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The Lycian language ( )Bryce (1986) page 30. was the language of the ancient
Lycians Lycians () is the name of various peoples who lived, at different times, in Lycia, a geopolitical area in Anatolia (also known as Asia Minor). History The earliest known inhabitants of the area were the ''Solymoi'' (or ''Solymi''), also kn ...
who occupied the
Anatolia Anatolia (), also known as Asia Minor, is a peninsula in West Asia that makes up the majority of the land area of Turkey. It is the westernmost protrusion of Asia and is geographically bounded by the Mediterranean Sea to the south, the Aegean ...
n region known during the
Iron Age The Iron Age () is the final epoch of the three historical Metal Ages, after the Chalcolithic and Bronze Age. It has also been considered as the final age of the three-age division starting with prehistory (before recorded history) and progre ...
as
Lycia Lycia (; Lycian: 𐊗𐊕𐊐𐊎𐊆𐊖 ''Trm̃mis''; , ; ) was a historical region in Anatolia from 15–14th centuries BC (as Lukka) to 546 BC. It bordered the Mediterranean Sea in what is today the provinces of Antalya and Muğ ...
. Most texts date back to the fifth and fourth century BC. Two languages are known as Lycian: regular Lycian or Lycian A, and Lycian B or
Milyan Milyan, also known as Lycian B and previously Lycian 2, is an extinct ancient Anatolian language. It is attested from three inscriptions: two poems of 34 and 71 engraved lines, respectively, on the so-called Xanthian stele (or Xanthian ...
. Lycian became extinct around the beginning of the first century BC, replaced by the
Ancient Greek language Ancient Greek (, ; ) includes the forms of the Greek language used in ancient Greece and the classical antiquity, ancient world from around 1500 BC to 300 BC. It is often roughly divided into the following periods: Mycenaean Greek (), Greek ...
during the
Hellenization Hellenization or Hellenification is the adoption of Greek culture, religion, language, and identity by non-Greeks. In the ancient period, colonisation often led to the Hellenisation of indigenous people in the Hellenistic period, many of the ...
of Anatolia. Lycian had its own alphabet, which was closely related to the
Greek alphabet The Greek alphabet has been used to write the Greek language since the late 9th or early 8th century BC. It was derived from the earlier Phoenician alphabet, and is the earliest known alphabetic script to systematically write vowels as wel ...
but included at least one character borrowed from Carian as well as characters proper to the language. The words were often separated by two points.


Area

Lycia covered the region lying between the modern cities of
Antalya Antalya is the fifth-most populous city in Turkey and the capital of Antalya Province. Recognized as the "capital of tourism" in Turkey and a pivotal part of the Turkish Riviera, Antalya sits on Anatolia's southwest coast, flanked by the Tau ...
and
Fethiye Fethiye () is a municipality and Districts of Turkey, district of Muğla Province, Turkey. Its area is 875 km2, and its population is 177,702 (2022). It is one of the prominent tourist destinations in the Turkish Riviera. It was formerly k ...
in southern
Turkey Turkey, officially the Republic of Türkiye, is a country mainly located in Anatolia in West Asia, with a relatively small part called East Thrace in Southeast Europe. It borders the Black Sea to the north; Georgia (country), Georgia, Armen ...
, especially the mountainous headland between Fethiye Bay and the Gulf of Antalya. The '' Lukka'', as they were referred to in ancient
Egypt Egypt ( , ), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a country spanning the Northeast Africa, northeast corner of Africa and Western Asia, southwest corner of Asia via the Sinai Peninsula. It is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to northe ...
ian sources, which mention them among the
Sea Peoples The Sea Peoples were a group of tribes hypothesized to have attacked Ancient Egypt, Egypt and other Eastern Mediterranean regions around 1200 BC during the Late Bronze Age. The hypothesis was proposed by the 19th-century Egyptology, Egyptologis ...
, probably also inhabited the region called
Lycaonia Lycaonia (; , ''Lykaonia''; ) was a large region in the interior of Asia Minor (modern-day Turkey), north of the Taurus Mountains. It was bounded on the east by Cappadocia, on the north by Galatia, on the west by Phrygia and Pisidia, while to ...
, located along the next headland to the east, also mountainous, between the modern cities of Antalya and
Mersin Mersin () is a large city and port on the Mediterranean Sea, Mediterranean coast of Mediterranean Region, Turkey, southern Turkey. It is the provincial capital of the Mersin Province (formerly İçel). It is made up of four district governorates ...
.


Discovery and decipherment

From the late eighteenth century Western European travellers began to visit Asia Minor to deepen their acquaintance with the worlds of
Homer Homer (; , ; possibly born ) was an Ancient Greece, Ancient Greek poet who is credited as the author of the ''Iliad'' and the ''Odyssey'', two epic poems that are foundational works of ancient Greek literature. Despite doubts about his autho ...
and the
New Testament The New Testament (NT) is the second division of the Christian biblical canon. It discusses the teachings and person of Jesus in Christianity, Jesus, as well as events relating to Christianity in the 1st century, first-century Christianit ...
. In southwest Asia Minor (Lycia) they discovered inscriptions in an unknown script. The first four texts were published in 1820, and within months French Orientalist Antoine-Jean Saint-Martin used a bilingual showing individuals' names in Greek and Lycian as a key to transliterate the
Lycian alphabet The Lycian alphabet was used to write the Lycian language of the Asia Minor region of Lycia. It was an extension of the Greek alphabet, with half a dozen additional letters for sounds not found in Greek. It was largely similar to the Lydian alp ...
and determine the meaning of a few words. During the next century the number of texts increased, especially from the 1880s when Austrian expeditions systematically combed through the region. However, attempts to translate any but the most simple texts had to remain speculative, although combinatorial analysis of the texts cleared up some grammatical aspects of the language. The only substantial text with a Greek counterpart, the Xanthos stele, was hardly helpful because the Lycian text was quite heavily damaged, and worse, its Greek text does not anywhere come near to a close parallel. It was only after the decipherment of Hittite, by
Bedřich Hrozný Bedřich Hrozný (; 6 May 1879 – 12 December 1952), also known as , was a Czechs, Czech Oriental studies, orientalist and linguist. He contributed to the decipherment of the ancient Hittite language, identified it as an Indo-European language, ...
in 1917, that a language became known that was closely related to Lycian and could help etymological interpretations of the Lycian vocabulary. A next leap forward could be made with the discovery in 1973 of the
Letoon trilingual The Letoon trilingual, or Xanthos trilingual, is an inscription in three languages: standard Lycian language, Lycian or Lycian A, Ancient Greek, Greek, and Imperial Aramaic, Aramaic covering the faces of a four-sided stone stele called the Letoon ...
in Lycian, Greek and Aramaic. Though much remains unclear, comprehensive dictionaries of Lycian have been composed since by
Craig Melchert Harold Craig Melchert (born April 5, 1945) is an American linguist known particularly for his work on the Anatolian branch of Indo-European. Biography He received his B.A. in German from Michigan State University in 1967 and his Ph.D. in Lingui ...
and Günter Neumann.


Sources

Lycian is known from these sources, some of them fairly extensive: * 172 inscriptions on stone in the Lycian script dating from the 5th and 4th century BC (until ca. 330 BC). They include: ** The Xanthus stele. The inscribed upper part of a tomb at Xanthos, called the Xanthus Stele or the Xanthus Obelisk. A Lycian A inscription covers the south, east and part of the north faces. The north side also contains a 12 line poem in
Greek Greek may refer to: Anything of, from, or related to Greece, a country in Southern Europe: *Greeks, an ethnic group *Greek language, a branch of the Indo-European language family **Proto-Greek language, the assumed last common ancestor of all kno ...
and additional text, found mainly on the west side, in Milyan. Milyan appears only there and on a tomb in Antiphellos. The total number of lines on the stele is 255, including 138 in Lycian A, 12 in Greek, and 105 in Milyan. ** The
Letoon trilingual The Letoon trilingual, or Xanthos trilingual, is an inscription in three languages: standard Lycian language, Lycian or Lycian A, Ancient Greek, Greek, and Imperial Aramaic, Aramaic covering the faces of a four-sided stone stele called the Letoon ...
, in Lycian A, Greek and Aramaic. ** 150 burial instructions carved on rock tombs. ** 20 votive or dedicatory inscriptions. * About 100 inscriptions on coins minted at Xanthus from the reign of Kuprili, 485-440 BC, to the reign of Pericle, 380-360 BC. * Personal and place names in Greek.


Sample text

A Lycian epitaph (shown right): Transliteration: Ebẽñnẽ prñnawu mẽn e prñnawatẽ hanadaza hrppi ladi ehbi setideime. Translation: Hanadaza built this building for his wife and sons.


Lycian alphabet

The Lycian alphabet consists of about 29 signs, many of them reminiscent of the
Greek alphabet The Greek alphabet has been used to write the Greek language since the late 9th or early 8th century BC. It was derived from the earlier Phoenician alphabet, and is the earliest known alphabetic script to systematically write vowels as wel ...
:


Classification

Lycian was an
Indo-European The Indo-European languages are a language family native to the northern Indian subcontinent, most of Europe, and the Iranian plateau with additional native branches found in regions such as Sri Lanka, the Maldives, parts of Central Asia (e. ...
language, one in the
Luwian Luwian (), sometimes known as Luvian or Luish, is an ancient language, or group of languages, within the Anatolian branch of the Indo-European language family. The ethnonym Luwian comes from ''Luwiya'' (also spelled ''Luwia'' or ''Luvia'') – ...
subgroup of
Anatolian languages The Anatolian languages are an extinct branch of Indo-European languages that were spoken in Anatolia. The best known Anatolian language is Hittite, which is considered the earliest-attested Indo-European language. Undiscovered until the late ...
. A number of principal features help identify Lycian as being in the Luwian group: * Assibilation of
Proto-Indo-European Proto-Indo-European (PIE) is the reconstructed common ancestor of the Indo-European language family. No direct record of Proto-Indo-European exists; its proposed features have been derived by linguistic reconstruction from documented Indo-Euro ...
(PIE) palatals (''
satem Languages of the Indo-European family are classified as either centum languages or satem languages according to how the dorsal consonants (sounds of "K", "G" and "Y" type) of the reconstructed Proto-Indo-European language (PIE) developed. An ...
'' change): ''*h₁éḱwos'' to Luwian ''á-zú-wa/i-'', Lycian ''esbe'' 'horse'. * Replacement of
genitive case In grammar, the genitive case ( abbreviated ) is the grammatical case that marks a word, usually a noun, as modifying another word, also usually a noun—thus indicating an attributive relationship of one noun to the other noun. A genitive ca ...
with adjectives ending in ''-ahi'' or ''-ehi'', Luwian ''-assi-''. * A
preterite The preterite or preterit ( ; abbreviated or ) is a grammatical tense or verb form serving to denote events that took place or were completed in the past; in some languages, such as Spanish, French, and English, it is equivalent to the simple p ...
active formed with PIE secondary middle endings: **PIE ''*-to'' to Luwian ''-ta'', Lycian ''-te'' or ''-de'' in the third person singular **PIE ''*-nto'' to Luwian ''-nta'', Lycian ''-(n)te'' in the third person plural * Similarity of words: Luwian ''māssan(i)-'', Lycian ''māhān(i)'' 'god'. The Luwian subgroup also includes cuneiform and hieroglyphic Luwian, Carian, Sidetic,
Milyan Milyan, also known as Lycian B and previously Lycian 2, is an extinct ancient Anatolian language. It is attested from three inscriptions: two poems of 34 and 71 engraved lines, respectively, on the so-called Xanthian stele (or Xanthian ...
and Pisidic. The pre-alphabetic forms of Luwian extended back into the
Late Bronze Age The Bronze Age () was a historical period characterised principally by the use of bronze tools and the development of complex urban societies, as well as the adoption of writing in some areas. The Bronze Age is the middle principal period of ...
and preceded the fall of the
Hittite Empire The Hittites () were an Anatolian peoples, Anatolian Proto-Indo-Europeans, Indo-European people who formed one of the first major civilizations of the Bronze Age in West Asia. Possibly originating from beyond the Black Sea, they settled in mo ...
. These vanished at about the time of the Neo-Hittite states in southern Anatolia (and
Syria Syria, officially the Syrian Arab Republic, is a country in West Asia located in the Eastern Mediterranean and the Levant. It borders the Mediterranean Sea to the west, Turkey to Syria–Turkey border, the north, Iraq to Iraq–Syria border, t ...
); thus, the Iron Age members of the subgroup are localized daughter languages of Luwian. Of the Luwic languages, only the Luwian parent language is attested prior to 1000 BC, so it is unknown when the classical-era dialects diverged. Whether the Lukka people always resided in southern Anatolia or whether they always spoke Luwian are different topics. From the inscriptions, scholars have identified at least two languages that were termed ''Lycian''. One is considered standard Lycian, also termed Lycian A; the other, which is attested on side D of the
Xanthos Xanthos or Xanthus, also referred to by scholars as ''Arna'', its Lycian name, (, Lycian: 𐊀𐊕𐊑𐊏𐊀 ''Arñna'', , Latin: ''Xanthus'') was an ancient city near the present-day village of Kınık, in Antalya Province, Turkey. The ru ...
stele, is
Milyan Milyan, also known as Lycian B and previously Lycian 2, is an extinct ancient Anatolian language. It is attested from three inscriptions: two poems of 34 and 71 engraved lines, respectively, on the so-called Xanthian stele (or Xanthian ...
or Lycian B, separated by its grammatical particularities.


Phonology


Vowels


Consonants

*Melchert reconstructs // for , // for , // for and // for . Kloekhorst instead proposes // for , // for , // for and // for . * alternates with and represents a transitional sound between // and //. Based on this, Melchert suggested a phonetic value [] for but later retracted this view. *Lycian stops (represented by , , , , , , and possibly ) are voiced when after nasal consonants and voiceless otherwise. *Nasal and liquid sounds can also occur as syllabic , and with being written as ''m̃'' and ''ñ'' respectively.


Grammar


Nouns

Nouns and adjectives distinguish singular and plural forms. A dual has not been found in Lycian. There are two genders: animate (or 'common') and inanimate (or 'neuter'). Instead of the
genitive In grammar, the genitive case ( abbreviated ) is the grammatical case that marks a word, usually a noun, as modifying another word, also usually a noun—thus indicating an attributive relationship of one noun to the other noun. A genitive can ...
singular case normally a so-called
possessive A possessive or ktetic form (Glossing abbreviation, abbreviated or ; from ; ) is a word or grammatical construction indicating a relationship of possession (linguistics), possession in a broad sense. This can include strict ownership, or a numbe ...
(or "genitival adjective") is used, as is common practice in the
Luwic languages The Anatolian languages are an extinct branch of Indo-European languages that were spoken in Anatolia. The best known Anatolian language is Hittite, which is considered the earliest-attested Indo-European language. Undiscovered until the late ...
: a suffix -(e)h- is added to the root of a substantive, and thus an adjective is formed that is declined in turn. Nouns can be divided in five declension groups: ''a''-stems, ''e''-stems, ''i''-stems, consonant stems, and mixed stems; the differences between the groups are very minor. The declension of nouns goes as follows: (in Russian)


Pronouns


Demonstrative pronoun

The paradigm for the demonstrative pronoun ''ebe'', "this" is:


Personal pronoun

The demonstrative ''ebe'', 'this', is also used as a personal pronoun: 'this one', therefore 'he, she, it'. Here is a paradigm of all attested personal pronouns:


Other pronouns

Other pronouns are: * Relative or
interrogative An interrogative clause is a clause whose form is typically associated with question-like meanings. For instance, the English sentence (linguistics), sentence "Is Hannah sick?" has interrogative syntax which distinguishes it from its Declarative ...
pronouns: ''ti-'', 'who, which'; ''teri'' or ''ẽke'', 'when'; ''teli'', 'where'; ''km̃mẽt(i)-'', 'how many' (also indefinite: 'however many'). * Indefinite pronouns: ''tike-'', 'someone, something'; ''tise'', 'anyone, anything'; ''tihe'', 'any'. * Reflexive pronoun: ''-ti'' (
suffix In linguistics, a suffix is an affix which is placed after the stem of a word. Common examples are case endings, which indicate the grammatical case of nouns and adjectives, and verb endings, which form the conjugation of verbs. Suffixes can ca ...
ed), 'himself'.


Numerals

The following
numerals A numeral is a figure (symbol), word, or group of figures (symbols) or words denoting a number. It may refer to: * Numeral system used in mathematics * Numeral (linguistics), a part of speech denoting numbers (e.g. ''one'' and ''first'' in English ...
are attested:


Verbs

Just as in other Anatolian languages (Luwian, Lydian) verbs in Lycian were conjugated in the present-future and preterite tenses and in the imperative with three persons singular and plural. Some endings have many variants, due to
nasalization In phonetics, nasalization (or nasalisation in British English) is the production of a sound while the velum is lowered, so that some air escapes through the nose during the production of the sound by the mouth. An archetypal nasal sound is . ...
(''-a- → -añ-, -ã-; -e- → -eñ-, -ẽ-''),
lenition In linguistics, lenition is a sound change that alters consonants, making them "weaker" in some way. The word ''lenition'' itself means "softening" or "weakening" (from Latin 'weak'). Lenition can happen both synchronically (within a language ...
(''-t- → -d-''),
gemination In phonetics and phonology, gemination (; from Latin 'doubling', itself from '' gemini'' 'twins'), or consonant lengthening, is an articulation of a consonant for a longer period of time than that of a singleton consonant. It is distinct from ...
(''-t- → -tt-; -d- → -dd-''), and vowel harmonization (''-a- → -e-'': ''prñnawãtẽ → prñnewãtẽ''). About a dozen conjugations can be distinguished, on the basis of (1) the verbal root ending (''a''-stems, consonant stems, ''-ije''-stems, etc.), and (2) the endings of the third person singular being either unlenited (present ''-ti''; preterite ''-te''; imperative ''-tu'') or lenited (''-di''; ''-de''; ''-du''). For example, ''prñnawa-''(ti) (to build) is an unlenited ''a''-stem (''prñnawati'', he builds), ''a(i)-''(di) (to make) is a lenited ''a(i)''-stem (''adi'', he makes). Differences between the various conjugations are minor. Verbs are conjugated as follows; Mediopassive ''(MP)'' forms are in brown: A
suffix In linguistics, a suffix is an affix which is placed after the stem of a word. Common examples are case endings, which indicate the grammatical case of nouns and adjectives, and verb endings, which form the conjugation of verbs. Suffixes can ca ...
-s- (cognate with Greek, Latin -/sk/-), appended to the stem and attested with half a dozen verbs, is thought to make a verb iterative: : stem ''a(i)-'', 'to do, to make', ''s''-stem ''as-''; (Preterite 3 Singular:) ''ade, adẽ'', 'he did, made', ''astte'', 'he always did, has made repeatedly'; : stem ''tuwe-'', 'to erect, place (upright)', ''s''-stem ''tus-''; (Present/future 3 Plural:) ''tuwẽti'', 'they erect', ''tusñti '', 'they will erect repeatedly'.


Syntax

Emmanuel Laroche, who analysed the Lycian text of the Letoon trilingual, concluded that word order in Lycian is slightly more free than in the other Anatolian languages. Sentences in plain text mostly have the structure : ''ipc (initial particle cluster) - V (Verb) - S (Subject) - O (direct Object)''. The verb immediately follows an "initial particle cluster", consisting of a more or less meaningless particle "''se-''" or "''me-''" (literally, 'and') followed by a series of up to three suffixes, often called emphatics. The function of some of these suffixes is mysterious, but others have been identified as pronomina like "he", "it", or "them". The subject, direct object, or indirect object of the sentence may thus proleptically be referred to in the initial particle cluster. As an example, the sentence "X built a house" might in Lycian be structured: "and-he-it / he-built / X / a-house". Other constituents of a sentence, like an indirect object, predicate, or complimentary adjuncts, can be placed anywhere after the verb. Contrary to this pattern, funeral inscriptions as a rule have a standard form with the object at the head of the sentence: "This tomb built X"; literally: "This tomb / it / he built / X" (order: ''O - ipc - V - S''). Laroche suspects the reason for this deviation to be that in this way emphasis fell on the funerary object: "This object, it was built by X". Example: :: In line 1 ''mẽti = m-ẽ-ti'' is the initial particle cluster, where ''m- = me-'' is the neutral "steppingstone" to which two suffixes are affixed: ''-ẽ-'' = "it", and the
relative pronoun A relative pronoun is a pronoun that marks a relative clause. An example is the word ''which'' in the sentence "This is the house which Jack built." Here the relative pronoun ''which'' introduces the relative clause. The relative clause modifies th ...
''-ti'', "who, he who".


Subject-verb-object hypothesis

Kim McCone proposed in the 1970s that Lycian's unmarked word order was instead subject-verb-object. The apparent VSO and OVS orders come from various frontings and
dislocation In materials science, a dislocation or Taylor's dislocation is a linear crystallographic defect or irregularity within a crystal structure that contains an abrupt change in the arrangement of atoms. The movement of dislocations allow atoms to sli ...
s of a basic SVO structure. Lycian's SVO is itself a shift from the typical Anatolian subject-object-verb order, of which Lycian preverbal object pronouns like ''ẽ'' "him/her/it" would be a relic. In spite of McCone's alternative analysis, the assumption that verb-subject-object was Lycian's unmarked word order went unchallenged until the 2010s, when Alwin Kloekhorst independently formulated and adopted the SVO hypothesis. This led to other linguists like Heiner Eichner and H. Craig Melchert to adopt the SVO hypothesis after him. The principal unmarked example cited by SVO supporters comes from the following sentence: Further examples of subject-initial unmarked clauses cited by Melchert include:


Endonym

A few
etymological Etymology ( ) is the study of the origin and evolution of words—including their constituent units of sound and meaning—across time. In the 21st century a subfield within linguistics, etymology has become a more rigorously scientific study. ...
studies of the Lycian language
endonym An endonym (also known as autonym ) is a common, name for a group of people, individual person, geographical place, language, or dialect, meaning that it is used inside a particular group or linguistic community to identify or designate them ...
exist, namely: * Language of the mountain people ( Laroche): Luwian tarmi- "pointed object" becomes a hypothetical *tarmašši- "mountainous" used in Trm̃mis- "Lycia." Lycia and
Pisidia Pisidia (; , ; ) was a region of ancient Asia Minor located north of Pamphylia, northeast of Lycia, west of Isauria and Cilicia, and south of Phrygia, corresponding roughly to the modern-day province of Antalya in Turkey. Among Pisidia's set ...
each had a hill-town named Termessos. * Attarima (Carruba): A previously unknown
Late Bronze Age The Bronze Age () was a historical period characterised principally by the use of bronze tools and the development of complex urban societies, as well as the adoption of writing in some areas. The Bronze Age is the middle principal period of ...
place name among the Lukka. * Termilae ( Bryce): A people displaced from
Crete Crete ( ; , Modern Greek, Modern: , Ancient Greek, Ancient: ) is the largest and most populous of the Greek islands, the List of islands by area, 88th largest island in the world and the List of islands in the Mediterranean#By area, fifth la ...
about 1600 BC. * Termera (
Strabo Strabo''Strabo'' (meaning "squinty", as in strabismus) was a term employed by the Romans for anyone whose eyes were distorted or deformed. The father of Pompey was called "Gnaeus Pompeius Strabo, Pompeius Strabo". A native of Sicily so clear-si ...
): A Lelege people displaced by the
Trojan War The Trojan War was a legendary conflict in Greek mythology that took place around the twelfth or thirteenth century BC. The war was waged by the Achaeans (Homer), Achaeans (Ancient Greece, Greeks) against the city of Troy after Paris (mytho ...
, first settling in
Caria Caria (; from Greek language, Greek: Καρία, ''Karia''; ) was a region of western Anatolia extending along the coast from mid-Ionia (Mycale) south to Lycia and east to Phrygia. The Carians were described by Herodotus as being Anatolian main ...
and assigning such names as Telmessos, Termera, Termerion, Termeros, Termilae, then displaced to Lycia by the
Ionians The Ionians (; , ''Íōnes'', singular , ''Íōn'') were one of the traditional four major tribes of Ancient Greece, alongside the Dorians, Aeolians, and Achaeans. The Ionian dialect was one of the three major linguistic divisions of the ...
.Strabo 14.1.3, 14.2.18.


See also

*
Letoon trilingual The Letoon trilingual, or Xanthos trilingual, is an inscription in three languages: standard Lycian language, Lycian or Lycian A, Ancient Greek, Greek, and Imperial Aramaic, Aramaic covering the faces of a four-sided stone stele called the Letoon ...
*
Lycia Lycia (; Lycian: 𐊗𐊕𐊐𐊎𐊆𐊖 ''Trm̃mis''; , ; ) was a historical region in Anatolia from 15–14th centuries BC (as Lukka) to 546 BC. It bordered the Mediterranean Sea in what is today the provinces of Antalya and Muğ ...
* Lycian script *
Anatolian languages The Anatolian languages are an extinct branch of Indo-European languages that were spoken in Anatolia. The best known Anatolian language is Hittite, which is considered the earliest-attested Indo-European language. Undiscovered until the late ...


References


External links

* * * in the
Universal Character Set The Universal Coded Character Set (UCS, Unicode) is a standard set of characters defined by the international standard ISO/ IEC 10646, ''Information technology — Universal Coded Character Set (UCS)'' (plus amendments to that standard), w ...
*


References

* *


Further reading

* Goldstein, David M. "Object agreement in Lycian". In: ''Historische Sprachforschung'' Vol. 127, Number 1 (2014): 101-124. 10.13109/hisp.2014.127.1.10

* * {{DEFAULTSORT:Lycian Language Lycian language Anatolian languages