Krishna In The Mahābhārata
   HOME

TheInfoList



OR:

The Hindu god
Krishna Krishna (; Sanskrit language, Sanskrit: कृष्ण, ) is a major deity in Hinduism. He is worshipped as the eighth avatar of Vishnu and also as the Supreme God (Hinduism), Supreme God in his own right. He is the god of protection, c ...
is a central figure in the ''
Mahabharata The ''Mahābhārata'' ( ; , , ) is one of the two major Sanskrit Indian epic poetry, epics of ancient India revered as Smriti texts in Hinduism, the other being the ''Ramayana, Rāmāyaṇa''. It narrates the events and aftermath of the Kuru ...
'', an ancient Indian epic, where he serves as a key participant in its narrative of war, duty, and societal transition. Identified as the human avatar of the god
Vishnu Vishnu (; , , ), also known as Narayana and Hari, is one of the Hindu deities, principal deities of Hinduism. He is the supreme being within Vaishnavism, one of the major traditions within contemporary Hinduism, and the god of preservation ( ...
, Krishna appears in multiple roles, including counselor, warrior, diplomat, and teacher, influencing the outcomes for the
Pandavas The Pandavas (Sanskrit: पाण्डव, aɳɖɐʋᵊ IAST: Pāṇḍava) is a group name referring to the five legendary brothers, Yudhishtira, Bhima, Arjuna, Nakula, and Sahadeva, who are central figures of the Hindu epic ''Mahabhara ...
and
Kauravas ''Kaurava'' is a Sanskrit term which refers to descendants of Kuru, a legendary king of India who is the ancestor of many of the characters of the epic ''Mahabharata''. Usually, the term is used for the 100 sons of King Dhritarashtra and his ...
, the epic’s rival factions. His involvement highlights themes of righteousness (''
dharma Dharma (; , ) is a key concept in various Indian religions. The term ''dharma'' does not have a single, clear Untranslatability, translation and conveys a multifaceted idea. Etymologically, it comes from the Sanskrit ''dhr-'', meaning ''to hold ...
'') and the shift from the
Dvapara Yuga ''Dvapara Yuga'' (International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration, IAST: ''Dvāpara-yuga'') (Devanagari: द्वापर युग), in Hinduism, is the third and third-best of the four ''yugas'' (world ages) in a ''Yuga Cycle'', preceded b ...
to the
Kali Yuga ''Kali Yuga'' (Devanagari: कलियुग), in Hinduism, is the fourth, shortest, and worst of the four '' yugas'' (world ages) in a '' Yuga cycle'', preceded by '' Dvapara Yuga'' and followed by the next cycle's '' Krita (Satya) Yuga''. I ...
, a period associated with moral decline in
Hindu cosmology Hindu cosmology is the description of the universe and its states of matter, cycles within time, physical structure, and effects on living entities according to Hindu texts. Hindu cosmology is also intertwined with the idea of a creator who allo ...
. Krishna, born to
Vrishni The Vrishnis (, ) were an ancient Indian clan who were believed to be the descendants of Vrishni. It is believed that Vrishni was the son of Satvata, a descendant of Yadu, the son of Yayati. He had two wives, Gandhari and Madri, not to be conf ...
fraction of the
Yadava The Yadava (), not to be confused with Yadav, were an ancient Indian people who believed to have descended from Yadu (legendary king), Yadu, a legendary king of Chandravamsha lineage. The community was formed of various clans, being the #T ...
clan, enters the epic with a background of notable deeds, such as the killing of
Kamsa Kamsa (, ) was the tyrant ruler of the Vrishni kingdom, with its capital at Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, Mathura. He is variously described in Hindu texts, Hindu literature as either a human or an asura; The Puranas describe him as an asura, while ...
and the founding of Dvaraka. As a cousin to the Pandavas through his aunt
Kunti Kunti (, un̪t̪iː ), also known as Pritha (, ">r̩t̪ʰaː/nowiki>, ), is a prominent female character in the ancient Hindu epic '' Mahabharata''. She is chiefly recognised as the mother of the central characters—the five Pandavas—h ...
, and a close associate of
Arjuna Arjuna (, , Help:IPA/Sanskrit, ɾd͡ʒun̪ə is one of the central characters of the ancient Hindu epic ''Mahabharata''. He is the third of the five Pandava brothers, and is widely regarded as the most important and renowned among them. ...
, Krishna engages with the epic’s characters on both personal and strategic levels, often using diplomacy or divine intervention to support ''dharma''. His absence during events like the dice game and his active participation in moments like
Bhishma Bhishma (), also known as Pitamaha, Gangaputra, and Devavrata, is a central figure in the Hindu epic Mahabharata. He was a statesman and military commander of the ancient Kuru Kingdom. Renowned for his wisdom, valor, and unwavering principles, ...
’s defeat illustrate a complex involvement in the narrative. The ''Mahabharata'' portrays Krishna as a figure whose actions span familial ties and cosmic responsibilities. His relationship with the Pandavas begins early and intensifies through the war, while his divine identity as Vishnu, recognized by figures like
Vyasa Vyasa (; , ) or Veda Vyasa (, ), also known as Krishna Dvaipayana Veda Vyasa (, ''Vedavyāsa''), is a ''rishi'' (sage) with a prominent role in most Hindu traditions. He is traditionally regarded as the author of the epic Mahabharata, Mah ...
and revealed to Arjuna, shapes his broader significance.


Epithets

According to scholar Vettam Mani, the following names and epithets are used for Kṛṣṇa in the ''Mahābhārata'': '


Background

Krishna’s background prior to the ''Mahabharata''’s main events is referenced in the epic and detailed in related texts, particularly the appendix '' Harivamsha'', establishing his identity and capabilities before his involvement with the
Pandavas The Pandavas (Sanskrit: पाण्डव, aɳɖɐʋᵊ IAST: Pāṇḍava) is a group name referring to the five legendary brothers, Yudhishtira, Bhima, Arjuna, Nakula, and Sahadeva, who are central figures of the Hindu epic ''Mahabhara ...
and
Kauravas ''Kaurava'' is a Sanskrit term which refers to descendants of Kuru, a legendary king of India who is the ancestor of many of the characters of the epic ''Mahabharata''. Usually, the term is used for the 100 sons of King Dhritarashtra and his ...
. He is born in
Mathura Mathura () is a city and the administrative headquarters of Mathura district in the states and union territories of India, Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. It is located south-east of Delhi; and about from the town of Vrindavan. In ancient ti ...
to
Devaki Devaki (Sanskrit: देवकी, International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration, IAST: ''Devakī'') is a character in Hindu texts, Hindu literature, most noted for being the mother of the god Krishna. She is one of the seven daughters of ...
and
Vasudeva Vasudeva (; Sanskrit: वसुदेव ), also called Anakadundubhi (''anakas'' and ''dundubhis'' both refer to ''drums'', after the musicians who played these instruments at the time of his birth), is the father of the Hindu deities Krishna ( ...
, members of the
Yadava The Yadava (), not to be confused with Yadav, were an ancient Indian people who believed to have descended from Yadu (legendary king), Yadu, a legendary king of Chandravamsha lineage. The community was formed of various clans, being the #T ...
clan, as their eighth child. A prophecy predicts that Devaki’s eighth son will kill
Kamsa Kamsa (, ) was the tyrant ruler of the Vrishni kingdom, with its capital at Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, Mathura. He is variously described in Hindu texts, Hindu literature as either a human or an asura; The Puranas describe him as an asura, while ...
, her brother and the usurping king of Mathura, leading Kamsa to imprison the couple and kill their first seven children at birth. Krishna’s birth occurs under divine circumstances:
Vishnu Vishnu (; , , ), also known as Narayana and Hari, is one of the Hindu deities, principal deities of Hinduism. He is the supreme being within Vaishnavism, one of the major traditions within contemporary Hinduism, and the god of preservation ( ...
takes form as Krishna, and Vasudeva, aided by supernatural means, carries the newborn across the
Yamuna The Yamuna (; ) is the second-largest tributary river of the Ganges by discharge and the longest tributary in India. Originating from the Yamunotri Glacier at a height of about on the southwestern slopes of Bandarpunch peaks of the Low ...
River to Gokula on the night of his birth, exchanging him with the daughter of
Nanda Nanda, including Nanda (南大), may refer to: Education * Nanchang University (南昌大学), a public university in Nanchang, Jiangxi, China * Nanhua University (南华大学), a public university in Hengyang, Hunan, China * Nanjing Universi ...
and
Yashoda Yashoda (, ) is the foster-mother of Krishna and the wife of Nanda. She is described in the Puranic texts of Hinduism as the wife of Nanda, the chieftain of Gokul, and the sister of Rohini. According to the Bhagavata Purana, Krishna was bo ...
, cowherds who raise Krishna. Krishna grows up in
Vrindavan Vrindavan (; ), also spelt Vrindaban and Brindaban, is a historical city in the Mathura district of Uttar Pradesh, India. It is located in the Braj, Braj Bhoomi region and holds religious importance for Hindus who believe that Krishna, one of ...
among the Gopas and Gopis, a pastoral community, where he performs a series of acts documented in the ''Mahabharata'' and elaborated in texts like the ''Harivamsa''. He defeats several demons and performs miracles like the lifting of Mount Govardhana. Later, Krishna returns to Mathura, confronts Kamsa in a public arena, and kills him, restoring
Ugrasena Ugrasena () is a character mentioned in the Hindu epic, Mahabharata. He is the King of Mathura, a kingdom that was established by the Vrishni tribes from the Yadavamsha clan. His son Kamsa was a cousin of Krishna's mother, Devaki. King Ugrase ...
, Kamsa’s father to the throne. Following this, Krishna relocates the Yadavas to Dvaraka, a fortified coastal city he establishes, where he rules alongside his wife
Rukmini Rukmini (, ) is a Devi, Hindu goddess and the first queen of Krishna. She is described as the chief of Krishna's wives in Dvārakā. Rukmini is revered as the avatar of Lakshmi and is venerated primarily in Warkari, and Haridasa tradition, and ...
and other consorts. This pre-epic history provides context for Krishna’s role in the ''Mahabharata''. His Yadava lineage connects him to the Pandavas, as
Kunti Kunti (, un̪t̪iː ), also known as Pritha (, ">r̩t̪ʰaː/nowiki>, ), is a prominent female character in the ancient Hindu epic '' Mahabharata''. She is chiefly recognised as the mother of the central characters—the five Pandavas—h ...
, their mother, is his father Vasudeva’s sister, making him their cousin. His reputation as the slayer of Kamsa and ruler of Dvaraka precedes his interactions with the epic’s characters, lending weight to his later counsel and actions. Additionally, his divine status as Vishnu, acknowledged by the sage
Vyasa Vyasa (; , ) or Veda Vyasa (, ), also known as Krishna Dvaipayana Veda Vyasa (, ''Vedavyāsa''), is a ''rishi'' (sage) with a prominent role in most Hindu traditions. He is traditionally regarded as the author of the epic Mahabharata, Mah ...
within the narrative and confirmed through revelations to Arjuna, informs his contributions to the ''Mahabharata''’s events. Beyond family ties, Arjuna and Krishna are also rebirth of divine pair Nara and Narayana respectively. These origins establish Krishna as a figure with both human ties and a divine mission, setting the stage for his extensive involvement in the epic’s conflicts and resolutions.


Introduction

Krishna’s involvement with the
Pandavas The Pandavas (Sanskrit: पाण्डव, aɳɖɐʋᵊ IAST: Pāṇḍava) is a group name referring to the five legendary brothers, Yudhishtira, Bhima, Arjuna, Nakula, and Sahadeva, who are central figures of the Hindu epic ''Mahabhara ...
, the five brothers central to the ''Mahabharata'', as well as his formal entry into the epic's narrative begins formally during the ''svayamvara'' (marriage selection ceremony) of
Draupadi Draupadi (), also referred to as Krishnā, Panchali and Yajnaseni, is the central heroine of the Indian epic poetry, ancient Indian epic ''Mahabharata''. In the epic, she is the princess of Panchala Kingdom, who later becomes the empress of K ...
, a key event narrated in the '' Adiparvan''. Krishna, accompanied by his brother
Balarama Balarama (, ) is a Hindu god, and the elder brother of Krishna. He is particularly significant in the Jagannath tradition, as one of the triad deities. He is also known as Haladhara, Halayudha, Baladeva, Balabhadra, and Sankarshana. The fir ...
, attends as a guest among various kings and princes gathered in the kingdom of
Panchala Panchala () was an ancient kingdom of northern India, located in the Ganges-Yamuna Doab of the Upper Gangetic plain which is identified as Kanyakubja or region around Kannauj. During Late Vedic times (c. 1100–500 BCE), it was one of the ...
. Unlike the other guests, the brothers don't participate in the tournament and instead witness the event as spectators. During the ceremony,
Arjuna Arjuna (, , Help:IPA/Sanskrit, ɾd͡ʒun̪ə is one of the central characters of the ancient Hindu epic ''Mahabharata''. He is the third of the five Pandava brothers, and is widely regarded as the most important and renowned among them. ...
, disguised as a
Brahmin Brahmin (; ) is a ''Varna (Hinduism), varna'' (theoretical social classes) within Hindu society. The other three varnas are the ''Kshatriya'' (rulers and warriors), ''Vaishya'' (traders, merchants, and farmers), and ''Shudra'' (labourers). Th ...
, successfully completes the archery challenge to win Draupadi’s hand by striking a target, an act Krishna observes and acknowledges. Krishna identifies Arjuna as one of the Pandavas and supports his claim to Draupadi, marking the start of a significant alliance between Krishna and the brothers. This connection is reinforced by Krishna’s familial tie to the Pandavas, as their mother
Kunti Kunti (, un̪t̪iː ), also known as Pritha (, ">r̩t̪ʰaː/nowiki>, ), is a prominent female character in the ancient Hindu epic '' Mahabharata''. She is chiefly recognised as the mother of the central characters—the five Pandavas—h ...
is the sister of Krishna’s father,
Vasudeva Vasudeva (; Sanskrit: वसुदेव ), also called Anakadundubhi (''anakas'' and ''dundubhis'' both refer to ''drums'', after the musicians who played these instruments at the time of his birth), is the father of the Hindu deities Krishna ( ...
, making him their cousin.


Early alliance with the Pandavas


Indraprastha and Rajasuya

Krishna is actively involved in several key events following Draupadi's Svayamvara. He stays with the Pandavas for a time after their marriage and plays a role in their acceptance of half the Kuru kingdom, leading them to Khandavaprastha and assisting, along with Vyasa, in transforming it into
Indraprastha Indraprastha (Sanskrit: इन्द्रप्रस्थ, n̪d̪ɾɐpɾɐst̪ʰə (lit. "Plain of Indra" or "City of Indra") is a city cited in ancient Indian literature as a constituent of the Kuru Kingdom. It was designated the capit ...
. Later, during Arjuna's visit to Dvaraka, Krsihna secures marriage between his sister,
Subhadra Subhadra (, ) is a character in the ancient Hindu epic ''Mahabharata''. She is a princess from the Yadava clan and the sister of Krishna and Balarama. Subhadra married Arjuna, one of the Pandava brothers and had a son named Abhimanyu. Sub ...
, and Arjuna and participates in the birth ceremonies of their son,
Abhimanyu Abhimanyu (, ) is a character in the ancient Hindu epic ''Mahābhārata''. He was a young and valiant warrior of the Kuru lineage, born to Arjuna—the third Pandava brother—and Subhadra—a Yadava princess. He was also one of the few indivi ...
. During his stay, Krishna witnesses the burning of the Khandava forest and requests the Asura
Maya Maya may refer to: Ethnic groups * Maya peoples, of southern Mexico and northern Central America ** Maya civilization, the historical civilization of the Maya peoples ** Mayan languages, the languages of the Maya peoples * Maya (East Africa), a p ...
to construct a magnificent hall for the Pandavas, a structure that later humiliates
Duryodhana Duryodhana (, Help:IPA/Sanskrit, ̪ʊɾjoːd̪ʱən̪ᵊ ), also known as Suyodhana, is the primary antagonist in the Hindu epic ''Mahabharata.'' He is the eldest of the Kaurava, Kauravas, the hundred sons of King Dhritarashtra and Queen Gan ...
, the eldest Kaurava, and fuels his envy. Krishna is also consulted by Yudhisthira regarding the
Rajasuya Rajasuya () is a śrauta ritual of the Vedic religion. It is ceremony that marks a consecration of a king. According to the Puranas, it refers to a great sacrifice performed by a Chakravarti – universal monarch, in which the tributary princes ...
sacrifice, which he supports. Before the ritual, he aids in eliminating King
Jarasandha Jarasandha () is a king featured in the Hindu Mythology. He is the powerful monarch of Magadha, and a minor antagonist in Mahabharata. He is the son of the king Brihadratha, the founder of the Barhadratha dynasty of Magadha. According to popu ...
, Yudhisthira’s main rival, and later prevents disruptions by killing
Shishupala Shishupala (, ; sometimes spelt Sisupala) was the king of the Chedi kingdom, and an antagonist in the Mahabharata. He was the son of King Damaghosha and Srutashrava, the sister of Kunti, as well as the cousin of Nanda (Hinduism), Nanda. He was s ...
. During the Rajasuya, Krishna was offered the first honors, leading to a confrontation. Figures like
Bhishma Bhishma (), also known as Pitamaha, Gangaputra, and Devavrata, is a central figure in the Hindu epic Mahabharata. He was a statesman and military commander of the ancient Kuru Kingdom. Renowned for his wisdom, valor, and unwavering principles, ...
defend Krishna, citing various ''gunas'' (qualities) he possesses. Shishupala insults Krishna repeatedly, and after enduring a set number of offenses—specified in the narrative as one hundred, based on a prior promise to Shishupala’s mother—Krishna uses his
Sudarshana Chakra The Sudarshana Chakra (, ) is a divine discus, attributed to Vishnu in the Hindu scriptures. The Sudarshana Chakra is generally portrayed on the right rear hand of the four hands of Vishnu, who also holds the Panchajanya (conch), the Kaumodak ...
, a discus-like weapon, to behead Shishupala. This act resolves the conflict, allowing the Rajasuya to proceed and Yudhishthira to be recognized as emperor.


Game of Dice

However, after the successful Rajasuya, Krishna returns home and is absent during the critical dice games that lead to the Pandavas’ downfall. Some scholars, such as Walter Ruben, interpret his absence as evidence that the original narrative may not have included Krishna. Duryodhana invites Yudhishthira to a gambling match orchestrated by
Shakuni Shakuni (, , ) is one of the antagonists of the Hindu epic ''Mahabharata''. He was the prince of the kingdom of Gandhara when introduced, later becoming its king after the death of his father, Subala. He was the brother of Gandhari (Mahabharata), ...
, Duryodhana’s uncle, who uses loaded dice to ensure victory. The Pandavas lose their wealth, kingdom, and eventually Draupadi, who is staked and summoned to the assembly. At the time, Krishna is engaged in a battle against the king Salva and thus not physically present, but a well-known tradition depicts Krishna appearing during the dice game when Draupadi, in distress over Dushasana’s attempt to disrobe her, calls on him for help. Though physically absent, Krishna miraculously provides an endless stream of cloth to protect her honor, a divine intervention that underscores his role as her protector. This episode appears in multiple versions of the text (see ''Critical Edition'' notes). However,
Franklin Edgerton Franklin Edgerton (July 24, 1885 – December 7, 1963) was an American linguistic scholar. He was Salisbury Professor of Sanskrit and Comparative Philology at Yale University (1926) and visiting professor at Benares Hindu University (1953– ...
’s research on the '' Sabhaparvan'' ''Critical Edition'' confirms that this account is an interpolation.


Forest visits

Krishna’s absence during the dice game is later addressed during his first visit to the Pandavas at the start of their exile in the forest, as described in the '' Vanaparvan''. By this point, the Pandavas have already received visits from Vidura and Maitreya, whose discourses provide moral lessons rather than advancing the epic’s main events. Krishna visits twice more, with the third visit being an interpolation. Unlike previous visitors, Krishna does not deliver moral tales; instead, his visit directly relates to the events of the ''Sabhaparvan'' and their aftermath. The primary purpose of this visit is to reaffirm his bond with the Pandavas after his absence during their humiliation. Through conversations with Yudhisthira, Arjuna, and Draupadi, Krishna reinforces his allegiance. He reassures Yudhisthira, promising future consecration and vengeance against their enemies. Arjuna, in turn, calms Krishna’s anger by recalling their divine identities as Nara and Narayana. The most significant exchange occurs between Krishna and Draupadi, with their relation established that of friendship (''sakha-sakhi''). Krishna and Draupadi’s exchange highlights their mythological identities. Draupadi acknowledges her husbands as Indra’s equals and Krishna as
Vishnu Vishnu (; , , ), also known as Narayana and Hari, is one of the Hindu deities, principal deities of Hinduism. He is the supreme being within Vaishnavism, one of the major traditions within contemporary Hinduism, and the god of preservation ( ...
, the sacrificer and the sacrifice itself. She questions how, despite her divine associations, she could suffer such humiliation. Krishna responds by assuring her that the wives of her enemies will also grieve as their husbands fall in battle. He vows to restore her status, declaring that she will be the queen of kings and that his word is unbreakable. Symbolically, Draupadi, as '' Śrī'' (Prosperity), embodies royal fortune and is also considered the consort of Vishnu. A later interpolation reinterprets Draupadi as the incarnation of Indra's wife,
Shachi Indrani (Sanskrit: इन्द्राणी, IAST: ''Indrāṇī''), also known as Shachi (Sanskrit: शची, IAST: ''Śacī''), is the queen of the devas in Hinduism. Described as tantalisingly beautiful, proud and kind, she is the daug ...
, allowing ''Śrī'' to be associated instead with Krishna’s wife,
Rukmini Rukmini (, ) is a Devi, Hindu goddess and the first queen of Krishna. She is described as the chief of Krishna's wives in Dvārakā. Rukmini is revered as the avatar of Lakshmi and is venerated primarily in Warkari, and Haridasa tradition, and ...
. In his second visit, Krishna is accompanied by his third wife,
Satyabhama Satyabhama (IAST'': Satyabhāmā)'' , also known as Satrajiti, is a Hindu goddess and the third queen consort of the Hindu god Krishna. Satyabhama is described as an incarnation of Bhumi, an aspect of Lakshmi. She is the goddess and the per ...
, while in the third interpolated one, he saves the Pandavas from the fury of the sage
Durvasa In Hindu scriptures, Durvasa (, ), also known as Durvasas (), is a legendary rishi (sage). He is the son of Anasuya and Atri. According to some Puranas, Durvasa is a partial avatar of Shiva, known for his short temper. Wherever he goes, he is ...
.


Diplomacy and peace mission

As the Pandavas complete their thirteen-year exile and demand their kingdom, Krishna emerges as a diplomat to avert the looming war. After the Pandavas successfully complete their year of concealment at King Virata’s court, Krishna brings Subhadra and Abhimanyu to join them and attends Abhimanyu’s wedding to
Uttara Uttara, which means "north" in Sanskrit and many other South Asian languages, may refer to: Places *Uttara (town), Uttara, a neighbourhood north of Dhaka, Bangladesh *Uttara Export Processing Zone, Bangladesh *Uttara East Thana *Uttara West Thana ...
. This visit extends into the '' Udyogaparvan'', the book of war preparations. At
Upaplavya Upaplavya was a city in the Matsya Kingdom ruled by king Virata as per the epic Mahabharata. It was the city where the Pandavas camped and planned their strategy for the Kurukshetra War. The allies of the Pandavas held extensive meetings in the ...
, Krishna advises the Pandavas to demand that Duryodhana honor the dice game’s terms and return Yudhisthira’s half of the kingdom. Before departing for Dvaraka, Krishna emphasizes his supposed neutrality, stating that he wishes well for both sides while they remain occupied with each other. However, he also warns that if
Duryodhana Duryodhana (, Help:IPA/Sanskrit, ̪ʊɾjoːd̪ʱən̪ᵊ ), also known as Suyodhana, is the primary antagonist in the Hindu epic ''Mahabharata.'' He is the eldest of the Kaurava, Kauravas, the hundred sons of King Dhritarashtra and Queen Gan ...
refuses, the Pandavas should summon him and other allies. Aware that Duryodhana will also seek support, the Pandavas move quickly. Both sides send envoys to Krishna—Duryodhana for the Kauravas and Arjuna for the Pandavas. They arrive while Krishna is asleep: Duryodhana sits near his head, while Arjuna stands humbly at his feet. Upon waking, Krishna sees Arjuna first. Duryodhana claims priority for arriving first, citing a principle that favors early requests. Krishna acknowledges this but counters that Arjuna, being younger, has the first choice. Krishna then offers a decision: either a massive force of his ''
Narayana Narayana (, ) is one of the forms and epithets of Vishnu. In this form, the deity is depicted in yogic slumber under the celestial waters, symbolising the masculine principle and associated with his role of creation. He is also known as Pu ...
'' troops or Krishna himself, unarmed and not fighting. Arjuna immediately chooses Krishna, while Duryodhana, delighted, takes the army. After Duryodhana departs, Krishna agrees to be Arjuna’s charioteer, marking a pivotal moment in the war’s buildup. Krishna is the last of three envoys seeking peace between the
Kauravas ''Kaurava'' is a Sanskrit term which refers to descendants of Kuru, a legendary king of India who is the ancestor of many of the characters of the epic ''Mahabharata''. Usually, the term is used for the 100 sons of King Dhritarashtra and his ...
and
Pandavas The Pandavas (Sanskrit: पाण्डव, aɳɖɐʋᵊ IAST: Pāṇḍava) is a group name referring to the five legendary brothers, Yudhishtira, Bhima, Arjuna, Nakula, and Sahadeva, who are central figures of the Hindu epic ''Mahabhara ...
, though he expects war. As he tells Yudhisthira ('' Udyogaparvan)'', his mission is to demonstrate Yudhisthira’s virtue and expose Duryodhana’s transgressions, persuading both the assembled kings and the broader public. While advocating for peace, he intends to observe the enemy’s stance, all the while anticipating conflict. Setting out after a morning ritual, Krishna travels with
Satyaki Yuyudhana (, ), better known as Satyaki (, ), was a powerful Yadava chieftain of Narayani Sena, belonging to the Vrishni clan to which Krishna also belonged. According to the Puranas, he was the grandson of Shini of the Vrishni clan, and son of ...
and a contingent of warriors. His journey is marked by auspicious signs wherever he goes, while calamities occur elsewhere. Hospitality plays a key role in this episode. Krishna first stops at Vrikasthala, one of the five towns Yudhisthira demands from Duryodhana to resolve conflict. Duryodhana prepares elaborate pavilions to receive him, but Krishna, avoiding entrapment, does not even glance at them. Upon reaching
Hastinapura Hastinapur is a city in the Meerut district in the Indian States and territories of India, state of Uttar Pradesh. ''Hastinapura'' is described as the capital of the Kuru Kingdom in Hindu texts such as the ''Mahabharata'' and the Puranas; it is ...
,
Dhritarashtra Dhritarashtra () was a ruler of the ancient Kuru kingdom, featured as a central character in the Hindu epic ''Mahabharata''. He is also attested in the ''Yajurveda'', where he is acknowledged as the son of King Vichitravirya. According to th ...
arranges a grand reception and offers him Duhsasana’s mansion, the finest in the city. Krishna instead stays with Vidura. Later, he visits Duryodhana’s palace but refuses his lavish hospitality, declining gifts and feasts, reaffirming his independence. Krishna’s repeated rejections of wealth and luxury parallel other mythological figures resisting temptation. In the Kaurava court, Krishna addresses an assembly that includes key figures and the ''Mahabharata'' records Krishna’s speech as an attempt to balance diplomacy with a clear delineation of the stakes involved. Duryodhana rejects Krishna’s proposal and, with his allies, devises a plan to capture Krishna during the negotiations. Satyaki, a Yadava warrior loyal to Krishna, alerts him to the scheme. In response, Krishna reveals his '' vishvarupa'', a cosmic form described as encompassing all aspects of creation and destruction, visible to the assembly. Figures like
Bhishma Bhishma (), also known as Pitamaha, Gangaputra, and Devavrata, is a central figure in the Hindu epic Mahabharata. He was a statesman and military commander of the ancient Kuru Kingdom. Renowned for his wisdom, valor, and unwavering principles, ...
and other sages present recognize Krishna’s divine nature and offer reverence, while Duryodhana remains defiant, refusing to alter his stance. The peace mission’s failure marks a turning point, shifting Krishna’s role from mediator to active supporter of the Pandavas in the ensuing war. Following this event, Krishna attempts to persuade the warrior
Karna Karna (Sanskrit: कर्ण, IAST: ''Karṇa''), also known as Vasusena, Anga-Raja, Sutaputra and Radheya, is one of the major characters in the Hindu epic ''Mahābhārata''. He is the son of Surya (the Sun deity) and princess Kunti (later ...
to abandon Duryodhana and join the Pandavas, revealing his true Kshatriya lineage as Kunti’s son and offering him kingship, but Karna refuses, choosing loyalty to Duryodhana over personal gain. Krishna returns to the Pandavas, preparing them for the Kurukshetra war, which becomes inevitable due to the Kauravas’ intransigence.


Kurukshetra War

The eighteen-day
Kurukshetra war The Kurukshetra War (), also called the Mahabharata War, is a war described in the Hindu Indian epic poetry, epic poem ''Mahabharata'', arising from a dynastic struggle between two groups of cousins, the Kauravas and the Pandavas, for the thr ...
marks Krishna’s most active role in the ''Mahabharata'', where he becomes Arjuna's charioteer as a non-combatant. During the Kurukshetra War, Krishna played multiple roles as a strategist, protector, guide, and diplomat, ensuring the Pandavas' victory. His most significant contribution was delivering the ''
Bhagavad Gita The Bhagavad Gita (; ), often referred to as the Gita (), is a Hindu texts, Hindu scripture, dated to the second or first century BCE, which forms part of the Hindu epic, epic poem Mahabharata. The Gita is a synthesis of various strands of Ind ...
'' when Arjuna hesitated to fight, explaining the principles of ''dharma'', selfless action, and devotion. At the war’s commencement, he blew his conch, ''
Panchajanya Panchajanya (, ) is the '' shankha'' (conch) of the Hindu preserver deity Vishnu, one of his four primary attributes. The Panchajanya symbolises the five elements, and is considered to produce the primeval sound of creation when blown. Literat ...
'', signaling the start of battle.


''Bhagavad Gita''

Before the battle, Krishna delivers the ''Bhagavad Gita'' to Arjuna, who falters at the sight of his kin—Bhishma, Drona, and others—on the opposing side. In this 700-verse discourse, Krishna expounds on ''dharma'', urging Arjuna to fight as a duty without attachment, revealing himself as Vishnu and displaying the '' vishvarupa''—a vision of infinite forms affirming his cosmic role. This teaching resolves Arjuna’s crisis.


Krishna as strategist

During the war, Krishna’s strategies are integral in ensuring the Pandavas' victory, but these raise complex ethical questions, particularly regarding the balance between
dharma Dharma (; , ) is a key concept in various Indian religions. The term ''dharma'' does not have a single, clear Untranslatability, translation and conveys a multifaceted idea. Etymologically, it comes from the Sanskrit ''dhr-'', meaning ''to hold ...
(righteousness) and political necessity. While Krishna is often depicted as the upholder of moral order, his actions in the epic frequently involve strategic deception, manipulation, and direct involvement in actions that could be considered violations of conventional dharma. Throughout the war, Krishna facilitates the deaths of key Kaurava warriors, often through means that contradict traditional warrior ethics (Kshatriya dharma), that the epic calls as "sins". At one point, after lack-lustre performance from
Arjuna Arjuna (, , Help:IPA/Sanskrit, ɾd͡ʒun̪ə is one of the central characters of the ancient Hindu epic ''Mahabharata''. He is the third of the five Pandava brothers, and is widely regarded as the most important and renowned among them. ...
, Krishna attempts to kill
Bhishma Bhishma (), also known as Pitamaha, Gangaputra, and Devavrata, is a central figure in the Hindu epic Mahabharata. He was a statesman and military commander of the ancient Kuru Kingdom. Renowned for his wisdom, valor, and unwavering principles, ...
with his ''Chakra'', breaking his vow to remain a non combatant, but Bhishma surrenders while Arjuna prevents (''Bhishma Parva'', Ch. 65). However, Krishna later ensures that Arjuna's victory against Bhishma. On the tenth day, he positions
Shikhandi Shikhandi () is a character in the Hindu epic Mahabharata. Born as the daughter of Drupada, the King of Panchala, Shikhandi becomes male after agreeing to a sex exchange with a yaksha. He is the brother of Draupadi, the female protagonist of th ...
—born female and thus immune to Bhishma’s vow—before Bhishma, enabling Arjuna to fell him with arrows (''Bhishma Parva'', Ch. 106). On the thirteenth day, his absence from the field indirectly leads to Abhimanyu’s death in the '' chakravyuha'', a loss that fuels Arjuna’s resolve. Krishna also orchestrates
Jayadratha Jayadratha () is the king of the Sindhu kingdom featured in the ''Mahabharata''. He was married to Dushala, the only sister of the hundred Kaurava brothers. The son of the king Vriddhakshatra, he is killed by Arjuna. He has a son named Surath ...
’s death by creating an illusion of sunset, deceiving both friend and foe. (''Drona Parva'', Ch. 146). Additionally, he ensures that
Ghatotkacha Ghatotkacha (, ; ) is a character in the ancient Indian epic ''Mahabharata''. His name comes from the fact that he was bald (''utkacha'') and shaped like a ghatam, or a pot. He is the son of the Pandava Bhima and the demoness Hidimbi. As th ...
engages
Karna Karna (Sanskrit: कर्ण, IAST: ''Karṇa''), also known as Vasusena, Anga-Raja, Sutaputra and Radheya, is one of the major characters in the Hindu epic ''Mahābhārata''. He is the son of Surya (the Sun deity) and princess Kunti (later ...
in battle at midnight, preventing a duel between Arjuna and Karna, that would have led to former's defeat (''Drona Parva'', Ch. 173). Krishna’s controversial tactics include deceiving
Drona Droṇa (, ), also referred to as Dronacharya (, ), is a major character of the Hindu epic Mahabharata. In the epic, he serves as the royal preceptor of the Kauravas and the Pandavas. He is one of the primary counsellors and warriors featured ...
with the ambiguous “
Ashvatthama Ashvatthama (, , also spelt as Ashwatthama and Ashvatthaman) is a character in the ancient Hindu epic ''Mahabharata''. He is the son of Drona, the royal preceptor to the Kuru princes—the Pandavas and the Kauravas. Ashvatthama is a close com ...
is dead” announcement, leading to Drona’s beheading by
Dhristadyumna Dhrishtadyumna () is a pivotal character in the ancient Hindu epic ''Mahabharata''. He is the son of Drupada—the king of the Panchala kingdom—and the brother of Draupadi—the wife of the five Pandavas. Dhrishtadyumna is born from a ''yajn ...
, and urging Arjuna to strike Karna while his chariot is stuck, justifying it as necessary for justice. (''Karna Parva'', Ch. 60, 90). Krishna also prompts
Yudhishthira Yudhishthira (Sanskrit: युधिष्ठिर, ud̪ʱiʂʈʰiɾᵊ IAST: ''Yudhiṣṭhira''), also known as Dharmaputra, is the eldest among the five Pandavas, and is also one of the central characters of the ancient Indian epic ''Ma ...
to kill Shalya after Karna’s death (''Shalya Parva'', Ch. 7). In the final confrontation, Krishna instructs
Bhima Bhima (, ), also known as Bhimasena (, ), is a hero and one of the most prominent characters in the Hindu epic ''Mahabharata''. As the second of the five Pandava brothers, Bhima was born to Kunti—the wife of King Pandu—fathered by Vayu, the ...
to strike
Duryodhana Duryodhana (, Help:IPA/Sanskrit, ̪ʊɾjoːd̪ʱən̪ᵊ ), also known as Suyodhana, is the primary antagonist in the Hindu epic ''Mahabharata.'' He is the eldest of the Kaurava, Kauravas, the hundred sons of King Dhritarashtra and Queen Gan ...
’s thighs, violating the conventional rules of combat but ensuring victory (''Shalya Parva'', Ch. 58). In each case, his actions prioritize the ultimate victory of dharma over rigid adherence to ethical codes. Krishna’s role aligns with the broader theme of sovereignty in the ''Mahabharata'', wherein rulers and their advisors must navigate moral ambiguities to secure order and justice. His actions parallel those of
Indra Indra (; ) is the Hindu god of weather, considered the king of the Deva (Hinduism), Devas and Svarga in Hinduism. He is associated with the sky, lightning, weather, thunder, storms, rains, river flows, and war.  volumes Indra is the m ...
, the archetypal sovereign in
Vedic mythology The historical Vedic religion, also called Vedism or Brahmanism, and sometimes ancient Hinduism or Vedic Hinduism, constituted the religious ideas and practices prevalent amongst some of the Indo-Aryan peoples of the northwest Indian subcontin ...
, who also engages in morally complex deeds to preserve cosmic balance. The epic presents Krishna’s strategic choices as necessary for the establishment of righteous rule.


Krishna as protector

Krishna repeatedly shields
Arjuna Arjuna (, , Help:IPA/Sanskrit, ɾd͡ʒun̪ə is one of the central characters of the ancient Hindu epic ''Mahabharata''. He is the third of the five Pandava brothers, and is widely regarded as the most important and renowned among them. ...
and the
Pandavas The Pandavas (Sanskrit: पाण्डव, aɳɖɐʋᵊ IAST: Pāṇḍava) is a group name referring to the five legendary brothers, Yudhishtira, Bhima, Arjuna, Nakula, and Sahadeva, who are central figures of the Hindu epic ''Mahabhara ...
from danger. When
Bhagadatta Bhagadatta () is a character in the ancient Indian epic, the ''Mahabharata''. was the son of Naraka, the king of Pragjyotisha in Hindu mythology. Bhagadatta was born from a limb of the asura called Bashkala. He was a renowned warrior, and was kn ...
fires the powerful '' Vaishnavastra'' at Arjuna, Krishna absorbs it himself (''Drona Parva'', Ch. 29, V. 13). During Arjuna’s battle with Karna, he presses down the chariot to deflect Karna’s '' Nagastra'', which would have killed Arjuna (''Karna Parva'', Ch. 90). He withdraws Arjuna from a direct confrontation with Karna under the pretext of aiding the injured
Yudhishthira Yudhishthira (Sanskrit: युधिष्ठिर, ud̪ʱiʂʈʰiɾᵊ IAST: ''Yudhiṣṭhira''), also known as Dharmaputra, is the eldest among the five Pandavas, and is also one of the central characters of the ancient Indian epic ''Ma ...
(''Karna Parva'', Ch. 64). He also tends to the horses on the battlefield (''Drona Parva'', Ch. 100). Beyond physical protection, Krishna provides emotional support. He consoles Arjuna after Abhimanyu’s death and comforts
Subhadra Subhadra (, ) is a character in the ancient Hindu epic ''Mahabharata''. She is a princess from the Yadava clan and the sister of Krishna and Balarama. Subhadra married Arjuna, one of the Pandava brothers and had a son named Abhimanyu. Sub ...
,
Draupadi Draupadi (), also referred to as Krishnā, Panchali and Yajnaseni, is the central heroine of the Indian epic poetry, ancient Indian epic ''Mahabharata''. In the epic, she is the princess of Panchala Kingdom, who later becomes the empress of K ...
, and
Uttara Uttara, which means "north" in Sanskrit and many other South Asian languages, may refer to: Places *Uttara (town), Uttara, a neighbourhood north of Dhaka, Bangladesh *Uttara Export Processing Zone, Bangladesh *Uttara East Thana *Uttara West Thana ...
in their grief (''Drona Parva'', Ch. 72-78). When Ghatotkacha is killed, he reassures Yudhishthira (''Drona Parva'', Ch. 153). He prevents a major conflict between Yudhishthira and Arjuna when Arjuna, in a moment of rage, nearly attacks his elder brother; Krishna calms them by narrating the story of Vyādha and Kauśika (''Karna Parva'', Ch. 70).


Aftermath

Following the conclusion of the Kurukshetra war, Krishna remains actively involved in the ''Mahabharata''’s narrative, assisting the Pandavas in reestablishing their authority and addressing the war’s consequences. A significant postwar event involves
Ashvatthama Ashvatthama (, , also spelt as Ashwatthama and Ashvatthaman) is a character in the ancient Hindu epic ''Mahabharata''. He is the son of Drona, the royal preceptor to the Kuru princes—the Pandavas and the Kauravas. Ashvatthama is a close com ...
, Drona’s son, who seeks revenge for his father’s death, and kills remaining Pandava forces except for the Pandavas, Krishna,
Satyaki Yuyudhana (, ), better known as Satyaki (, ), was a powerful Yadava chieftain of Narayani Sena, belonging to the Vrishni clan to which Krishna also belonged. According to the Puranas, he was the grandson of Shini of the Vrishni clan, and son of ...
and
Yuyutsu Yuyutsu () is a character in the ancient Hindu epic ''Mahabharata''. He is the son of King Dhritarashtra of the Kuru dynasty, born to a Vaishya-class concubine who serves as a maid to Dhritarashtra's queen, Gandhari. This makes Yuyutsu the p ...
. Ashvattama shoots Uttara's womb with Brahmashira to end Pandavas' lineage; for this act Krishna punishes and curses him. After the win, Krishna accompanies the Pandavas to Hastinapura, the Kuru capital, where they encounter
Dhritarashtra Dhritarashtra () was a ruler of the ancient Kuru kingdom, featured as a central character in the Hindu epic ''Mahabharata''. He is also attested in the ''Yajurveda'', where he is acknowledged as the son of King Vichitravirya. According to th ...
and Gandhari, the grieving parents of the fallen Kauravas. Gandhari, mourning the loss of her hundred sons, holds Krishna responsible for not preventing the war despite his capabilities and issues a curse, predicting that the
Yadava The Yadava (), not to be confused with Yadav, were an ancient Indian people who believed to have descended from Yadu (legendary king), Yadu, a legendary king of Chandravamsha lineage. The community was formed of various clans, being the #T ...
clan will perish in a fratricidal conflict thirty-six years later, mirroring the Kuru family’s fate. Krishna accepts the curse without resistance, stating it aligns with a predetermined cosmic order. This interaction is recorded in the ''Mahabharata''’s '' Stri Parva''. Additionally, Krishna ensured the proper transfer of knowledge by instructing Bhishma to teach Yudhishthira about ''dharma'' (''
Shanti Parva The Shanti Parva (; IAST: ''Śānti parva)'' ("Book of Peace") is the twelfth of the eighteen ''parvas'' (books) of the Indian epic ''Mahabharata''. It traditionally has three parts and 365 chapters.Ganguli, K.M. (1883–1896)Shanti Parva in ''The ...
'') and consoled goddess
Ganga The Ganges ( ; in India: Ganga, ; in Bangladesh: Padma, ). "The Ganges Basin, known in India as the Ganga and in Bangladesh as the Padma, is an international which goes through India, Bangladesh, Nepal and China." is a trans-boundary riv ...
over Bhishma’s death. Krishna then supports Yudhishthira’s ascension as king of Kuru, overseeing the performance of the Ashvamedha sacrifice, a Vedic ritual involving a horse’s territorial journey to affirm sovereignty. He provides counsel on the sacrifice’s execution, ensuring Arjuna protects the horse as it traverses various kingdoms, subduing any opposition. He also reiterated the teachings of the ''Gita'' in a discussion with sages and
Kashyapa Kashyapa (, ) is a revered Vedic sage of Hinduism., Quote: "Kasyapa (Rudra),(Vedic Seer)..." He is one of the Saptarishis, the seven ancient sages of the ''Rigveda''. Kashyapa is the most ancient and venerated rishi, along with the other Sa ...
(''
Ashramavasika Parva The Ashramvasika Parva () ("Book of the Hermitage") is the fifteenth of the eighteen ''parvas'' (books) of the Indian epic ''Mahabharata''. It traditionally has 3 parts and 39 chapters.Ganguli, K.M. (1883-1896)Asramavasika Parva in ''The Mahabhara ...
''). The climax of Krishna’s involvement in the Pandava-Kuru conflict is his revival of
Parikshit Parīkṣit (, ) was a Kuru king who reigned during the Middle Vedic period (12th–9th centuries BCE). Along with his son and successor, Janamejaya, he played a decisive role in the consolidation of the Kuru state, the arrangement of Vedic ...
, Abhimanyu’s son. While Uttara is giving birth, the royal women of Kuru dynasty approaches Krishna. If the child remains stillborn, the Kuru lineage ends. However, Krishna, having vowed to restore him, is reminded of this promise by his sister, Subhadra, the child’s grandmother. She invokes Krishna’s virtues—''
dharma Dharma (; , ) is a key concept in various Indian religions. The term ''dharma'' does not have a single, clear Untranslatability, translation and conveys a multifaceted idea. Etymologically, it comes from the Sanskrit ''dhr-'', meaning ''to hold ...
'' (righteousness), ''
satya (Sanskrit: ; IAST: ) is a Sanskrit word that can be translated as "truth" or "essence.“ In Indian religions, it refers to a kind of virtue found across them. This virtue most commonly refers to being truthful in one's thoughts, speech and act ...
'' (truthfulness), and ''satyavikrama'' (true valor)—and urges him to uphold his word in accordance with cosmic order (''
ṛta In the Historical Vedic religion, Vedic religion, ''Ṛta'' (International Phonetic Alphabet, /ɹ̩t̪ɐ/; Sanskrit ' "order, rhythm, rule; truth; logos") is the principle of natural order which regulates and coordinates the operation of the un ...
''). Krishna fulfills this promise through a miraculous act. First, he withdraws the weapon afflicting the child, then proclaims to the universe that he does not speak falsely. His words revive the baby. This episode emphasizes Krishna’s dual nature—his warrior prowess (''kṣatriya'' qualities) and his commitment to truth. He recalls his undefeated record in battle, his unwavering friendship with Arjuna, and his righteous conquests of Kamsa and Keshin. Simultaneously, he affirms his dedication to ''dharma'', ''satya'', and his respect for Brahmins. His ''act of truth'' operates on this dual level: his battlefield valor is validated through his truthfulness.


The Destruction of the Yadavas

Krishna’s role in the ''Mahabharata'' extends to the destruction of the Yadava clan, occurring thirty-six years after the Kurukshetra war. The ''
Mausala Parva The Mausala Parva ("Episode of Flails") is the sixteenth of the eighteen ''parvas'' (books) of the Indian epic ''Mahabharata''. It traditionally has nine chapters.Ganguli, K.M. (1883-1896)Mausala Parva in ''The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana V ...
'' describes how the Yadavas, including Krishna’s kin, gather at Prabhasa, a coastal pilgrimage site, where ominous signs—such as a meteor shower and the disappearance of Krishna’s
Sudarshana Chakra The Sudarshana Chakra (, ) is a divine discus, attributed to Vishnu in the Hindu scriptures. The Sudarshana Chakra is generally portrayed on the right rear hand of the four hands of Vishnu, who also holds the Panchajanya (conch), the Kaumodak ...
—signal impending doom. During the gathering, a dispute arises among the Yadavas, fueled by intoxication and a mocking reference to the war, escalating into violence. Krishna attempts to quell the fighting but is unable to prevent the Yadavas—including warriors like
Satyaki Yuyudhana (, ), better known as Satyaki (, ), was a powerful Yadava chieftain of Narayani Sena, belonging to the Vrishni clan to which Krishna also belonged. According to the Puranas, he was the grandson of Shini of the Vrishni clan, and son of ...
and
Kritavarma Kritavarma (, ) is a warrior from the Yaduvamsha in Hindu mythology. He appears as a minor character in the Mahabharata, fighting in the Kurukshetra war for the Kauravas. According to F.E. Pargiter, he was the son of Hṛidika, born in the Andh ...
—from killing each other with the clubs. As the violence spreads, Krishna joins the fray to defend his immediate family, striking down aggressors, but the majority of the Yadavas perish in the melee. After the massacre, Krishna and his brother
Balarama Balarama (, ) is a Hindu god, and the elder brother of Krishna. He is particularly significant in the Jagannath tradition, as one of the triad deities. He is also known as Haladhara, Halayudha, Baladeva, Balabhadra, and Sankarshana. The fir ...
are among the few survivors; Balarama then withdraws to a nearby spot, enters a meditative state, and departs life, his spirit manifesting as the serpent
Shesha Shesha (), also known by his epithets Sheshanaga () and Adishesha (), is a serpentine demigod ( naga) and king of the serpents ( Nagaraja), as well as a primordial being of creation in Hinduism. In the Puranas, Shesha is said to hold all the ...
. Krishna, left alone, observes the Yadavas’ annihilation, which the ''Mahabharata'' attributes to both the sages’ curse to his son Samba and Gandhari’s prophecy, marking the decline of the
Dvapara Yuga ''Dvapara Yuga'' (International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration, IAST: ''Dvāpara-yuga'') (Devanagari: द्वापर युग), in Hinduism, is the third and third-best of the four ''yugas'' (world ages) in a ''Yuga Cycle'', preceded b ...
. Krishna retires to a forest near Prabhasa and sits beneath a pipal tree in a meditative posture, with his foot resting on his knee. A hunter named Jara, mistaking Krishna’s foot for the ear of a deer, shoots an arrow tipped with iron from the ''eraka'' grass that had earlier killed the Yadavas. The arrow strikes Krishna’s heel, identified in the narrative as his sole vulnerable point, and he succumbs to the wound. Krishna blesses Jara, absolving him of guilt, and his spirit ascends to Vaikuntha, Vishnu’s celestial abode, marking the completion of his avataric role.
Arjuna Arjuna (, , Help:IPA/Sanskrit, ɾd͡ʒun̪ə is one of the central characters of the ancient Hindu epic ''Mahabharata''. He is the third of the five Pandava brothers, and is widely regarded as the most important and renowned among them. ...
, upon learning of Krishna’s death and the Yadavas’ fate, travels to Prabhasa to perform the funeral rites for Krishna and Balarama, cremating their bodies. He escorts the surviving Yadava women to Hastinapura, but the sea soon engulfs Dvaraka, submerging Krishna’s city as foretold by earlier omens . Krishna’s death prompts the Pandavas to renounce their kingdom; they undertake a final journey, during which Yudhishthira ascends to heaven and sees Krishna in his divine form among the gods.


Notes


References


Works cited

* * * {{DEFAULTSORT:Krishna In The Mahabharata Krishna Characters in the Mahabharata