lox

Liquid oxygen—abbreviated LOx, LOX or Lox in the aerospace, submarine and gas industries—is the liquid form of molecular oxygen. It was used as the oxidizer in the first liquid-fueled rocket invented in 1926 by Robert H. Goddard, an application which has continued to the present.

Physical properties

Liquid oxygen has a pale blue color and is strongly paramagnetic: it can be suspended between the poles of a powerful horseshoe magnet. Liquid oxygen has a density of , slightly denser than liquid water, and is cryogenic with a freezing point of and a boiling point of at . Liquid oxygen has an expansion ratio of 1:861 under and , and because of this, it is used in some commercial and military aircraft as a transportable source of breathing oxygen.

Because of its cryogenic nature, liquid oxygen can cause the materials it touches to become extremely brittle. Liquid oxygen is also a very powerful oxidizing agent: organic materials will burn rapidly and energetically in liquid oxygen. Further, if soaked in liquid oxygen, some materials such as coal briquettes, carbon black, etc., can detonate unpredictably from sources of ignition such as flames, sparks or impact from light blows. Petrochemicals, including asphalt, often exhibit this behavior.

The tetraoxygen molecule (O₄) was first predicted in 1924 by Gilbert N. Lewis, who proposed it to explain why liquid oxygen defied Curie's law. Modern computer simulations indicate that, although there are no stable O₄ molecules in liquid oxygen, O₂ molecules do tend to associate in pairs with antiparallel spins, forming transient O₄ units.

Liquid nitrogen has a lower boiling point at −196 °C (77 K) than oxygen's −183 °C (90 K), and vessels containing liquid nitrogen can condense oxygen from air: when most of the nitrogen has evaporated from such a vessel, there is a risk that liquid oxygen remaining can react violently with organic material. Conversely, liquid nitrogen or liquid air can be oxygen-enriched by letting it stand in open air; atmospheric oxygen dissolves in it, while nitrogen evaporates preferentially.

The surface tension of liquid oxygen at its normal pressure boiling point is 13.2 dyn/cm.

Uses

In commerce, liquid oxygen is classified as an industrial gas and is widely used for industrial and medical purposes. Liquid oxygen is obtained from the oxygen found naturally in air by fractional distillation in a cryogenic air separation plant.

Air forces have long recognized the strategic importance of liquid oxygen, both as an oxidizer and as a supply of gaseous oxygen for breathing in hospitals and high-altitude aircraft flights. In 1985, the USAF started a program of building its own oxygen-generation facilities at all major consumption bases.

In rocket propellant

Liquid oxygen is the most common cryogenic liquid oxidizer propellant for spacecraft rocket applications, usually in combination with liquid hydrogen, kerosene or methane.

Liquid oxygen was used in the first liquid fueled rocket. The World War II V-2 missile also used liquid oxygen under the name ''A-Stoff'' and ''Sauerstoff''. In the 1950s, during the Cold War both the United States' Redstone and Atlas rockets, and the Soviet R-7 Semyorka used liquid oxygen. Later, in the 1960s and 1970s, the ascent stages of the Apollo Saturn rockets, and the Space Shuttle main engines used liquid oxygen.

In 2020, many rockets used liquid oxygen:
* Chinese space program: Long March 5, and its derivations Long March 6, Long March 7
* Indian Space Research Organisation: GSLV
* JAXA (Japan): H-IIA and H3 (under development)
* Roscosmos (Russia): Soyuz-2 and Angara (under development)
* ESA ( EU): Ariane 5 and Ariane 6 (under development)
* Korea Aerospace Research Institute (South Korea): KSLV-1 and KSLV-II
* United States
** SpaceX: Falcon 9, Falcon Heavy and ''Starship'' (under development) (liquid oxygen chilled to , 10% denser than at boiling temperature)
** United Launch Alliance: Atlas V, Delta IV, Delta IV Heavy, Vulcan (under development)
** Northrop Grumman: Antares 230+
** Blue Origin: New Shepard and New Glenn (under development)
** Rocket Lab: Electron
** Firefly Aerospace: Firefly Alpha
** Virgin Orbit: LauncherOne

History

*By 1845, Michael Faraday had managed to liquefy most gases then known to exist. Six gases, however, resisted every attempt at liquefactionCryogenics
Scienceclarified.com. Retrieved on 2012-07-22. and were known at the time as "permanent gases". They were oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, carbon monoxide, methane, and nitric oxide.
*In 1877, Louis Paul Cailletet in France and Raoul Pictet in Switzerland succeeded in producing the first droplets of liquid air.
*In 1883, Polish professors Zygmunt Wróblewski and Karol Olszewski produced the first measurable quantity of liquid oxygen.

See also

* Oxygen storage
* Industrial gas
* Cryogenics
* Liquid hydrogen
* Liquid helium
* Liquid nitrogen
* List of Stoffs
* Natterer compressor
* Rocket fuel
* Solid oxygen
* Tetraoxygen

References

{{DEFAULTSORT:Liquid Oxygen
Rocket oxidizers
Cryogenics
Oxygen
Industrial gases
Liquids
1883 in science