Locomotives Of The London, Midland And Scottish Railway
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The
London, Midland and Scottish Railway The London, Midland and Scottish Railway (LMSIt has been argued that the initials LMSR should be used to be consistent with London and North Eastern Railway, LNER, Great Western Railway, GWR and Southern Railway (UK), SR. The London, Midland an ...
had the largest stock of steam locomotives of any of the 'Big Four' Grouping, i.e. pre-Nationalisation railway companies in the UK. Despite early troubles arising from factions within the new company, the LMS went on to build some very successful designs; many lasted until the end of steam traction on
British Railways British Railways (BR), which from 1965 traded as British Rail, was a state-owned company that operated most rail transport in Great Britain from 1948 to 1997. Originally a trading brand of the Railway Executive of the British Transport Commis ...
in 1968. For an explanation of numbering and classification, see
British Rail locomotive and multiple unit numbering and classification #REDIRECT British Rail locomotive and multiple unit numbering and classification {{R from other capitalisation ...
. Various locomotives were inherited from pre-grouping companies. Those from the smaller railways, and hence non-standard, were withdrawn quite early, while ex-Midland, LNWR and L&YR types persisted. The Midland had long had a 'small engine policy', preferring small engines hauling frequent, fairly short trains, and employing a second locomotive (
double-heading In railroad terminology, double heading indicates the use of two locomotives at the front of a train, each operated individually by its own crew. The practice of triple-heading involves the use of three locomotives. The practice of multi-headi ...
) where necessary. However, this practice, while emininently suitable for the route from Sheffield, Derby and Nottingham to London was not at all suited to the route from Euston to Glasgow via Crewe, Preston and Carlisle (the 'West Coast Main Line') and it took several years to convince the senior staff responsible for such matters that this was the case. The first sign of the change was the Royal Scot 4-6-0 class of 1927, officially designed by Fowler, but actually designed by the
North British Locomotive Company The North British Locomotive Company (NBL, NB Loco or North British) was created in 1903 through the merger of three Glasgow locomotive manufacturing companies; Sharp, Stewart and Company (Atlas Works), Neilson, Reid and Company (Hyde Park W ...
with approval from Henry Fowler. Nevertheless, the majority of designs continued to be very much Midland in character. This changed when
William Stanier Sir William Arthur Stanier (27 May 1876 – 27 September 1965) was an English railway engineer, and was chief mechanical engineer of the London, Midland and Scottish Railway. Biography Sir William Stanier was born in Swindon, where his f ...
arrived. His large, streamlined 'Princess Coronation' class engines were iconic and flew the flag for the LMS against the competing Class A4 of the
London and North Eastern Railway The London and North Eastern Railway (LNER) was the second largest (after London, Midland and Scottish Railway, LMS) of the "Big Four (British railway companies), Big Four" railway companies created by the Railways Act 1921 in Britain. It ope ...
.


Locomotives acquired from constituent companies

See
LMS locomotive numbering and classification A number of different numbering and classification schemes were used for the locomotives owned by the London, Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS) and its constituent companies. The LMS, formed on 1 January 1923 from many smaller companies include ...
for an explanation of the numbers allocated to inherited locomotives and the power classification system used below.


Ex-Midland Railway

The Midland shaped the subsequent LMS locomotive policy until 1933. Its
locomotives A locomotive is a rail vehicle that provides the motive power for a train. Traditionally, locomotives pulled trains from the front. However, push–pull operation has become common, and in the pursuit for longer and heavier freight train ...
(which it always referred to as engines) followed a corporate small engine policy, with numerous class 2F, 3F and 4F
0-6-0 is the Whyte notation designation for steam locomotives with a wheel arrangement of no leading wheels, six powered and coupled driving wheels on three axles, and no trailing wheels. Historically, this was the most common wheel arrangement used o ...
s for goods work, 2P and 4P
4-4-0 4-4-0, in the Whyte notation, denotes a steam locomotive with a wheel arrangement of four leading wheels on two axles (usually in a leading bogie), four powered and coupled driving wheels on two axles, and no trailing wheels. First built in the ...
s for passenger work, and 0-4-4T and 0-6-0T tank engines. The only exceptions to this were its 0-10-0 banking engine for
Lickey Incline The Lickey Incline, south of Birmingham, is the steepest sustained main-line railway incline in Great Britain. The climb is a gradient of 1 in 37.7 (2.65% or 26.5‰ or 1.52°) for a continuous distance of two miles (3.2 km). Constructed o ...
on its Bristol-Birmingham line, and the 7F 2-8-0 goods engines built by the Midland at their Derby locomotive works for the Somerset and Dorset Joint Railway.


Ex-London and North Western Railway

The LNWR did not have a significant impact on LMS policy as the Midland, although it did inspire the Fowler-built 7F.


Ex-Lancashire & Yorkshire Railway


Ex-North Staffordshire Railway

The
North Staffordshire Railway The North Staffordshire Railway (NSR) was a Great Britain, British railway company formed in 1845 to promote a number of lines in the Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire Potteries and surrounding areas in Staffordshire, Cheshire, Derbyshire and Shro ...
handed over 192 standard gauge engines into the LMS capital stock. In addition to the above, also added to the capital stock were the three NSR
0-2-2 An 0-2-2, in the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives by wheel arrangement, is one that has two coupled driving wheels followed by two trailing wheels, with no leading wheels. The configuration was briefly built by Robe ...
railmotor Railmotor is a term used in the United Kingdom, Ireland and the Commonwealth for a railway lightweight railcar, usually consisting of a railway carriage with a steam traction unit, or a diesel or petrol engine, integrated into it. Steam railcars ...
s numbered 1–3. These were not renumbered by the LMS before scrapping in 1927. There were two other additions to the capital stock, the two locomotives of the narrow gauge
Leek and Manifold Valley Light Railway The Leek and Manifold Valley Light Railway (L&MVLR) was a narrow gauge railway in Staffordshire, England that operated between 1904 and 1934. The line mainly carried milk from dairy, dairies in the region, acting as a feeder to the Rail trans ...
. These two engines, number 1 ''E.R. Calthrop'' and number 2 ''J.B. Earle'' kept both their names and numbers under the LMS. Four locomotives were added to the LMS service stock. Standard gauge
0-4-0 Under the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives, represents one of the simplest possible types, that with two axles and four coupled wheels, all of which are driven. The wheels on the earliest four-coupled locomotives were ...
battery electric locomotive, built in 1917, and three, gauge, 0-4-0ST locomotives called ''Frog'', ''Toad'' and ''Bob'' that worked the Caldon Low tramway, owned by the NSR. None of these locomotives were numbered by the LMS.


Ex-Caledonian Railway

The class number used for
Caledonian Railway The Caledonian Railway (CR) was one of the two biggest of the five major Scottish railway companies prior to the 1923 Grouping. It was formed in 1845 with the objective of forming a link between English railways and Glasgow. It progressively ex ...
engines was the stock number of the first member of the class to reach traffic. Hence earlier numbered classes could well have appeared later in time.


Ex-Furness Railway

The
Furness Railway The Furness Railway (FR) was a railway company operating in the Furness area of Lancashire in North West England. History Formation In the early 1840s, the owners of iron ore mines in the Furness district of Lancashire became interested in a ...
was a small company with a correspondingly small locomotive stock. It is known best for the
Baltic Baltic may refer to: Peoples and languages *Baltic languages, a subfamily of Indo-European languages, including Lithuanian, Latvian and extinct Old Prussian *Balts (or Baltic peoples), ethnic groups speaking the Baltic languages and/or originatin ...
tanks A tank is an armoured fighting vehicle intended as a primary offensive weapon in front-line ground combat. Tank designs are a balance of heavy firepower, strong armour, and battlefield mobility provided by tracks and a powerful engine; t ...
(which seemed to be a little more successful than the
Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway The Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway (L&YR) was a major History of rail transport in Great Britain, British railway company before the Railways Act 1921, 1923 Grouping. It was Incorporation (business)#Incorporation in the United Kingdom, incorpo ...
examples of the same arrangement). The Baltics did not survive for long. The only class that survived as far as
nationalisation Nationalization (nationalisation in British English) is the process of transforming privately owned assets into public assets by bringing them under the public ownership of a national government or state. Nationalization contrasts with priv ...
were some moderate sized
0-6-0 is the Whyte notation designation for steam locomotives with a wheel arrangement of no leading wheels, six powered and coupled driving wheels on three axles, and no trailing wheels. Historically, this was the most common wheel arrangement used o ...
tender engines classified '3F' by the LMS and as D5 by Bob Rush. Six were still in traffic as of 31 August 1948.


Ex-Glasgow and South Western Railway


Ex-Highland Railway


Hughes (1923–1925)

George Hughes, formerly of the L&YR, became the first
Chief Mechanical Engineer Chief mechanical engineer and locomotive superintendent are titles applied by British, Australian, and New Zealand railway companies to the person ultimately responsible to the board of the company for the building and maintaining of the locomotive ...
(CME) of the LMS. However, he retired just two years later in 1925. His one new design was a class of mixed traffic moguls known as "crabs". * Class 5MT "Crab" 2-6-0 * Class 5P ''Dreadnought tank'' 4-6-4T, Designed for L&YR, built by the LMS. He also built small numbers of slightly modified versions of pre-grouping designs including: * Caledonian Railway 60 Class * Caledonian Railway 439 Class * LT&SR 79 Class


Fowler (1925–1931)

Sir Henry Fowler Sir Henry Fowler, (29 July 1870 – 16 October 1938) was an English railway engineer, and was chief mechanical engineer of the Midland Railway and subsequently the London, Midland and Scottish Railway. Biography Fowler was born in Evesham, ...
, deputy CME under Hughes, was formerly CME of the
Midland Railway The Midland Railway (MR) was a railway company in the United Kingdom from 1844 in rail transport, 1844. The Midland was one of the largest railway companies in Britain in the early 20th century, and the largest employer in Derby, where it had ...
. He was largely responsible for the adoption of the Midland's small engines as LMS standards. This led to a crisis as these were underpowered. However, some moves towards larger engines were made, particularly through the Royal Scots and Garratts. At the end of Fowler's reign, Ernest Lemon briefly took over as CME, but was quickly promoted to make room for
William Stanier Sir William Arthur Stanier (27 May 1876 – 27 September 1965) was an English railway engineer, and was chief mechanical engineer of the London, Midland and Scottish Railway. Biography Sir William Stanier was born in Swindon, where his f ...
. *
LMS Class 2P 4-4-0 The London, Midland and Scottish Railway Class 2P 4-4-0 was a class of steam locomotive designed for light passenger work. Overview The class was introduced in 1928 and was a Railways Act 1921, post-grouping development of the Midland Railw ...
* LMS Class 2F "Dock Tank" 0-6-0T * LMS Class 3MT 2-6-2T * LMS Class 3F "Jinty" 0-6-0T * LMS Class 4P "Compound" 4-4-0 * LMS Class 4MT 2-6-4T * LMS Class 4F "Derby Four" 0-6-0 *
LMS Class 7F 0-8-0 The London, Midland and Scottish Railway Henry Fowler (engineer), Fowler Class 7F was a class of steam locomotives. They were a Midlandised version of the London and North Western Railway (LNWR) LNWR Class G2, Class G2 and LNWR Class G2A, Clas ...
* LMS Class 6P "Patriot" 4-6-0 * LMS Class 7P "Royal Scot" 4-6-0 * LMS Garratt 2-6-0+0-6-2 * LMS 6399 ''Fury''


Stock taken in from the Somerset and Dorset Joint Railway

The
Somerset and Dorset Joint Railway The Somerset and Dorset Joint Railway (S&DJR, also known as the S&D, S&DR or SDJR), was an English railway line Joint railway, jointly owned by the Midland Railway (MR) and the London and South Western Railway (LSWR) that grew to connect Bat ...
was jointly owned by the LMS and the Southern with the LMS responsible for locomotive affairs. However, its locomotives were kept separate until 1928 when they were taken into LMS stock. These mostly consisted of standard Midland types constructed by the Midland and the LMS. The S&DJR 7F 2-8-0, however, was specific to the line. * S&DJR 7F 2-8-0 * S&DJR Sentinels * and other Midland types.


Stanier (1932–1944)

William Stanier Sir William Arthur Stanier (27 May 1876 – 27 September 1965) was an English railway engineer, and was chief mechanical engineer of the London, Midland and Scottish Railway. Biography Sir William Stanier was born in Swindon, where his f ...
arrived in 1932 from the
Great Western Railway The Great Western Railway (GWR) was a History of rail transport in Great Britain, British railway company that linked London with the southwest, west and West Midlands (region), West Midlands of England and most of Wales. It was founded in 1833, ...
and, with the backing of Josiah Stamp, reversed the small engine policy. * LMS Class 2P 0-4-4T * LMS Class 3MT 2-6-2T * LMS Class 4MT 2-6-4T ( two- and three-cylindered) * LMS Class 5MT 2-6-0 * LMS Class 5MT "Black Five" 4-6-0 * LMS Class 6P "Jubilee" 4-6-0 * LMS Class 8P "Princess Coronation" 4-6-2 * LMS Class 8P "Princess Royal" 4-6-2 * LMS Class 8F 2-8-0 *
LMS Turbomotive The LMS Turbomotive was a modified LMS Princess Royal Class steam turbine locomotive designed by William Stanier and built by the London, Midland and Scottish Railway in 1935. It was inspired by the Swedish Ljungström locomotives first intr ...
* LMS Class 6P Rebuilt Jubilee * LMS Class 7P Rebuilt Royal Scot


Fairburn (1944–1945)

Charles Fairburn was somewhat restricted by the rules applied to the railway companies by the war situation (not to mention the fact that Stanier had left things in a state that required little or no new design). He was responsible for the construction of a number of locomotives to Stanier designs (mainly the 8F
2-8-0 Under the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives, represents the wheel arrangement of two leading wheels on one axle, usually in a leading truck, eight powered and coupled driving wheels on four axles, and no trailing wheels. ...
and 5MT
4-6-0 A 4-6-0 steam locomotive, under the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives by wheel arrangement, has four leading wheels on two axles in a leading bogie and six powered and coupled driving wheels on three axles with the abs ...
) and some detailed design variations on the latter. He died of a heart attack in October 1945. * LMS Class 4MT 2-6-4T


Ivatt (1946–1947)

George Ivatt, son of the former GNR CME
Henry Ivatt Henry Alfred Ivatt (16 September 1851, Wentworth, Cambridgeshire – 25 October 1923) was an English railway engineer, and was the Chief Mechanical Engineer of the Great Northern Railway from 1896 to 1911. Career London and North Wester ...
, became CME in 1946. He continued building some Stanier types, but introduced some low-powered class 2 engines and a medium-powered class 4 mixed traffic design. A pair of main line diesels were also produced. * LMS Class 2MT 2-6-0 *
LMS Class 2MT 2-6-2T The London, Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS) Ivatt Class 2 2-6-2T is a class of light 'mixed-traffic' steam locomotive introduced in 1946. Background The LMS had various elderly tank engines and the operating department required a new sma ...
* LMS Class 4MT 2-6-0 * NCC Class WT 2-6-4T, based on the Fowler 2-6-4T design of 1927. * * LMS Class 5MT "Black Five" 4-6-0 (modified version) * LMS Class 6P "Rebuilt Patriot" 4-6-0 * LMS Class 8P "Princess Coronation" 4-6-2 (modified version)


Modern Traction

The LMS experimented with various forms of non-steam locomotives, and pioneered the use of diesel locomotives in
Great Britain Great Britain is an island in the North Atlantic Ocean off the north-west coast of continental Europe, consisting of the countries England, Scotland, and Wales. With an area of , it is the largest of the British Isles, the List of European ...
. * LMS diesel locomotives * LMS diesel shunters ** LMS diesel shunter 1831 * LMS petrol shunters * LMS railcars


Post-Nationalisation

LMS locomotive design did not end in at Nationalisation in 1948, for it had enormous influence over the design of
British Rail British Railways (BR), which from 1965 traded as British Rail, was a state-owned company that operated most rail transport in Great Britain from 1948 to 1997. Originally a trading brand of the Railway Executive of the British Transport Comm ...
ways' 'Standard' steam locomotives by former LMS man
Robert Riddles Robert Arthur "Robin" Riddles, CBE, MIMechE, MinstLE (23 May 1892 – 18 June 1983) was a British locomotive design engineer. Biography LNWR and LMS Riddles was born in 1892 in East Preston in Worthing, Sussex. His father was a contractors' man ...
. Some of the designs were little changed from the comparable designs by Ivatt. Riddles built several examples of designs from the 'Big Four', including most of the Fairburn/Ivatt tank engines. These were distributed around the system, with many of the 2-6-2T designs going to the Southern Region.


Withdrawal

Pre-grouping types were withdrawn early for being non-standard, and locomotives were routinely withdrawn after their lives expired. Withdrawal of locomotives generally did not take place until the great locomotive cull of
British Railways British Railways (BR), which from 1965 traded as British Rail, was a state-owned company that operated most rail transport in Great Britain from 1948 to 1997. Originally a trading brand of the Railway Executive of the British Transport Commis ...
in the period 1962–1966. A pair of "Black Fives" were the last steam locomotives to be run on British Railways in 1968, although since then there have been almost weekly charter runs for the enthusiast and tourist markets and the occasional timetabled service (for instance at
Dawlish Dawlish is a seaside resort town and civil parishes in England, civil parish in the Teignbridge district in Devon, England. It is located on the south coast of England at a distance of from the city of Exeter and a similar distance from the to ...
and
Stratford-upon-Avon Stratford-upon-Avon ( ), commonly known as Stratford, is a market town and civil parish in the Stratford-on-Avon (district), Stratford-on-Avon district, in the county of Warwickshire, in the West Midlands (region), West Midlands region of Engl ...
).


Preservation

A significant number of LMS locomotives have been preserved: *Three
LMS Hughes Crab The London, Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS) Hughes Crab or Horwich Mogul is a class of Locomotive#Use, mixed-traffic 2-6-0 steam locomotive built between 1926 and 1932. They are noted for their appearance with large steeply-angled cylinder ...
s *Nine LMS Class 3F "Jinty" 0-6-0Ts *Three LMS Class 4F 0-6-0s *Two
LMS Royal Scot Class The London, Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS) Royal Scot Class is a class of 4-6-0 express passenger locomotive introduced in 1927. Originally having parallel boilers, all members were later rebuilt with tapered type 2A boilers, and were in e ...
*One
LMS 3-Cylindered Stanier 2-6-4T The LMS Stanier Class 4P 3-Cylinder 2-6-4T is a class of steam locomotives designed for work over the London, Tilbury and Southend Railway route. All 37 were built in 1934 at Derby Works and were numbered 2500–2536. The third cylinder was prov ...
*One
LMS Stanier Mogul The London Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS) Stanier Class 5 2-6-0 or Stanier Mogul is a class of 2-6-0 mixed traffic steam locomotives. Forty were built between October 1933 and March 1934. Overview Although all built at Crewe Works, the ...
*Eighteen
Black Five The London, Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS) Stanier Class 5 4-6-0, commonly known as the Black Five, is a class of steam locomotives. It was introduced by William Stanier and built between 1934 and 1951. A total of 842 were built, initially ...
s *Four
LMS Jubilee Class The London, Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS) Jubilee Class is a class of steam locomotive designed for main line passenger work. 191 locomotives were built between 1934 and 1936. They were built concurrently with the similar looking LMS Stani ...
*Two
LMS Princess Royal Class The London, Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS) Princess Royal Class is a class of express passenger 4-6-2 steam locomotive designed by William Stanier. Twelve examples were built at Crewe Works, between 1933 and 1935, for use on the West Coast ...
*Three
LMS Princess Coronation Class The London, Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS) Coronation Class is a class of express passenger steam locomotives designed by William Stanier. They were an enlarged and improved version of his previous design, the LMS Princess Royal Class, and ...
pacifics *Twelve
LMS Stanier Class 8F The London, Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS) Stanier Class 8F is a class of steam locomotives designed for hauling heavy freight. 852 were built between 1935 and 1946 (not all to LMS order), as a freight version of William Stanier's successful ...
s *Two
LMS Fairburn 2-6-4T The London, Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS) Fairburn Tank 2-6-4T is a class of steam locomotive. They were designed by Charles E. Fairburn for the LMS. 277 of these locomotives were built between 1945 and 1951, numbered in the range 42050†...
s *Seven
LMS Ivatt Class 2 2-6-0 The London, Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS) Ivatt Class 2 2-6-0 is a class of steam locomotive designed for light mixed traffic. Design Elderly 0-6-0s formed the backbone of the low-powered locomotives within the LMS fleet. William Stanier ...
s *Four LMS Ivatt Class 2 2-6-2Ts *One LMS Ivatt Class 4 A smaller number of pre-grouping locomotives inherited by the LMS have also been preserved.


See also

* List of LMS locomotives as of 31 December 1947


References


Notes


Bibliography

* * * * * * {{LMS Locomotives British railway-related lists