-act plays, ''Paper Toilet'' and ''Cold Beer'', around 1979. The former is set in a subway men's room and involves a series of events framed by the voice of a man asking for toilet paper from inside a stall. The latter examines the role of the dramatist and writer through an alter-ego protagonist.


Later years

Piñero played an important role in acquainting his writing partner and erstwhile lover, the Chinese-American
gay ''Gay'' is a term that primarily refers to a homosexual person or the trait of being homosexual. The term originally meant 'carefree', 'cheerful', or 'bright and showy'. While scant usage referring to male homosexuality dates to the late ...
artist Martin Wong, with the Lower East Side, becoming a benefactor at a time when Wong found it difficult to meet his rent. Several of Wong's paintings are illustrations of poems given to him by Piñero. "The Annunciation According to Mikey Piñero (Cupcake and Paco)" (1984) pictures a scene from ''Short Eyes''.Ramirez, Yasmin. ''Sweet Oblivion: The Urban Landscape of Martin Wong'' (New York: New Museum Books, 1998). pp. 38-47. Miguel Piñero died on June 16, 1988, in New York City from
cirrhosis Cirrhosis, also known as liver cirrhosis or hepatic cirrhosis, chronic liver failure or chronic hepatic failure and end-stage liver disease, is a chronic condition of the liver in which the normal functioning tissue, or parenchyma, is replaced ...
. Piñero's ashes were scattered across the Lower East Side of Manhattan, as he asked in his 1985 "Lower East Side Poem". The homage to his beloved neighborhood concluded: Leading up to his death, he was working with Papp on a new play to premiere at the
New York Shakespeare Festival Shakespeare in the Park (or Free Shakespeare in the Park) is a theatrical program that stages productions of Shakespearean plays at the Delacorte Theater, an open-air theater in New York City's Central Park. The theater and the productions are ...
. ''Every Form of Refuge Has Its Price'', his unfinished piece, is set in an intensive care unit. He also had another unfinished play, ''The Cinderella Ballroom''. Typescripts for Piñero's ''The Guntower'' and ''All Junkies'' are in the Billy Rose Theatre Collection at the
New York Public Library The New York Public Library (NYPL) is a public library system in New York City. With nearly 53 million items and 92 locations, the New York Public Library is the second-largest public library in the United States behind the Library of Congress a ...
for the Performing Arts.


Legacy

The life of Miguel Piñero was portrayed in the 2001
Hollywood Hollywood usually refers to: * Hollywood, Los Angeles, a neighborhood in California * Hollywood, a metonym for the cinema of the United States Hollywood may also refer to: Places United States * Hollywood District (disambiguation) * Hollywood ...
production '' Piñero'', directed by
Leon Ichaso Leon Ichaso (August 3, 1948 – May 21, 2023) was a Cuban-born American writer and film director. Some of his prominent works included '' El Super'', ''Crossover Dreams'', '' Bitter Sugar,'' '' Piñero'', and '' El Cantante''. Biography Early l ...
and starring
Benjamin Bratt Benjamin Bratt (born December 16, 1963) is an American actor. He is known for playing Paco Aguilar in '' Blood in Blood Out''. He had supporting film roles in the 1990s in ''Demolition Man'' (1993), ''Clear and Present Danger'' (1994) and '' ...
as Piñero. In the film, Piñero's love life is displayed, ranging from his interactions with men and women, including his protégé Reinaldo Povod. The relationships are secondary to the life of the writer as an individual, as the movie shows a non-chronological portrayal of Piñero's development as both a poet and a person. The movie blends visual and audio segments shot in short, music/
slam poetry A poetry slam is a competitive art event in which poets perform spoken word poetry before a live audience and a panel of judges. Poetry slams began in Chicago in the 1980s, with the first slam competition designed to move poetry recitals from a ...
videos with typical movie narratives to show Piñero's poetics in action. The poems "January In Motion" and "The Bronx 1979" by Neil Raymond Ricco were written for Pińero. In 2022, Pińero was featured in the book ''50 Key Figures in Queer US Theatre'', with a profile written by theatre scholar Karen Jaime.


Awards and nominations

; Awards * 1974
Drama Desk Award The Drama Desk Awards are among the most esteemed honors in New York theater, recognizing outstanding achievements across Broadway, Off-Broadway, and Off-Off-Broadway productions within the same categories. The awards are considered a signific ...
, Outstanding New Playwright * 1974
New York Drama Critics' Circle The New York Drama Critics' Circle is made up of 23 drama critics from daily newspapers, magazines and wire services based in the New York City metropolitan area. The organization is best known for its annual awards for excellence in theater.Jon ...
Award, Best American Play * 1974
Obie Award The Obie Awards or Off-Broadway Theater Awards are annual awards given since 1956 by ''The Village Voice'' newspaper to theater artists and groups involved in off-Broadway and off-off-Broadway productions in New York City. Starting just after th ...
, Best American Play * 1982
Guggenheim Fellowship Guggenheim Fellowships are Grant (money), grants that have been awarded annually since by the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation, endowed by the late Simon Guggenheim, Simon and Olga Hirsh Guggenheim. These awards are bestowed upon indiv ...
in Drama and Performance Art ; Nominations * 1975
Tony Award The Antoinette Perry Award for Excellence in Broadway Theatre, more commonly known as a Tony Award, recognizes excellence in live Broadway theatre. The awards are presented by the American Theatre Wing and The Broadway League at an annual ce ...
for Best Play Pinero was inducted into the New York Writers Hall of Fame in 2013.


Work


Filmography

* ''
Kojak ''Kojak'' is an American Action film, action Crime film, crime Drama (film and television), drama television series starring Telly Savalas as the title character, New York City Police Department Detective Lieutenant Theophilus "Theo" Kojak. Tak ...
'' (1977, TV Series) – Rudy * '' Looking Up'' (1977) – Mugger * '' Short Eyes'' (1977) – Go-Go * ''
The Jericho Mile ''The Jericho Mile'' is a 1979 Emmy Award-winning American made for TV crime sports film, directed by Michael Mann. The film won five awards, including three Emmy Awards. The story is set at Folsom State Prison, and the film was shot on location ...
'' (1979, TV Movie) – Rubio * '' The Streets of L.A.'' (1979, TV Movie) – 2nd Duster * ''
Times Square Times Square is a major commercial intersection, tourist destination, entertainment hub, and Neighborhoods in New York City, neighborhood in the Midtown Manhattan section of New York City. It is formed by the junction of Broadway (Manhattan), ...
'' (1980) – Roberto * '' See China and Die'' (1981, TV Movie) – Gonzalez * '' Fort Apache, The Bronx'' (1981) – Hernando * ''
Exposed Expose, exposé, or exposed may refer to: News sources * Exposé (journalism), a form of investigative journalism * '' The Exposé'', a British conspiracist website * '' Exeposé'', a student-run newspaper of the University of Exeter Film and TV ...
'' (1983) – Man in the Street (New York) * '' Breathless'' (1983) – Carlito * '' Deal of the Century'' (1983) – Molino * ''
Miami Vice ''Miami Vice'' is an American crime drama television series created by Anthony Yerkovich and produced by Michael Mann for NBC. The series stars Don Johnson as James "Sonny" Crockett and Philip Michael Thomas as Ricardo Tubbs, Ricardo "Rico" Tub ...
'' (1984–1985, TV Series) – Esteban Calderone / Esteban Revilla * '' Alphabet City'' (1984) – Dealer * ''Almost You'' (1985) – Ralph * ''
The Equalizer ''The Equalizer'' is an American vigilante action thriller multimedia franchise initially co-created by Michael Sloan and Richard Lindheim. It originated with a CBS television series from 1985 to 1989 starring Edward Woodward. The concept ...
'' (1985, TV series) - Super - " Lady Cop" * '' D.C. Cops'' (1986, TV Movie) – Pablo * ''The Equalizer'' (1986) - Drunk - " Counterfire"


Plays

* ''All Junkies'' (1973) * ''Straight from the Ghetto'' (1973) * '' Short Eyes'' (1974) * ''Sideshow'' (1974) * ''The Guntower'' (1976) * ''The Sun Always Shines for the Cool'' (1976) * ''Eulogy for a Small Time Thief'' (1977) * ''Paper Toilet'' (1979) * ''Cold Beer'' (1979) * ''NuYorican Nights at the Stanton Street Social Club'' (1980) * ''Playland Blues'' (1980) * ''Midnight Moon at the Greasy Spoon'' (1981)


See also

*
List of Puerto Ricans This is a list of notable people from Puerto Rico which includes people who were born in Puerto Rico (Borinquen) and people who are of full or partial Puerto Rican people, Puerto Rican descent. Puerto Rican citizens are included, as the governm ...
*
List of Puerto Rican writers This is a list of Puerto Rican literary figures, including poets, novelists, short story authors, and playwrights. It includes people who were born in Puerto Rico, people who are of Puerto Rican ancestry, and long-term residents or immigrants w ...
*
Puerto Rican literature Puerto Rican literature is the body of literature produced by writers of Puerto Rican descent. It evolved from the art of Oral literature, oral storytelling. Written works by the indigenous inhabitants of Puerto Rico were originally prohibited ...
* Pedro Pietri, co-founder of Nuyorican Poetry movement * Miguel Algarín, co-founder of Nuyorican Poet's Cafe * Latino literature * Latino theatre in the United States


References


Bibliography

*''Short Eyes'', 1975. New York: Hill and Wang. and (paperback) *''La Bodega Sold Dreams'', 1985. Houston: Arte Público Press. *''The sun always shines for the cool; A midnight moon at the Greasy Spoon; Eulogy for a small time thief'', 1984. Houston : Arte Público Press. *''Outrageous: One Act Plays'', 1986. Houston: Arte Público Press. *''Nuyorican Poetry: An Anthology of Puerto Rican Words and Feelings'', (co-editor, with Miguel Algarín) * Roger S. Platizky. "Human Vision in Miguel Piñero's Short Eyes." Americas Review. 19. Spring 1991. pp. 83–91. Ariel Ruiz.


External links

* *
Audio link

"Leon Ichaso", ''BOMB'', Lynn Geller, 78/Winter 2002
{{DEFAULTSORT:Pinero, Miguel 1946 births 1988 deaths People from Gurabo, Puerto Rico Puerto Rican gay writers Deaths from cirrhosis Puerto Rican people convicted of drug offenses Puerto Rican male dramatists and playwrights Gang members Puerto Rican LGBTQ dramatists and playwrights 20th-century American dramatists and playwrights 20th-century American male writers Inmates of Sing Sing American Spanish-language poets American Spanish-language writers Gay dramatists and playwrights Young Lords 20th-century Puerto Rican LGBTQ people