Kāf

Kaph (also spelled kaf) is the eleventh letter of the Semitic abjads, including Phoenician ''kāp'' 𐤊, Hebrew ''kāp̄'' , Aramaic ''kāp'' 𐡊, Syriac ''kāp̄'' ܟ, and Arabic ''kāf'' (in abjadi order). It is also related to the Ancient North Arabian 𐪋‎, South Arabian , and Ge'ez .

The Phoenician letter gave rise to the Greek kappa (Κ), Latin K, and Cyrillic К.

Origin

Kaph is thought to be derived from a pictogram of a hand (in both modern Arabic and modern Hebrew, kaph means "palm" or "grip"), though in Arabic the ''a'' in the name of the letter (كاف) is pronounced longer than the ''a'' in the word meaning "palm" (كَف). The small ک above the ''kāf'' in its final and isolated forms was originally ''‘alāmatu-l-ihmāl'', but became a permanent part of the letter. Previously this sign could also appear above the medial form of ''kāf'', instead of the stroke on its ascender.
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Arabic kāf

The letter is named ''kāf'', and it is written in several ways depending on its position in the word.

There are four variants of the letter:
* The basic form is used for the Arabic language and many other languages and is the Naskh glyph form.

* The cross-barred form, or , is the Nastaliq form used predominantly in the Perso-Arabic script and as an alternative form of the version above in all forms of Arabic. It has a particular use in the Sindhi language of Pakistan where it represents the aspirated /kʰ/ and is called '' keheh''.

* The long s-shaped variant form, , which is used in Arabic texts and in Thuluth and Kufic. It is a separate letter in the Sindhi language of Pakistan, where it represents the unaspirated /k/.

* The variant of letter ''khe'' in Persian, and in Tausug with a line above named gaf is used, and it is thus written as:

Other than the four variants of the letter ''kāf'' as mentioned below, there are also five other variants of the Persian letter ''gaf'', namely,
* the letter ''khe'' with one dot above is used in the Jawi alphabet, and it is thus written as:

* the letter ''kāf'' with three dots below is used in the Pegon alphabet, using a modified basic form of ''kāf'', and it is thus written as:

* the letter ''kāf'' with one dot below is also used in the Pegon alphabet for writing Javanese and Sundanese in Arabic script, but is also used in the Arwi alphabet for the Tamil language to represent , and it is thus written as:

* the letter ''khe'' with a ring is used in Pashto, and it is thus written as:

* in Chechen, Kabardian, and Adyghe, the Arabic character is used to spell or . In Chechen, ⟨⟩ is alternatively used as well.

In Ottoman Turkish, Chagatai, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Azerbaijani, Uyghur, Moroccan Arabic, Xiao'erjing script, the Arabic letter ''ng'' has two forms, namely:
* the letter ''khe'' with three dots above is used, and thus it is written as:

* the basic form of the letter ''kāf'' with three dots is used, and thus it is written as:

There is also one another variant of the letter ''ng'', which is the letter ''khe'' with three dots below, and it is thus written as:

In the Sindhi alphabet, the letter '' gaf'' with two dots above is used, and it is thus written as:

There is also letter '' gueh'' in the Sindhi alphabet. ''Gueh'' is thus written as:

Before 1928, the Nogai alphabet was written in Arabic script. There is one such letter based on a basic form of ''kāf'' with three dots below, and it is thus written as:

In varieties of Arabic ''kāf'' is almost universally pronounced as the voiceless velar plosive , but in rural Palestinian and Iraqi, it is pronounced as a voiceless postalveolar affricate .

As an affix

Prefix

In Arabic, ''kāf'', when used as a prefix ', functions as a comparative preposition (, such as or ) and can carry the meaning of English words ''"like"'', ''"as"'', or ''"as though"'' . For example, (), means "like a bird" or "as though a bird" (as in Hebrew, above) and attached to "this, that" forms the fixed expression "like so, likewise."

Possessive suffix

When adjoined at the end of a word, ''kāf'' is used as a possessive suffix for second-person singular nouns (feminine taking ' , and masculine ' ); for instance, ' ("book") becomes ' ("your book", where the person spoken to is masculine) ' ("your book", where the person spoken to is feminine). At the ends of sentences and often in conversation the final vowel is suppressed, and thus ' ("your book"). In several varieties of vernacular Arabic, however, the ''kāf'' with no harakat is the standard second-person possessive, with the literary Arabic harakah shifted to the letter ''before'' the ''kāf'': thus masculine "your book" in these varieties is ' and feminine "your book" '.

Hebrew kaf

Hebrew spelling:

Hebrew pronunciation

The letter kaf is one of the six letters that can receive a dagesh kal. The other five are bet, gimel, daleth, pe, and tav (see Hebrew alphabet for more about these letters).

There are two orthographic variants of this letter that alter the pronunciation:

Kaf with the dagesh

When the kaph has a "dot" in its center, known as a dagesh, it represents a voiceless velar plosive (). There are various rules in Hebrew grammar that stipulate when and why a dagesh is used.

Kaf without the dagesh (khaf)

When this letter appears as ''without'' the dagesh ("dot") in its center it represents , like the ''ch'' in German "Bach", or , like ''ch'' in Scottish English "loch".

In modern Israeli Hebrew the letter heth is often pronounced the same way. However, Mizrahi Jews and Palestinian Arabs living in Israel have differentiated between these letters as in other Semitic languages.

Final form of kaf

If the letter is at the end of a word the symbol is drawn differently. However, it does not change the pronunciation or transliteration in any way. The name for the letter is ''final kaf'' (). Four additional Hebrew letters take final forms: mem, nun, pei and tsadi. Kaf/khaf is the only Hebrew letter that can take a vowel in its word-final form, which is pronounced after the consonant, that vowel being the qamatz.

Significance of kaph in Hebrew

In gematria, kaph represents the number 20. Its final form represents 500, but this is rarely used, tav and qoph (400+100) being used instead.

As a prefix, kaph is a preposition:
*It can mean "like" or "as", as in literary Arabic (see above).
*In colloquial Hebrew, kaph and shin together have the meaning of "when". This is a contraction of , ''ka'asher'' (when).

Syriac kap

Character encodings

See also

* Ca (Indic)
* Gaf
* Gueh
* Ka (Indic)
* Ngaph

References

{{Northwest Semitic abjad

Phoenician alphabet
Arabic letters
Hebrew letters
Letters with final form