Marie-Catherine Le Jumel de Barneville, Baroness d'Aulnoy (September 1652 – 14 January 1705), also known as Countess d'Aulnoy, was a French author known for her literary

fairy tale A fairy tale (alternative names include fairytale, fairy story, household tale, magic tale, or wonder tale) is a short story that belongs to the folklore genre. Such stories typically feature magic, enchantments, and mythical or fanciful bei ...

s. Her 1697 collection ''Les Contes des Fées'' (Fairy Tales) coined the literary genre's name and included the first story to feature "Prince Charmant" or Prince Charming. She is considered to have been a member of '' les conteuses'' group of French female authors.

Biography

D'Aulnoy was born in Barneville-la-Bertran, in

Normandy Normandy (; or ) is a geographical and cultural region in northwestern Europe, roughly coextensive with the historical Duchy of Normandy. Normandy comprises Normandy (administrative region), mainland Normandy (a part of France) and insular N ...

, as a member of the noble family of Le Jumel de Barneville. She was the niece of Marie Bruneau des Loges, the friend of François de Malherbe and of Jean-Louis Guez de Balzac. In 1666, she was given at the age of fifteen (by her father) in an arranged marriage to a Parisian thirty years older— François de la Motte, Baron d'Aulnoy, of the household of the

Duke of Vendôme Duke is a male title either of a monarch ruling over a duchy, or of a member of royalty, or nobility. As rulers, dukes are ranked below emperors, kings, grand princes, grand dukes, and above sovereign princes. As royalty or nobility, they a ...

. The baron was a freethinker and a known gambler. In 1669, the Baron d'Aulnoy was accused of treason (speaking out against imposed taxes by the King) by two men who may have been the lovers of Mme d'Aulnoy (aged nineteen) and her mother, who by a second marriage was the Marchioness de Gadagne. If found guilty, the verdict would have meant execution. The Baron d'Aulnoy spent three years in the

Bastille The Bastille (, ) was a fortress in Paris, known as the Bastille Saint-Antoine. It played an important role in the internal conflicts of France and for most of its history was used as a state prison by the kings of France. It was stormed by a ...

before finally convincing the court of his innocence. The two men implicated in the accusation were executed instead. The accusations and counter-accusations are recorded in the Bastille's archives. The Marchioness de Gadagne fled to England, and although a warrant was served for Mme d'Aulnoy's arrest, she escaped from officers through a window and hid in a church. It is possible she then worked as a spy for France (and perhaps spent some time in Holland, Spain, and England) before returning to Paris in 1685 (possibly as repayment for spying). The Marchioness de Gadagne stayed in Madrid financed by a pension from the Spanish King. Mme d'Aulnoy hosted salon gatherings in her home at rue Saint-Benoît that were frequented by leading aristocrats and princes, including her close friend, Saint-Evremond. In 1699, Mme d'Aulnoy's friend Angélique Ticquet was beheaded for having a servant retaliate against Angélique's abusive husband, also from a forced marriage. The servant was hanged for shooting and wounding Councillor Ticquet. Mme d'Aulnoy escaped persecution despite her alleged involvement and discontinued involvement in the Paris social scene for twenty years. D'Aulnoy published twelve books including three pseudo-memoirs, two fairy tale collections and three "historical" novels. She contributed to the anthology ''Recueil des plus belles pièces des poètes français'' in 1692 and wrote a series of travel memoirs based on her supposed travels through court life in Madrid and London. Although her insights may have been plagiarized and invented, these stories later became her most popular works. She gained the reputation as a historian and recorder of tales from outside France, and elected as a member of Paduan Accademia dei Ricovrati, where she was called by the name of the muse of history,

Clio In Greek mythology, Clio ( , ; ), also spelled Kleio, Сleio, or Cleo, is the muse of history, or in a few mythological accounts, the muse of lyre-playing. Etymology Clio's name is derived from the Greek root κλέω/κλείω (meaning ...

. At this time the term "history" was used more loosely than later, and was applied to her fictional accounts. 150 years later, the more strictly documented use of the term led to her accounts being declared "fraudulent". However, in France and England in her time her works were considered as mere entertainment, a sentiment reflected in the reviews of the period. Her truly accurate attempts at historical accounts, telling of the Dutch wars of Louis XIV, were less successful. The money she made from her writing helped raise her three daughters, who were not all produced during her time with the Baron d'Aulnoy . Her most popular works were her fairy tales and adventure stories as told in ''Les Contes des Fées'' (Fairy Tales) and ''Contes Nouveaux, ou Les Fées à la Mode'' (New Tales, or Fairies in Fashion). Unlike the folk tales of the Grimm Brothers, who were born some 135 years later than d'Aulnoy, she told her stories in a more conversational style, as they might be told in salons. Much of her writing created a world of animal brides and grooms, where love and happiness came to heroines after surmounting great obstacles. These stories were far from suitable for children and many English adaptations are very dissimilar from the original. In England, she was known by the pseudonym "Madame Bunch". Scholars Jack Zipes and David Blamires suggest that, due to the high number of similarities of Mme d'Aulnoy's literary work with recognizable folkloric material, she must have been acquainted with the oral tradition or their literary reworking during her time. In addition, according to Jacques Barchilon and Marc Soriano, d'Aulnoy's literary fairy tale works can be classified under some popular tale types of the international index of folktale classification, such as "The Animal Bride" and "

Animal as Bridegroom In folkloristics, "The Animal as Bridegroom" refers to a group of folk and fairy tales about a human woman marrying or being betrothed to an animal. The animal is revealed to be a human prince in Shapeshifting#Monstrous bride/bridegroom, disguise o ...

" tale types.

Issue

Madame d'Aulnoy had six children, two of whom were born after she became estranged from her husband, although they bore his name: * Marie-Angélique (26 January 1667, died young, probably before November 1669) * Dominique-César, her only son (23 November 1667, died young) * Marie-Anne, Dame de Barneville (27 October 1668 – before 1726Raymond Foulché-Delbosc, ''Revue Hispanique'', Volume 69, 1926, p. 106.); she married on 29 November 1685 Claude-Denis de Héère (1658 – before June 1711), a nobleman from Berry, who became Sire de Barneville, and had: ** Jacques-Denis-Augustin de Héère (1698–?); he married on 2 November 1734 Geneviève Françoise de La Fauche. No issue. ** Marguerite de Héère, Dame de Vaudoy. ** Denise-Lucrèce de Héère (? – after 1772). ** Marguerite-Françoise de Héère; she married Jacques-François Tardieu, "Count" of Malissy. ** Marie-Anne de Héère (6 August 17013 January 1737); she married on 24 September 1735 Jean-Pierre de Fontanges, and had a son: *** François-Alexandre de Fontanges (28 December 17361754). * Judith-Henriette (14 November 1669 – after 1711); she married on 4 September 1704 in

Madrid Madrid ( ; ) is the capital and List of largest cities in Spain, most populous municipality of Spain. It has almost 3.5 million inhabitants and a Madrid metropolitan area, metropolitan area population of approximately 7 million. It i ...

Giulio Orazio Pucci, second Marquis of Bargente (Barsento, in Italy), and had at least two children: ** Antonio PucciRaymond Foulché-Delbosc, ''Revue Hispanique'', Volume 69, 1926, p 109. ** Luisa Maria Pucci; she was the first wife of Francesco Guicciardini. * Thérèse-Aimée (13 October 1676 – after 1726); she married Edmé des Préaux d'Antigny and had a daughter: ** Edmée-Angélique des Préaux d'Antigny (born on 18 November 1704 – death date unknown); she was married to Pierre-Joseph Vermale but the marriage was annulled. * Françoise-Angélique-Maxime (c. 1677 – 17 November 1727); she never married and had no issue.

Works

* Sentiments of a Penitent Soul (''Sentiments d'une Ame penitente'') * The Return of a Soul to God (''Le Retour d'une Ame à Dieu'') * History of Hippolyte, Count of Douglas (''Histoire d'Hippolyte, comte de Duglas'') (1690) * History of Jean de Bourbon, Prince of Carency (''Histoire de Jean de Bourbon, Prince de Carency'') (1692) * The Count of Warwick (''Le Comte de Warwick'') * The present court of Spain, or, The modern gallantry of the Spanish nobility unfolded in several histories and seventy five letters from the enamour'd Teresa, to her beloved the Marquess of Mancera (1693) (''Memoire de la cour d'Espagne'') (1690) * Memories of the Court of Spain, Account of the Voyage to Spain (''Memoires de la cour d'Espagne, Relation du voyage d'Espagne'') (1690 or 1691) * Memories of the Court of England (''Mémoires de la cour d'Angleterre'') (1695) * From ''Fairy Tales'' (''Les Contes des Fées'') (1697) ** Graciosa and Percinet (''Gracieuse et Percinet'') ** The Story of Pretty Goldilocks or ''The Beauty with Golden Hair'' (''La Belle aux cheveux d'or'') ** The Blue Bird (''L'Oiseau bleu'') ** The Imp Prince (''Le Prince Lutin'') ** Princess Mayblossom (''La Princesse Printanière'') ** Princess Rosette (''La Princesse Rosette'') ** The Golden Branch (''Le Rameau d'Or'') ** The Bee and the Orange Tree (''L'Orangier et l'Abeille'') ** The Little Good Mouse (''La bonne petite souris'') ** The Ram or ''The Wonderful Sheep'' (''Le Mouton'') ** Cunning Cinders (''Finette Cendron'') ** The Fortunate One or ''Felicia and the Pot of Pinks'' (''Fortunée'') ** Babiole ** The Yellow Dwarf (''Le Nain jaune'') ** Green Serpent (''Serpentin vert'') * From ''New Tales, or Fairies in Fashion'' (''Contes Nouveaux ou Les Fées à la Mode'') (1698) ** The Princess Carpillon (''Princesse Carpillon'')Planché, James Robinson. ''Fairy Tales by The Countess d'Aulnoy, translated by J. R. Planché''. London: G. Routledge & Co. 1856. pp. 332-374. ** The Benevolent Frog or ''The Frog and the Lion Fairy'' (''La Grenouille bienfaisante'') ** ''The Hind in the Wood'' or The White Doe (''La Biche au bois'') ** The White Cat (''La Chatte Blanche'') ** Belle-Belle (''Belle-Belle ou Le Chevalier Fortuné'') ** The Pigeon and the Dove (''Le Pigeon et la Colombe'') ** Princess Belle-Etoile (''La Princesse Belle-Étoile'') ** Prince Marcassin (''Le Prince Marcassin'') ** The Dolphin (''Le Dauphin'')

Notes

References

* Disse, Dorothy. (1 October 2004
Marie Catherine d'Aulnoy
Other Women's Voices. Retrieved 22 January 2005. * * Trinquet Charlotte. Le conte de fées français (1690-1700) : Traditions italiennes et origines aristocratiques rench Fairy tale (1690-1700) : Italian Traditions and Aristocratic Origins Tübingen: Narr Francke Attempto Verlag, 2012. * Zipes, Jack ''When Dreams Came True: Classical Fairy Tales and Their Tradition'', * Amy Vanderlyn De Graff, ''The Tower and the Well'' (1984), the standard psychoanalytic study.

External links and resources