List of dialects
Descended from the language of theFeatures of the region
Features that can be found in various intensities and distributions in the region include: # *telt > tlet # * tórt’ > trot # *ľ̥ > l̥ except *Pľ̥T́PK (after labials, before palatals/labials, and velars) # *Pľ̥T́PK > PilT́PK: wilk, milczeć or > łu after dentals: słup, długi, or oł after cz, ż, sz: mołwa, czółno, żółty, or eł after labials: chełm, chełpić się, wełna, pełny # *ŕ̥T > ‘ar: twardy, tarł, ziarno # voicing of coda stops and sibilants if the next word begins with a vowel or liquid # bilabial w > v, which can be f, f́ after voiceless consonant, tfůj, kf́at. This also affect f < chw # Mazuration # ḷ > ł > u̯ # depalatalization of word final palatal labials # phonemization of ḱ, ǵ from retaining them when they occursed before *y, ъ̥, e as well as denasalization of ę (kę/gę > ke/ge) # -ch > -k, or in Spisz > -f (only word finally), or in clusters: kfała, kćáł # Tendency for assimilation and simplification: ## velarization of n before k (phonemic?) ## -ść, -śń > -ś: zleś, gryź, pleś, maś (maść) ## weakening loss of -ł- at the end of an inlaut (śródgłos): gᵘ̭ova ## strz, zdrz, trz, drz > szcz, żdż, cz, dż ## rs, r-z > rz ## kk > k # Doubling of s, ś in bᵘ̯ossᵘ̯o, leśśe, viśśi, viessá, and sometimes ss śś > sc, ść bᵘ̯osco v leśće, viscá # Breaking of the groups ss, zz, źź, vv, v́v́, ff, f́f́ by placing a mobile e after the prepositions/prefixes z(-), v(-) # śrz, źrz > śr, źr or in the north > rś, rź # placement of stress on the penultimate syllable except in Podhale, which has initial stress # loss of intervocalic j and contraction # preference for jasne o: skolny (szkolny) # ir > er in serce, śmierć, piersi, otherwise > ér # In the north yl, ył, il, ił > el, eł, beł, beli, uN > oN, font, gront, lack of eN, oN > éN, óN # i > y after sz, ż, cz, dż, c, dz, rz (including Mazurized pronunciations of sibilants) except in Podhale, which still has i # Fronting, flattening, and narrowing of á before tautosyllabic j in the imperative: cekej (except in most subialects, which have -aj?, except dać?) # á > o tako trova # é > y after hard and soft consonants, except in the north where > y after hard, > i after soft, and in one region (34D in Dejna) > e at least after hard # Traces of e > o before tautosyllabic u̯ (ł), can be found in some Standard Polish words (kocioł, kozioł, osioł) # diphthongization/labialization of o > ᵘ̯o (not just initially) # sometimes fronting of ᵘ̯o > ᵘ̯oᵉ, u̯ë, ᵘ̯ë, which avoids raising of o, which could be confused with the reflex of pochylone ó # Loss of the alternation caused by ablaut of ‘o, , ’e, miotła, , mietle by analogy of nonablauted forms, wiesna (via wieśnie), niesę (via nieśli), also influenced by the change above # Old Polish ą̆ (in a short syllable) > e ide, wode, along with denasalization of the vowel into an assimilated nasal consonant before a consonant, and total loss before stops and sibilants: deby (dęby) gesi (gęsi). Regionally ą̆ is retained, or mergs with ǫ: zǫp zǫby # Old Polish ą̄ (in a long syllable) > ą̊ (and most commonly) > ǫ along with denasalization of the vowel: dåb, dop (dąb), or sometimes in final position -om # -iszcze > -isko # Spread of -asty, -isty # -‘ev- > -‘ov-, also after soft consonants # use of od(-) before vowels and semivowels (as opposed to ot(-)) # loss of r- in the prefix roz-: ᵘ̯ozlác # replacement of locative plural -’ech > -’och by analogy of -‘evi > -‘ovi etc., which was later replaced by -ach # Levelling of the nominative and accusative singular neuter endings -ē and -ĕ by spreading -e, pole # Replacement of the genitive singular masculine/neuter adjective endings -égo with -ego via tego, do niego # Tendency to replace some noun declension endings with adjective endings or vice-versa # Replacement of the neuter nominative/accusative numeral dwie with the masculine dwa # Prefixed iść type verbs with an inserted -ń- # Hardening of the first person singular and plural verb endings such as idemy, złapę by analogy of idę and archaic grzebę # Spread of hard labial in l-forms of melę/pelę via contamination of ḿel-, ṕel, and the l-forms mełł-, pełl- # spread of the first person plural verb ending -my (over -m) under influence of the pronoun my, or with -va, sometimes -ma via contamination of the two; in the souther -me via Slovak. # Creation and spread of the preterite ending -ek (or -k after a vowel) < -ech, contaminated with -(ś)ḿ as well as with the aorist form of the auxiliary verb bych in the south-wst: nosiłek, byłak; elsewhere -em (-m after a vowel), which can voice the stem: zaniuzem, zanius. This form could be a reduction of -chm(y) # Creation of the first person plural preteriate ending -chmy via contamination -(je)sm + (by)chom and under the influence of the pronoun my: nieślichmy. In some Lesser Poland subdialects, -sm > -śḿ under influence of -ś, -ście # Rise of masculine personal nouns, except in a large number of subdialects where the gender disappeared.References
Polish dialects Lesser Poland {{Slavic-lang-stub