In
stereochemistry
Stereochemistry, a subdiscipline of chemistry, studies the spatial arrangement of atoms that form the structure of molecules and their manipulation. The study of stereochemistry focuses on the relationships between stereoisomers, which are defined ...
, the Klyne–Prelog system (named for
William Klyne and
Vladimir Prelog) for describing
conformations about a
single bond offers a more systematic means to unambiguously name complex structures, where the torsional or
dihedral angles are not found to occur in 60° increments. Klyne notation views the placement of the
substituent
In organic chemistry, a substituent is one or a group of atoms that replaces (one or more) atoms, thereby becoming a moiety in the resultant (new) molecule.
The suffix ''-yl'' is used when naming organic compounds that contain a single bond r ...
on the front atom as being in regions of space called anti/syn and clinal/periplanar relative to a reference group on the rear atom. A plus (+) or minus (−) sign is placed at the front to indicate the sign of the dihedral angle. Anti or syn indicates the substituents are on opposite sides or the same side, respectively. Clinal substituents are found within 30° of either side of a dihedral angle of 60° (from 30° to 90°), 120° (90°–150°), 240° (210°–270°), or 300° (270°–330°). Periplanar substituents are found within 30° of either 0° (330°–30°) or 180° (150°–210°). Juxtaposing the designations produces the following terms for the conformers of
butane
Butane () is an alkane with the formula C4H10. Butane exists as two isomers, ''n''-butane with connectivity and iso-butane with the formula . Both isomers are highly flammable, colorless, easily liquefied gases that quickly vaporize at ro ...
(see
Alkane stereochemistry for an explanation of conformation nomenclature):
gauche butane is ''syn-clinal'' (''+sc'' or ''−sc'', depending on the
enantiomer
In chemistry, an enantiomer (Help:IPA/English, /ɪˈnænti.əmər, ɛ-, -oʊ-/ Help:Pronunciation respelling key, ''ih-NAN-tee-ə-mər''), also known as an optical isomer, antipode, or optical antipode, is one of a pair of molecular entities whi ...
),
anti butane is ''anti-periplanar'', and
eclipsed butane is ''syn-periplanar''.
[For textbook discussions of the Klyne–Prelog system, see:
* Anslyn, Eric V. and Dougherty, Dennis A. ''Modern Physical Organic Chemistry''. (2005).
* Carroll, Felix. ''Perspectives on Structure and Mechanism in Organic Chemistry''. (2e, 2010).]
References
Stereochemistry
Chemical nomenclature
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