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Laṣ (''dLa-aṣ''; also
romanized In linguistics, romanization is the conversion of text from a different writing system to the Roman (Latin) script, or a system for doing so. Methods of romanization include transliteration, for representing written text, and transcription, ...
as Laz) was a Mesopotamian goddess who was commonly regarded as the wife of
Nergal Nergal ( Sumerian: d''KIŠ.UNU'' or ; ; Aramaic: ܢܸܪܓܲܠ; ) was a Mesopotamian god worshiped through all periods of Mesopotamian history, from Early Dynastic to Neo-Babylonian times, with a few attestations indicating that his cult surv ...
, a god associated with war and the
underworld The underworld, also known as the netherworld or hell, is the supernatural world of the dead in various religious traditions and myths, located below the world of the living. Chthonic is the technical adjective for things of the underworld. ...
. Instances of both conflation and coexistence of her and another goddess this position was attributed to, Mammitum, are attested in a number sources. Her cult centers were Kutha in
Babylonia Babylonia (; , ) was an Ancient history, ancient Akkadian language, Akkadian-speaking state and cultural area based in the city of Babylon in central-southern Mesopotamia (present-day Iraq and parts of Kuwait, Syria and Iran). It emerged as a ...
and Tarbiṣu in
Assyria Assyria (Neo-Assyrian cuneiform: , ''māt Aššur'') was a major ancient Mesopotamian civilization that existed as a city-state from the 21st century BC to the 14th century BC and eventually expanded into an empire from the 14th century BC t ...
.


Name and character

The best attested spelling of the
theonym A theonym (from Greek (), 'god', attached to (), ) is a proper name of a deity. Theonymy, the study of divine proper names, is a branch of onomastics, the study of the etymology, history, and use of proper names. Theonymy helps develop an und ...
Laṣ in
cuneiform Cuneiform is a Logogram, logo-Syllabary, syllabic writing system that was used to write several languages of the Ancient Near East. The script was in active use from the early Bronze Age until the beginning of the Common Era. Cuneiform script ...
is ''dLa-aṣ'', and the single instance of ''dLa-a-aṣ'' known from a copy of the Mesopotamian Weidner god list from
Ugarit Ugarit (; , ''ủgrt'' /ʾUgarītu/) was an ancient port city in northern Syria about 10 kilometers north of modern Latakia. At its height it ruled an area roughly equivalent to the modern Latakia Governorate. It was discovered by accident in 19 ...
it is not sufficient evidence to support the conclusion that it was pronounced with a
long vowel In linguistics, vowel length is the perceived or actual duration of a vowel sound when pronounced. Vowels perceived as shorter are often called short vowels and those perceived as longer called long vowels. On one hand, many languages do not d ...
, as the additional sign might be a scribal mistake. Laz is a
romanization In linguistics, romanization is the conversion of text from a different writing system to the Latin script, Roman (Latin) script, or a system for doing so. Methods of romanization include transliteration, for representing written text, and tra ...
commonly used in modern publications, but according to Wilfred G. Lambert Laṣ is the most accurate option in the light of the name being spelled with a '' '' in an
Aramaic Aramaic (; ) is a Northwest Semitic language that originated in the ancient region of Syria and quickly spread to Mesopotamia, the southern Levant, Sinai, southeastern Anatolia, and Eastern Arabia, where it has been continually written a ...
inscription from one of the Sefire steles, KAI 222. It is assumed that the name originates in a
Semitic language The Semitic languages are a branch of the Afroasiatic language family. They include Arabic, Amharic, Tigrinya, Aramaic, Hebrew, Maltese, Modern South Arabian languages and numerous other ancient and modern languages. They are spoken by mo ...
, but a plausible etymology has yet to be proposed. Lambert proposed that Laṣ was a goddess of healing, as an explanatory version of the Weidner god list equates her with Bau, while other similar documents place her in the proximity of Gula, who were both regarded as deities of such character. An Old Babylonian text attests that Laṣ was believed to be capable of interceding with
Nergal Nergal ( Sumerian: d''KIŠ.UNU'' or ; ; Aramaic: ܢܸܪܓܲܠ; ) was a Mesopotamian god worshiped through all periods of Mesopotamian history, from Early Dynastic to Neo-Babylonian times, with a few attestations indicating that his cult surv ...
on behalf of human supplicants, a role commonly associated with wives of major gods. Similar function as a mediator between worshipers and a major deity is well attested in the cases of
Shamash Shamash (Akkadian language, Akkadian: ''šamaš''), also known as Utu (Sumerian language, Sumerian: dutu "Sun") was the List of Mesopotamian deities, ancient Mesopotamian Solar deity, sun god. He was believed to see everything that happened in t ...
's wife Aya, Adad's wife Shala, Ea's wife Damkina, Ishum's wife Ninmug, but also for Ninshubur, the
sukkal Sukkal (conventionally translated from Sumerian as "vizier") was a term which could denote both a type of official and a class of deities in ancient Mesopotamia. The historical sukkals were responsible for overseeing the execution of various com ...
(divine vizier) of
Inanna Inanna is the List of Mesopotamian deities, ancient Mesopotamian goddess of war, love, and fertility. She is also associated with political power, divine law, sensuality, and procreation. Originally worshipped in Sumer, she was known by the Akk ...
. A Neo-Assyrian text calls Laṣ the "mistress of Eridu," '' nin''-NUNki.


Associations with other deities

Laṣ was the wife of
Nergal Nergal ( Sumerian: d''KIŠ.UNU'' or ; ; Aramaic: ܢܸܪܓܲܠ; ) was a Mesopotamian god worshiped through all periods of Mesopotamian history, from Early Dynastic to Neo-Babylonian times, with a few attestations indicating that his cult surv ...
. In
Babylonia Babylonia (; , ) was an Ancient history, ancient Akkadian language, Akkadian-speaking state and cultural area based in the city of Babylon in central-southern Mesopotamia (present-day Iraq and parts of Kuwait, Syria and Iran). It emerged as a ...
, she became the goddess most commonly identified as such starting with the reign of Kurigalzu II, while in
Assyria Assyria (Neo-Assyrian cuneiform: , ''māt Aššur'') was a major ancient Mesopotamian civilization that existed as a city-state from the 21st century BC to the 14th century BC and eventually expanded into an empire from the 14th century BC t ...
an analogous phenomenon is attested from the reign of Tiglath-Pileser III onward. In the Old Babylonian period, Nergal's wife was usually Mammitum. The god list '' An = Anum'' equates them with each other. However, in the so-called "
Nippur Nippur (Sumerian language, Sumerian: ''Nibru'', often logogram, logographically recorded as , EN.LÍLKI, "Enlil City;"I. E. S. Edwards, C. J. Gadd, N. G. L. Hammond, ''The Cambridge Ancient History: Prolegomena & Prehistory'': Vol. 1, Part 1, Ca ...
god list" Laṣ occurs separately from Nergal, while Mammitum is listed alongside him. It is possible that through the second millennium BCE both Laṣ and Mammitum were worshiped in the Emeslam
temple A temple (from the Latin ) is a place of worship, a building used for spiritual rituals and activities such as prayer and sacrifice. By convention, the specially built places of worship of some religions are commonly called "temples" in Engli ...
in Kutha. In a description of a New Year ritual from
Babylon Babylon ( ) was an ancient city located on the lower Euphrates river in southern Mesopotamia, within modern-day Hillah, Iraq, about south of modern-day Baghdad. Babylon functioned as the main cultural and political centre of the Akkadian-s ...
during which the gods of
Kish Kish may refer to: Businesses and organisations * KISH, a radio station in Guam * Kish Air, an Iranian airline * Korean International School in Hanoi, Vietnam People * Kish (surname), including a list of people with the name * Kish, a former ...
( Zababa), Kutha (Nergal) and
Borsippa Borsippa (Sumerian language, Sumerian: BAD.SI.(A).AB.BAKI or Birs Nimrud, having been identified with Nimrod) is an archeological site in Babylon Governorate, Iraq, built on both sides of a lake about southwest of Babylon on the east bank of th ...
(
Nabu Nabu (, ) is the Babylonian patron god of literacy, scribes, wisdom, and the rational arts. He is associated with the classical planet Mercury in Babylonian astronomy. Etymology and meaning The Akkadian means 'announcer' or 'authorised pe ...
) and their entourages were believed to visit
Marduk Marduk (; cuneiform: Dingir, ᵈAMAR.UTU; Sumerian language, Sumerian: "calf of the sun; solar calf"; ) is a god from ancient Mesopotamia and patron deity of Babylon who eventually rose to prominence in the 1st millennium BC. In B ...
(at the time of the text's composition likely not yet a major god), both she and Mammitum appear side by side as two separate goddesses. It is possible Mammitum was originally associated with Erra rather than Nergal, and was only introduced to Kutha alongside him. A third goddess labeled as Nergal's wife in ''An = Anum'' is Admu ("earth"). She is otherwise only known from
theophoric name A theophoric name (from Greek: , ''theophoros'', literally "bearing or carrying a god") embeds the word equivalent of 'god' or a god's name in a person's name, reflecting something about the character of the person so named in relation to that d ...
s and a single offering list from Old Babylonian Mari. In an Ur III offering list from Puzrish-Dagan, Laṣ appears alongside Tadmuštum, a minor underworld goddess regarded as Nergal's daughter. In an inscription from a ''
kudurru A kudurru was a type of stone document used as a boundary stone and as a record of land grants to vassals by the Kassites and later dynasties in ancient Babylonia between the 16th and 7th centuries BC. The original kudurru would typically be stor ...
'' (boundary stone) of
Marduk-apla-iddina I Marduk-apla-iddina I, contemporarily written in cuneiform as and meaning in Akkadian language, Akkadian: "Marduk has given an heir", was the 34th Kassites, Kassite king of Babylon 1171–1159 BC (short chronology). He was the son and successor ...
(the "
land grant to Munnabittu kudurru The Land grant to Munnabittu kudurru is an elongated egg-shaped black limestone ancient Mesopotamian ''narû'' or entitlement stele (kudurru), 46.5 cm high and 20.5 cm wide, which details the reconfirmation of a gift of 30 GUR of land (a ...
") she is listed a member of a group of underworld deities alongside
Nergal Nergal ( Sumerian: d''KIŠ.UNU'' or ; ; Aramaic: ܢܸܪܓܲܠ; ) was a Mesopotamian god worshiped through all periods of Mesopotamian history, from Early Dynastic to Neo-Babylonian times, with a few attestations indicating that his cult surv ...
, Bēl-ṣarbi, the pair Lugal-irra and Meslamta-ea, Šubula and Mammitum. In the Weidner god list, the beer goddesses
Ninkasi Ninkasi was the Mesopotamian goddess of beer and brewing. It is possible that in the first millennium BC she was known under the variant name Kurunnītu, derived from a term referring to a type of high quality beer. She was associated with both ...
and Siraš occur between Nungal, the goddess of prisons, and Laṣ. It has been proposed that this possible association between beer and underworld deities was meant to serve as a reflection of negative effects of alcohol consumption. Laṣ also occurs in the same text for the second time in association with Simut, an
Elam Elam () was an ancient civilization centered in the far west and southwest of Iran, stretching from the lowlands of what is now Khuzestan and Ilam Province as well as a small part of modern-day southern Iraq. The modern name ''Elam'' stems fr ...
ite god who could be equated with Nergal. In a variant of known from a copy from
Ugarit Ugarit (; , ''ủgrt'' /ʾUgarītu/) was an ancient port city in northern Syria about 10 kilometers north of modern Latakia. At its height it ruled an area roughly equivalent to the modern Latakia Governorate. It was discovered by accident in 19 ...
, a deity named Raqadu appears instead of her, and according to should be identified as Simut's spouse.


Worship

While no attestations of Laṣ from the third millennium BCE were known to Wilfred G. Lambert at the time of publication of her entry in '' Reallexikon der Assyriologie und Vorderasiatischen Archäologie'', in more recent publications other authors point out she was already worshiped in the
Ur III period The Third Dynasty of Ur or Ur III was a Sumerian dynasty based in the city of Ur in the 22nd and 21st centuries BC (middle chronology). For a short period they were the preeminent power in Mesopotamia and their realm is sometimes referred to by ...
, as evidenced by lists of offerings to deities of Kutha. This city was located in
Babylonia Babylonia (; , ) was an Ancient history, ancient Akkadian language, Akkadian-speaking state and cultural area based in the city of Babylon in central-southern Mesopotamia (present-day Iraq and parts of Kuwait, Syria and Iran). It emerged as a ...
and served as a cult center of
Nergal Nergal ( Sumerian: d''KIŠ.UNU'' or ; ; Aramaic: ܢܸܪܓܲܠ; ) was a Mesopotamian god worshiped through all periods of Mesopotamian history, from Early Dynastic to Neo-Babylonian times, with a few attestations indicating that his cult surv ...
; Laṣ was worshiped in it in his
temple A temple (from the Latin ) is a place of worship, a building used for spiritual rituals and activities such as prayer and sacrifice. By convention, the specially built places of worship of some religions are commonly called "temples" in Engli ...
, known under the ceremonial name E-Meslam. She is also attested in
theophoric name A theophoric name (from Greek: , ''theophoros'', literally "bearing or carrying a god") embeds the word equivalent of 'god' or a god's name in a person's name, reflecting something about the character of the person so named in relation to that d ...
s from Lagaba, a small town located in northern Babylonia, possibly near Kutha. Based on a cylinder of Neriglissar, in the Neo-Babylonian period providing for E-Meslam was regarded as a royal duty, similarly as in the case of
Marduk Marduk (; cuneiform: Dingir, ᵈAMAR.UTU; Sumerian language, Sumerian: "calf of the sun; solar calf"; ) is a god from ancient Mesopotamia and patron deity of Babylon who eventually rose to prominence in the 1st millennium BC. In B ...
's and
Nabu Nabu (, ) is the Babylonian patron god of literacy, scribes, wisdom, and the rational arts. He is associated with the classical planet Mercury in Babylonian astronomy. Etymology and meaning The Akkadian means 'announcer' or 'authorised pe ...
's main temples (respectively E-Sagil in Babylon and E-Zida in Borsippa). However, administrative documents indicate that Nergal and Laṣ received fewer offerings than Marduk or Nabu and their respective spouses. Offerings of sheep, bulls and ''muttāqu'' (a type of cake) to the pair are attested. In
Assyria Assyria (Neo-Assyrian cuneiform: , ''māt Aššur'') was a major ancient Mesopotamian civilization that existed as a city-state from the 21st century BC to the 14th century BC and eventually expanded into an empire from the 14th century BC t ...
the main cult center of Laṣ and Nergal was Tarbiṣu. they are mentioned together in the treaty between Ashur-nirari V of Assyria and Mati'ilu of Arpad among gods meant to guarantee the document will be binding. A late reference to Laṣ might be present in a theophoric name identified in a Seleucid document from Kutha dated to the year 226 BCE, though the restoration of the theonym is uncertain.


Mythology

Laṣ appears in the myth ''Erra and Naram-Sin''. Wilfred G. Lambert argued that the eponymous god should be understood as Nergal, rather than Erra, due to being referred to as the god of Kutha. In literary texts both Erra and Nergal are names which can designate the latter. In this myth, the eponymous king builds a temple for Erra and his wife after the former approaches him to ask for help in a conflict between him and
Enlil Enlil, later known as Elil and Ellil, is an List of Mesopotamian deities, ancient Mesopotamian god associated with wind, air, earth, and storms. He is first attested as the chief deity of the Sumerian pantheon, but he was later worshipped by t ...
. In the end of the composition, Laṣ implores her husband to bless Naram-Sin.


References


Bibliography

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * {{refend Mesopotamian goddesses