Juan Nepomuceno Almonte Ramírez (May 15, 1803 – March 21, 1869) was a Mexican soldier, commander, minister of war, congressman, diplomat, and presidential candidate. He was the natural son of

José María Morelos José María Teclo Morelos Pérez y Pavón () (30 September 1765 – 22 December 1815) was a Mexican Catholic priest, statesman and military leader who led the Mexican War of Independence movement, assuming its leadership after the execution of ...

, a leading commander during the

Mexican War of Independence The Mexican War of Independence ( es, Guerra de Independencia de México, links=no, 16 September 1810 – 27 September 1821) was an armed conflict and political process resulting in Mexico's independence from Spain. It was not a single, co ...

. Almonte was also present at the

Battle of the Alamo The Battle of the Alamo (February 23 – March 6, 1836) was a pivotal event in the Texas Revolution. Following a 13-day siege, Mexican troops under President General Antonio López de Santa Anna reclaimed the Alamo Mission near San An ...

during the Texas Revolution. He would serve as Minister of War during multiple administrations and would also serve in various diplomatic posts in the United States and in Europe. In 1840 he led government forces in an attempt to rescue president Anastasio Bustamante after the president was taken hostage by rebels in the National Palace. Almonte was minister to the United States in the years leading up to the

Mexican American War Mexican may refer to: Mexico and its culture *Being related to, from, or connected to the country of Mexico, in North America ** People *** Mexicans, inhabitants of the country Mexico and their descendants *** Mexica, ancient indigenous people ...

, and lobbied against interference in Texas which was considered a rebellious Mexican province. Almonte would go on to collaborate with the French during the

Second French Intervention in Mexico The Second French Intervention in Mexico ( es, Segunda intervención francesa en México), also known as the Second Franco-Mexican War (1861–1867), was an invasion of Mexico, launched in late 1862 by the Second French Empire, which hoped to ...

in establishing the

Second Mexican Empire The Second Mexican Empire (), officially the Mexican Empire (), was a constitutional monarchy established in Mexico by Mexican monarchists in conjunction with the Second French Empire. The period is sometimes referred to as the Second French ...

, and Almonte was serving as a diplomat in France when the Empire fell in 1867. He would die two years later in 1869.

Early life

Almonte was born in the town of Nocupétaro in the state of

Michoacán Michoacán, formally Michoacán de Ocampo (; Purépecha: ), officially the Free and Sovereign State of Michoacán de Ocampo ( es, Estado Libre y Soberano de Michoacán de Ocampo), is one of the 32 states which comprise the Federal Entities of ...

. He was the son of

, a Roman Catholic priest who led the insurgents in the

from 1811 to 1815, and Brígida Almonte.Todish ''et al.'' (1998), p. 113. His mother, Brígida Almonte, was said to be of pure

Amerindian The Indigenous peoples of the Americas are the inhabitants of the Americas before the arrival of the European settlers in the 15th century, and the ethnic groups who now identify themselves with those peoples. Many Indigenous peoples of the A ...

ancestry. In 1815 Morelos sent Almonte to

New Orleans, Louisiana New Orleans ( , ,New Orleans

Mexican Inquisition following his capture that he had sent his son there to learn the doctrines of "heretical maxims of Protestantism," to which Morelos responded he sent his son there because of his concern about his son's safety in Mexico. While in New Orleans, Almonte worked as a clerk for hardware merchant Puech & Bein. His time in the United States was cut short when his father was executed on December 22, 1815 in the village of

San Cristóbal Ecatepec Ecatepec (), officially Ecatepec de Morelos, is a municipality in the central Mexican state of Mexico, and is situated in the north part of the greater Mexico City urban area. The municipal seat is San Cristóbal Ecatepec. The city of Ecatepec i ...

. Between 1822 and 1824, Almonte was on the staff of insurgent rebel leader José Félix Trespalacios in Texas and then was sent as a part of the Mexican delegation to London. Almonte assisted Ambassador José Mariano Michelena in negotiating a commercial and amity treaty with England. This was Mexico's first treaty as a new nation. During the Mexican War of Independence, Almonte had been a noted partisan of

Vicente Guerrero Vicente Ramón Guerrero (; baptized August 10, 1782 – February 14, 1831) was one of the leading revolutionary generals of the Mexican War of Independence. He fought against Spain for independence in the early 19th century, and later served as ...

which would later cause him to go into hiding in 1830 after the liberal Guerrero, who had reached the presidency in 1828, was overthrown, and the conservative government of Anastasio Bustamante began persecuting his followers. During the presidency of Bustamante, Almonte was also associated with the liberals Isidro Rafael Gondra, Anastasio Zerecero, and José María Alpuche. He edited the progressive newspaper ''Atleta'' (The Athlete), which was forced to shutdown due to government fines. Almonte married María Dolores Quesada on March 1, 1840 in Mexico City and they had a daughter named María de Guadalupe Anastacia Aleja Brígida Saturnina.

Texas Revolution

In 1834 Vice President

Valentín Gómez Farías Valentín Gómez Farías (; 14 February 1781 – 5 July 1858) was a Mexican physician and liberal politician who became president of Mexico twice, first in 1833, during the period of the First Mexican Republic, and again in 1846, during the ...

appointed Almonte and Col. José María Díaz Noriega to make an inspection tour of Texas and write a status report on what they witnessed. In late January 1836 Almonte was appointed aide-de-camp to

Antonio López de Santa Anna Antonio de Padua María Severino López de Santa Anna y Pérez de Lebrón (; 21 February 1794 – 21 June 1876),Callcott, Wilfred H., "Santa Anna, Antonio Lopez De,''Handbook of Texas Online'' Retrieved 18 April 2017. usually known as Santa Ann ...

and accompanied him to Texas in an attempt to quell the rebellion there. Santa Anna led his army directly for San Antonio de Bexar, where a small group of Texians was garrisoned at the former Alamo Mission. As the Mexican army occupied the city, Texian co-commander James Bowie sent Green B. Jameson to speak with Santa Anna. Instead, Jameson met with Almonte. According to Almonte, the Texians asked for an honorable surrender but were informed that any surrender must be unconditional.Todish ''et al.'' (1998), pp. 40–41. In his March 6 journal entry after the battle, Mexican Almonte listed the Texian casualty toll as 250, with the survivors being five women, one Mexican soldier and one slave. Almonte did not record the names of either the defenders or the survivors, and his count was based solely on who was there during the final assault. Almonte is said to have had the role in saving

Susannah Dickinson Susanna Wilkerson Dickinson (1813 – October 7, 1883) and her infant daughter, Angelina, were among the few American survivors of 1836 Battle of the Alamo during the Texas Revolution. Her husband, Almaron Dickinson, and 185 other Texian defe ...

. According to some interviews she gave, a Mexican officer intervened to spare her and her daughter's life. This officer was presumed to be either an English mercenary named Black, or Almonte. Then, she said she was taken before Santa Anna, who was talked out of imprisoning her by Almonte. On April 21, 1836, Almonte, at the head of part of the Guerrero battalion, surrendered to Texian Thomas J. Rusk at the

Battle of San Jacinto The Battle of San Jacinto ( es, Batalla de San Jacinto), fought on April 21, 1836, in present-day La Porte and Pasadena, Texas, was the final and decisive battle of the Texas Revolution. Led by General Samuel Houston, the Texan Army engage ...

. Almonte led the last organized resistance of the panicked army. On the following day Santa Anna also was taken prisoner. Almonte stayed with Santa Anna during his imprisonment acting as interpreter and negotiator. Almonte accompanied Santa Anna during his incarceration on

Galveston Island Galveston Island ( ) is a barrier island on the Texas Gulf Coast in the United States, about southeast of Houston. The entire island, with the exception of Jamaica Beach, is within the city limits of the City of Galveston in Galveston County. T ...

. Then they were taken up the Brazos river to the Phelps plantation, about 30 miles from Velasco, and kept there during the summer and autumn of 1836. While staying there the rumors spread that there were plans to rescue the prisoners. When an escape plot was later discovered, Almonte and Santa Anna were each forced to wear a heavy ball and chain for 52 and 53 days respectively. Finally, through the efforts of Stephen F. Austin and

Sam Houston Samuel Houston (, ; March 2, 1793 – July 26, 1863) was an American general and statesman who played an important role in the Texas Revolution. He served as the first and third president of the Republic of Texas and was one of the first two i ...

, Almonte, accompanied by Texas Vice-President Lorenzo de Zavala and Bailey Hardeman was sent along with Santa Anna to Washington, D.C., where they had several meetings with U.S. President

Andrew Jackson Andrew Jackson (March 15, 1767 – June 8, 1845) was an American lawyer, planter, general, and statesman who served as the seventh president of the United States from 1829 to 1837. Before being elected to the presidency, he gained fame a ...

. After eight days in Washington, they left the U.S. on January 31, 1837. The party returned to Mexico in February. By then, Santa Anna had been replaced as President of Mexico and went into retirement. Almonte, though, continued his diplomatic and military career and eventually rose to the rank of major general. He published a book on geography in late 1837.

Minister of War

By 1839, Almonte’s in spite of having been a notable progressive was now serving as Minister of War under a conservative government during the Centralist Republic of Mexico. He nonetheless was still a noted partisan of Mexican self determination. He presented an initiative to congress petitioning them to declare as traitors those Mexicans seeking foreign intervention in Mexico, and initiative which was ratified into law. During the Federalist Revolt of 1840, during which Anastasio Bustamante who was once again president, was taken hostage by rebels in the National Palace, and week long combat ensued in the middle of Mexico City, Almonte commanded the loyalist troops to aid the man who had once been his enemy, and his efforts were ultimately successful in taking back the National Palace. In the aftermath of the fighting which had devastated the capital, the statesman and writer

Jose Maria Gutierrez Estrada Jose is the English transliteration of the Hebrew and Aramaic name ''Yose'', which is etymologically linked to ''Yosef'' or Joseph. The name was popular during the Mishnaic and Talmudic periods. *Jose ben Abin *Jose ben Akabya * Jose the Galil ...

wrote an essay, arguing that after two decades of civil war, the republic had failed, that the instability was making the country voulnerable to predations by the United States, and that Mexico should now invite a European prince to found a Mexican monarchy that could bring stable government to the nation. Ironically, in light of his later role, Almonte found himself as one of the leading figures who denounced the essay, characterizing it as scandalous, offensive to the nation, and anti-constitutional. Almonte ordered as many copies as could be found of the essay to be confiscated. As Minister of War he also addressed a message to the military characterizing Estrada’s opinions as delirium and treason. President Bustamante would be overthrown by a coup in 1841, and while Bustamante went on a failed campaign to put down the rebels, finance minister

Francisco Javier Echeverría Francisco Javier Echeverría (c. 2 July 1797 – 17 September 1852) was a Mexican businessman and finance minister who served as interim president of Mexico for about two weeks in late September 1841, during the fall of Anastasio Bustamante� ...

would be made interim president only for him to go into hiding as the rebels advanced, during which Almonte, as Minister of War, was the remaining visible, and de facto head of government in Mexico City. Still retaining the liberal belief in federalism, Almonte put forth his support for the restoration of the federal system, as opposed to the conservative dictatorship advocated by the rebels

Mariano Paredes Mariano Paredes may refer to: * Mariano Paredes (President of Mexico) (1797–1849), conservative Mexican general and president * Mariano Paredes (President of Guatemala) (1800–1856), 4th President of Guatemala * Mariano Paredes (artist) Mari ...

and Santa Anna, but the effort was futile, and the triumphant rebels would put into effect the conservative and centralist

Bases of Tacubaya Bases may refer to: *Bases (fashion), a military style of dress adopted by the chivalry of the 16th century, sixteenth century *Business Association of Stanford Entrepreneurial Students (BASES) *the plural form of base (disambiguation) *the plural ...

Mexican American War

Almonte stayed within the government and in that same year in 1841 he was made minister to the United States where he lobbied against intervention in Texas and attempted to maintain cordial relations between Mexico and the United States. As relations between the two republics deteriorated, Almonte resigned his diplomatic post, and when the United States Senate voted to annex Texas, Almonte asked for his passport. Biographer Rivera Cambas has written that it was this development which finally convinced Almonte that United States expansion must be opposed even at the cost of courting European intervention. Almonte was a candidate for the presidency in 1845, but ultimately lost to José Joaquín de Herrera, who accommodated himself to Texan Independence in order to attempt to preserve it as a buffer state, an attitude which led to his overthrow by military hardliners led by

in January, 1846. The American invasion of Mexico began in April of that year. Almonte was once again made Minister of War, and he counseled President Paredes to seek foreign allies to give Mexico a fighting chance against the United States. President Paredes had made Almonte minister to France in March, but while he was headed to Europe, Almonte encountered Santa Anna in Cuba, who was now plotting to return to Mexico in the midst of an anti-Paredes coup which had come about after months of Mexican military failures. Paredes was successfully overthrown and Almonte was made Minister of War in the new government, during which he organized the national guard, purchased arms, planned manuevers for the troops in the north, and advocated for American conditions and proposals to be ignored.

The Reform War

After the war ended, Almonte would launch himself as a presidential candidate in 1848 and 1852, and he was elected to congress in 1849. He would also figure prominently in the opposition to the presidencies' of Jose Joaquin Herrera and

Mariano Arista José Mariano Arista (26 July 1802 – 7 August 1855) was a Mexican soldier and politician. He was in command of the Mexican forces at the opening battles of the Mexican American War: the Battle of Palo Alto and the Battle of Resaca de la ...

. Almonte played no government role in Santa Anna’s final dictatorship of 1852-1853, but after Santa Anna was overthrown by a progressive coalition in 1853, Almonte was made Minister to Great Britain by President

Ignacio Comonfort Ignacio Gregorio Comonfort de los Ríos (; 12 March 1812 – 13 November 1863), known as Ignacio Comonfort, was a Mexican politician and soldier who was also president during one of the most eventful periods in 19th century Mexican history: La R ...

, during which he began to lobby for the foreign intevention he had now begun to believe in. Comonfort was overthrown by conservatives in 1858, triggering the

Reform War The Reform War, or War of Reform ( es, Guerra de Reforma), also known as the Three Years' War ( es, Guerra de los Tres Años), was a civil war in Mexico lasting from January 11, 1858 to January 11, 1861, fought between liberals and conservativ ...

, and Almonte remained with the new government, being transferred to Paris as Minister to France. On September, 27, 1859, he arranged and signed the Mon-Almonte Treaty with Spain which arranged certain indemnities to be paid to Spain for previous damages to its citizens on Mexican territory. The War of Reform would end in 1860 in a triumph for the liberals.

French Intervention

The French intervention in Mexico, initially supported by the United Kingdom and Spain, was a consequence of Mexican President Benito Juárez's imposition of a two-year moratorium of loan-interest payments from July 1861 to French, British, and Spanish creditors. In October 31st, of that year Almonte with other

Mexican monarchists Monarchism in Mexico is the political ideology that defends the establishment, restoration, and preservation of a monarchical form of government in Mexico. It was especially a recurring factor in the first few decades of the nation's independence. ...

, signed the London Convention formalizing plans for intervention in Mexico. In response, the government of

Benito Juarez Benito may refer to: Places * Benito, Kentucky, United States * Benito, Manitoba, Canada * Benito River, a river in Equatorial Guinea Other uses * Benito (name) * ''Benito'' (1993), an Italian film See also * '' Benito Cereno'', a novella by ...

stripped Almonte of his military honors, and Almonte was expelled from various Mexican academic societies. French troops landed in December, 1861, and began military operations on April, 1862. Britain and Spain would leave after French intentions of overthrowing the Mexican government became clear. The French released a manifesto, proclaiming France to be a liberal country, with the benevolent intentions of setting up a more just government. Almonte published a manifesto supporting the French and urging his fellow Mexicans to join them in establishing a government fit for the Mexican nation. They were eventually joined by conservative Mexican generals who had never been entirely defeated in the War of Reform. On May 2nd the French army and the Mexican troops under Antonio Taboada reached Amozoc, and on the 4th pitched their camp within the sight of

Puebla Puebla ( en, colony, settlement), officially Free and Sovereign State of Puebla ( es, Estado Libre y Soberano de Puebla), is one of the 32 states which comprise the Federal Entities of Mexico. It is divided into 217 municipalities and its cap ...

. Almonte advised Lorencez to attack an orchard of the convento del Carmen opposite the fortified heights of Guadalupe and Loreto, which was not done. He had also previously advised Lorencez to simply bypass Puebla and march on to the capital. Lorencez would proceed to attempt and take the fortified hills overlooking Puebla only to be repulsed. After

Charles de Lorencez Charles Ferdinand Latrille, Comte de Lorencez (23 May 1814 –16 July 1892) was a French Army general under Napoleon III during the 19th century. He was a relative of the Charlotte of Belgium, Empress Carlota of Mexico, who was the only daughte ...

's small expeditionary force was repulsed at the Battle of Puebla, reinforcements were sent and placed under the command of Élie Forey. The capital was taken by June, 1863 and the French now sought to establish a friendly Mexican government. Forey appointed a committee of thirty five Mexicans, the ''Junta Superior'' who then elected three Mexican citizens to serve as the government's executive which included Almonte. In turn this triumvirate then selected two hundred fifteen Mexican citizens to form together with the ''Junta Superior'', an ''Assembly of Notables''. The Assembly met on July, 1863 and resolved to invite Ferdinand Maximilian to be Emperor of Mexico. The executive triumvirate was formally changed into the Regency of the Mexican Empire. An official delegation left Mexico and arrived in Europe on October. Maximilian formally accepted the crown on 10 April 1864, and set sail for Mexico, arriving in

Veracruz Veracruz (), formally Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave (), officially the Free and Sovereign State of Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave ( es, Estado Libre y Soberano de Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave), is one of the 31 states which, along with Me ...

on 28 May and reaching the capital on 12 June. Franco-Mexican troops struggled to pacify the entire country, and the challenge was increased once the United States Civil War ended, and the American government began giving aid to the liberals and placing diplomatic pressure on France to leave the continent. France began to withdraw troops in 1866. Almonte during this time was in France holding a diplomatic role. He would die in Paris in 1869, two years after the fall of the Empire.

Honours

The town of Almonte, Ontario was named for General Almonte when Canada as well as Mexico were concerned with United States expansionism. The town of Almont, Michigan is also named after him.St. Clair County Rootsweb page on old town names
/ref>

Footnotes

References

* Campos-Farfán, César, Juan N. Almonte: ''Insurgente, liberal y conservador'' (2001), Morelia, Casa Natal de Morelos:2 * *

External links

* Rea
Don Juan N. Almonte's entry
i
The Biographical Encyclopedia of Texas
hosted by th
Portal to Texas History
{{DEFAULTSORT:Almonte, Juan Nepomuceno Conservatism in Mexico Mexican diplomats Mexican military personnel of the Mexican–American War Mexican monarchists Mexican soldiers 1803 births 1869 deaths 19th-century Mexican people Military personnel from Michoacán People of Mexican side in the Texas Revolution Regents 19th-century Mexican military personnel Exiled Mexican politicians