Indonesian slang language

Indonesian slang vernacular (, ), or Jakarta colloquial speech () is a term that subsumes various urban vernacular and non-standard styles of expression used throughout Indonesia that are not necessarily mutually intelligible. Regional slang from the capital of Jakarta, based on Betawi language, is however heavily exposed and promoted in national media, and considered the ''de facto'' Indonesian slang. Despite its direct origins, Indonesian slang often differs quite significantly in both vocabulary and grammatical structure from the most standard form of Indonesia's national language. These expressions are neither standardized nor taught in any formal establishments, but rather function in daily discourse, usually in informal settings. Several dictionaries of ''bahasa gaul'' has been published. Indonesian speakers regularly mix several regional slangs in their conversations regardless of origin, but depending on the audience and the familiarity level with the listeners.

History

It is exactly unclear when the slang was first appeared in conversation. However, the earliest documented use of the slang started during the Dutch colonial era in Indonesia around the 1860s and 1870s. Its native name, ''bahasa gaul'' (the 'social language'), was a term coined in the late 1990s where ''bahasa'' means 'language' and ''gaul'' means 'social', 'cool' or 'trendy'. Similarly, the term ''bahasa prokem'' (a more outdated name for Indonesian slang) created in the early 1970s means 'the language of gangsters'. ''Prokem'' is a slang form of the word '' préman'' 'gangster' and was derived from the Dutch word ''vrijman'', which literally means 'freeman'.http://repository.tufs.ac.jp/bitstream/10108/84123/2/nusa5802.pdf

Indonesian slang is predominantly used in everyday conversation, social milieus, among popular media and, to a certain extent, in teen publications or pop culture magazines. For those living in more urbanized regions of Indonesia, Indonesian slang language often functions as the primary language medium for communication in daily life. While it would be unusual to communicate orally with people on a casual basis with very formal Indonesian, the use of proper or 'good and correct' Indonesian (''bahasa Indonesia yang baik dan benar'') is abundant in the media, government bodies, schools, universities, workplaces, amongst some members of the Indonesian upper-class or nobility and also in many other more formal situations.

Indonesian slang has evolved rapidly. This is, in part, due to its vocabulary that is often so different from that of standard Indonesian and Malaysian and also because so many new words (both original and foreign) are quite easily incorporated into its increasingly wide vocabulary list. However, as with any language, the constant changing of the times means that some words become rarely used or are rendered obsolete as they are considered to be outdated or no longer follow modern day trends.

Classification

At present, there is no formal classification for Indonesian slang language but it is purportedly and erroneously claimed by many to be essentially a manipulated and popularized form of the Indonesian (the national language of Indonesia). This is not true in the case of Jakartan bahasa gaul, as it is primarily based on the Betawi language.

Indonesian is part of the Western Malayo-Polynesian subgroup of the Malayo-Polynesian branch of the Austronesian languages. According to the Ethnologue, Indonesian is modelled after Riau Malay, a form of Old Malay originally spoken in Northeast Sumatra. Betawi language is classified as Malay-based creole.

Geographic distribution

Indonesian slang language is mostly spoken in urban regions of the Indonesian archipelago. It also spoken in some Indonesian soap operas and animated television series (such as ''Tukang Ojek Pengkolan'' or '' Adit Sopo Jarwo''). Variations of slang language can be found from city to city, mainly characterised by derivatives of the different local ethnic languages. For example, in Bandung, West Java, the local slang language contains vocabulary from the Sundanese language, while the slang found in Jakarta tends to be heavily influenced by English or the old Batavian dialect (i.e. the language of the original inhabitants of Jakarta or '' Batavia'' as it was known during the Dutch colonial period). For more information relating to the geographic distribution of Indonesian slang and regional influences, please see "Region Specific Slang" below.

Official status

Indonesian slang language is not an official language of Indonesia. However, it is claimed as a modified form of the Indonesian language and is widely used for everyday communication and in informal situations. Sometimes it is mixed with formal Indonesian in formal situations, except during state ceremonies, business meetings, and sacred prayers. A number of Indonesians sometimes speak a mixture of Indonesian slang and formal Indonesian in everyday conversation and informal situations.

Writing

Indonesian slang generally uses the same pronunciation as standard Indonesian, although there are many influences from regional dialects on certain aspects such as accent and grammatical structure. Loan words adopted from foreign languages (especially European) such as English or Dutch are often transliterated according to the modern Indonesian orthography. For example, the word "please" is often written as ''plis''. Another closely related phenomenon to arise in recent years is the formation of complex nouns or phrases created using a combination of English and Indonesian (slang) in the one sentence. A prime example of this is the phrase ''"''so what ''gitu loh!"'', meaning "who cares?!" or quite simply "so what!" with added emphasis from the phrase ''"gitu loh"''. ''Gitu'' is an abbreviated form of the Indonesian word ''begitu'' meaning 'like that/such as', while ''loh'' (also spelt ''lho'') is a particle commonly used in slang or conversational Indonesian to show surprise or instigate a warning. In these cases of combined, interlingual phrases, the original spelling (and quite often the pronunciation) of the foreign word(s) are retained. Hence, the English component of the Indonesian slang phrase ''"''so what ''gitu loh!"'' remains relatively unchanged as far as spelling and pronunciation are concerned.

Grammar

The overall structure of Indonesian slang is not all that different from formal Indonesian, although in many cases sentences are simplified or shortened when necessary. The differences between formal and colloquial Indonesian are most evident in vocabulary and grammatical structures (e.g. affixes).

Vocabulary

The structure of the Indonesian slang language is mostly derived from formal Indonesian. However, its vocabularies are different story altogether. Indonesian slang vocabularies are enriched by a combination of derivatives or loan words/structures from foreign languages such as Min Nan commonly referred to as Hokkien, English, and Dutch, as well as local ethnic languages such as Batavian, Sundanese, and Javanese. However, in many cases, new words are simply created at random and their origins often quite obscure.

A large proportion of the vocabulary used in Indonesian slang language was developed from formal Indonesian through several methods, most of which are listed below:
*Shortening the prefix ''men-'', ''me-'', ''mem-'', or ''meng-'' into ''n-'' or ''nge-''. For example:
**''mengambil'' → ''ngambil'' 'to take' (from ''ambil'' 'to take')
**''menyapu'' → ''nyapu'' 'to sweep' (from ''sapu'' 'broom')
**''merasa'' → ''ngerasa'' 'to feel' (from ''rasa'' 'taste; feel')
**''membuat'' → ''ngebuat'' 'to make' (from ''buat'' 'to make')
**''menutup'' → ''nutup'' 'to close' (from ''tutup'' 'close')
*Replacing the suffix ''-kan'' or ''-i'' with ''-in'' ( Balinese and Betawi influence). For example:
**''menanyakan'' → ''nanyain'' 'to ask about something' (from ''tanya'' 'to ask')
**''diajari'' → ''diajarin'' 'to be taught' (from ''ajar'' 'to teach')
*Using ''ke-'' at the beginning of non-volitional passive verbs instead of using ''ter-''. For example:
**''tertangkap'' → ''ketangkep'' 'to be caught' (from ''tangkap'' 'to catch')
**''terpeleset'' → ''kepeleset'' 'to accidentally slip' (from ''peleset'' 'to miss a target')
*Elimination of ''s'' or ''h'' from a word. For example:
**''habis'' → ''abis'' 'deleted, emptied'
**''tahu'' → ''tau'' 'to know'
**''hitung'' → ''itung'' 'count'
**''hitam'' → ''item'' 'black'
**''hijau'' → ''ijo'' 'green'
**''sudah'' → ''udah'' 'already'
**''saja'' → ''aja'' 'just'
**''lihat'' → ''liat'' 'see'
*Contraction of two or more words into one word or abbreviation. For example:
**''terima kasih'' → ''makasih'' 'thank'
**''gak jelas'' → ''gaje'' 'not clear, absurd'
**''males gerak'' → ''mager'' 'lazy' ()
**''bokap-nyokap'' → ''bonyok'' 'parents' ()
**''sange gak ketampung'' → ''sagapung'' or ''segapung'' ' hypersex' ().
**''ewe bo'ol'' → ''ebol'' 'anal intercourse (for consensual anal intercourse), sodomy (for non-consensual anal intercourse)'
** ''buka paha tinggi-tinggi'' → ''bupati'' (showing their thighs off).
** ''sekitaran wilayah dada'' → ''sekwilda'' (breast)
**''percaya diri'' → ''pd'' or ''pede'' 'confidence'
**''gerak cepat'' → ''gc'' or ''gercep'' 'hurry up'
**''hand phone'' → ''hp'' or ''hape'' 'any kind of cellphone'
*Altering the pronunciation of in some final closed syllables into (Javanese, Betawi, and Sundanese influence; in many cases this revived the old Proto-Malayic syllable ''-əC''). For example:
**''tangkap'' → ''tangkep'' 'to catch'
**''benar'' → ''bener'' 'correct'
**''pintar'' → ''pinter'' 'smart'
**''malas'' → ''males'' 'lazy'
**''segar'' → ''seger'' 'fresh'
**''cepat'' → ''cepet'' 'fast'
**''hitam'' → ''item'' 'black'
**''diam'' → ''diem'' 'shut up', 'silence'
**''ingat'' → ''inget'' 'remember'
**''sambal'' → ''sambel'' 'chili sauce'
**''dekat'' → ''deket'' 'near'
*Altering the pronunciation of ''i'' into ''e''. For example:
**''ingin'' or ''pingin'' → ''pengen'', 'want'
**''naik'' → ''naek'' 'up'
**''kemarin'' → ''kemaren'' 'yesterday'
**''baik'' → ''baek'' 'good'
*Altering the pronunciation of ''u'' into ''o''. For example:
**''belum'' → ''belom'' or ''belon'', 'not yet'
**''telur'' → ''telor'', 'egg'
*Contracting a diphthong into a monophthong (monophthongization). For example:
**''kalau'' → ''kalo'' 'if'
**''kacau'' → ''kaco'' 'chaotic'
**''galau'' → ''galo'' 'confusion'
**''hijau'' → ''ijo'' 'green'
**''pakai'' → ''pake'' 'to use'
**''sampai'' → ''sampe'' 'until'
**''cabai'' → ''cabe'' 'chilli'
**''capai'' → ''capek'' 'tired'
*Addition and exclusion of silent consonants and glottal stops to the beginning/end of a word, usually in speech. For example:
**''kalo'' →
**''pake'' →
**''sampe'' →
*Making of a ''prokem'' word by adding ''-ok-'' infix. For example:
**''bapak'' → ''bokap'' 'father'
**''nyak'' or ''enyak'' → ''nyokap'' 'mother' (a special case where the consonant /k/ become /p/ to make it rhyme with ''bokap'')
**''jual'' → ''jokul'' 'to sell'
**''berak'' → ''boker'' 'to defecate'
**''sapa'' → ''sokap'' 'who' (''sapa'' is a colloquial word of ''siapa'' 'who')
**''polisi'' → ''plokis'' 'police'
**''sini'' → ''sokin'' 'come in'
**''tua'' → ''toku'' 'old' (originated from MAPALA UI, an environmentalist and adventure students club at University of Indonesia)
*Reversing the phoneme or syllable order from a word. For example:
** ''sange'' → ''engas'' 'sexually aroused'
** ''anjing'' → ''jingan'' 'fuck (interjection)' ()
** ''lumayan'' → ''nayamul'' 'not bad'
** ''bego'' ''→'' ''ogeb'' 'stupid'
** ''sikat'' → ''takis'' 'to take something'
** ''selow'' → ''woles'' 'relax; taking easy' (from English word "slow")
** ''bang'' → ''ngab'' 'older brother; bro' (shortened form of ''abang'' 'older brother')
** ''mabok'' → ''kobam'' 'drunk'
** ''bisa'' → ''sabi'' 'can, be able to'
** ''yuk'' or ''yuks → kuy'' or ''skuy'' 'let's go, come on'
** ''mobil'' → ''libom'' 'car'
** ''miskin'' → ''kismin'' 'poor'
** ''enak'' → ''kane'' 'delicious'
** ''ribut'' → ''tubir'' 'chaos; fight'
**''satu'', ''dua'', ''tiga'' → ''utas'', ''aud'', ''agit'' 'one, two, three' (in this context, ''satu'' or ''utas'' means a freshman in Senior High School; ''aud'' or ''dua'' means a sophomore in Senior High School; while ''agit'' or ''tiga'' means a penultimate or senior in Senior High School.

Some words are simply loaned from English. For example:
*sorry → ''sori''
*friend → ''fren'' or ''pren''
*basically → ''besikli''
*swear → ''suer''
*brother → ''bro''
*sister → ''sis''
*please → ''plis''
*slow → ''selow''
*babe → ''beb''
*by the way → ''btw'' or ''betewe''
*on the way → ''otw'' or ''otewe''
*double → ''dobel''
*triple → ''tripel''
*simple → ''simpel''
*bother → ''bader''
*backhoe → ''beko''
*septic tank → ''sepiteng''
*check it out → ''cekidot''
*cancel → ''kenseul'' or ''cancel''

Some words are also loaned from Chinese languages (mainly Hokkien and Mandarin). For example:
*'' angpau''/''angpao'' 'monetary gift' (; a gift usually given during holidays or special occasions, stemmed from tradition done by Chinese community)
*''auban'' 'stubborn' ()
*''bo'' 'no; don't have' (; it is often used with another descriptive noun/adjective, for example ''bo huat'' 無法 'unable', ''bo kam guan'' 'not sincerely willing to let go off somtehing')
*''cengli'' 'fair, make sense' ()
*''cuan'' 'earn, profit' ()
*''hauce'' 'delicious, tasty' ()
*''hauce sèn cin ping'' 'extremely/overly delicious' (; the phrase is derived from Indonesian popular slang expression e''nak gila'' (from e''nak'' 'delicious' and ''gila'' 'crazy, insane'), with ''shén jīng bìng'' (神经病) literally means 'crazy, insane')
*''ho ciak'' 'delicious, tasty' ()
*'' kepo'' 'busybody' (; a slang from Taiwanese Hokkien, has a backronym "knowing every particular object")
*''toke''/''tauke'' 'boss' ()

Some words originated from the LGBT community (especially among transvestites) usually have word ending ''-ong''. This either come from the pattern of changing the vocal of the penult into and replacing the rime of the ultima with ''-ong'', or entirely different origin. This was also an attempt among LGBT community to alter the words to become more " French-sounding", thus sounding more sexy. For example:
*''dandan'' → ''dendong'' 'to dress up'
*''gede'' → ''gedong'' 'big'
*''gratis'' → ''gretong'' 'free'
*''homo'' → ''hemong'' 'homosexual'
*''keluar'' → ''klewong'' 'to ejaculate' (from ''keluar'' 'to go out')
*''laki'' → ''lekong'' 'male'
*''mau'' → ''mrong'' 'want; sexual activity' (the meaning 'sexual activity' comes from the onomatopoeia of a cat sound (''méong'') during sexual intercourse)
*''sakit'' → ''sekong'' 'homosexual' (from ''sakit'' 'sick')
*''sepong'' 'fellatio' (from ''isep'', colloquial form of ''hisap'' 'to suck')
*''tempong'' or ''tembong'' 'anal sex' (from ''tembak'' 'to shoot' and ''bokong'' 'ass')

Others

Many words also emerged without following the above rules at all or have their own unique history and/or origin not related to its literal meaning. For example:
*''ABG'' or ''abege'' 'teenager' (from ''anak'' ''baru'' ''gede'', )
*''anjay'', ''anjir'', ''anjrit'', ''anjas'', ''bejir'' etc. 'wow (interjection)' (from the profanity ''anjing'' 'dog' usually used as a negative interjection, the change in its rhyme gives a slightly positive meaning)
*backstreet 'to date in secret'
*''baper'' 'touchy' (from ''bawa perasaan'' )
*''banget'', from Javanese ''banget'' 'very'
*''basian'' 'hangover'
*''beud'' 'very' (from ''banget'' 'very'; this word has become popular after Indonesia's fast food chain, CFC coined the word on one of their television advertisement)
*''bokep'' ' blue film' (from the abbreviation of "blue film", ''BF'', which is read as ''bé-èf'' or ''bé-èp'' then transformed into a ''prokem'' word using infix ''-ok-'')
*''BT'' or ''bete'' 'tedious' (from ''bosan'' ''total'' 'totally boring')
*''capcus'' 'let's go' (from ''cabut'' 'to pull off something', colloquially means 'to go'; popularized by LGBT community)
* ''cepu'' ' snitcher'
* ''chuaks'' (a vocalization of someone who wants to spit; used to dismiss someone else's argument, made popular by Reza "Coki" Pardede, an Indonesian comic and Majelis Lucu Indonesia, an Indonesian stand-up comedy community)
*''ciyus'' 'serious' (from ''serius'' 'serious')
*''cupu'' 'out of date, not trendy; nerd' (from ''culun punya'' , ''culun'' 'out of date; nerd' and ''punya'' 'to have, to possess'; it became popular after Indonesia's beverage brand, Pop Ice, coined it in their television advertisement in 2007)
*''doang'' from Betawi ''doang'' 'just'
*''garing'' 'lame, corny' (from ''garing'' 'dry')
*''gaskeun'' or ''gaskan'' 'let's go' (from ''gegaskan'' 'let's rushing')
*''gebetan'' 'crush' (from ''gebet'' 'to approach, to get closer to someone', itself a slang)
*''GR'' or ''geer'' 'to have a prejudice about itself' (from ''gede'' ''rasa'' )
*''jackpot'' or ''jack pot'' 'vomiting'
*''jebakan betmen'' 'prank' ()
*''jijay'' 'disgusting, grotesque' (from ''jijik'' 'disgusting'; sometimes used to express a condition of 'utmost disgust', used in the phrase "''jijay bajay''" or "''anjay jijay''")
*''jomblo'' or ''jombs'' 'single' (from Sundanese ''jomblo'' 'unable to sell (the product); unrequited')
*''jutek'' 'sassy; rude'
*''kenti'' 'penis' (from ''kontol'' 'penis')
*''kimpoi'' 'sexual intercourse' (from ''kawin'' 'to have sex')
*''kinclong'' 'shiny; good looking'
*''koplak'' 'silly'
*''KW'' or ''kwalitas'' 'counterfeit goods' (a portmanteau of German ''Kopierte Werke'' or Dutch ''geKopieerde Werken'' 'copied works' and Indonesian affix -''alitas'' 'characteristics')
*''lebay'' 'overacting' (from ''lebih'' 'more' with exaggerated English pronunciation imitation, or from Sumatran Malay ''labaih''/''lebaih'' 'excessive; crossing the line')
*''lesbiola'' 'lesbian' (from ''lesbi'' 'lesbian', extended into the word ''les biola'' )
*''maho'' 'gay men' (from ''manusia homo'' 'homosexual man')
*''matre'' 'materialistic' (from ''materialistik'')
*''meleyot'' 'limp due to side effect of overadmiration; smitten'
*''memek'' 'vagina' (from Sundanese ''momok'' 'vagina' in polite form)
*''miapa'' or ''miapah'' 'really?' (from ''demi apa'' )
*''Mimin'' 'Administrator' (from Mr. Admin (Mister Admin)) used mainly on the internet and social media to interact with the person responsible for certain groups/forums, online shops, online customer service, ''etc''.
*''modus'' or ''modal dusta'' 'the act of deceptive tactics, by providing false information or conveying a false impression when engaged in an action or activity'
*''ngentot'' 'fuck' (from ''Ngencan'' ''Total'' ; this term hugely popularized between 1980s which used slang language by teens in those days)
*''pansi'' (shortened from "apaan sih?!" ; to express annoyance. Similar to the English slang ''the heck'' from ''What the Heck?!'')
*''PDKT'' or ''pedekate'' 'hitting on someone (romantic)' (from ''pendekatan'' 'approach'; has a backronym of ''pede'' (from ''percaya diri'' 'confident') and ''kate'' 'talk')
*''segede gaban'' 'very big' (; Gaban comes from the main protagonist of the Japanese Tokusatsu series called '' Space Sheriff Gavan'', which become a hit in Indonesia in the 1980s, but the term itself started appearing in the 1990s when an approximately 10 meter tall statue of Gavan was erected in Jakarta's theme park, '' Dunia Fantasi'')
*''sekut'' 'afraid; cool; come on; panic' (popularized by celebrity Gofar Hilman)
*''suhu'' 'expert'
*''tajir'' 'filthy rich' (from )
*''TTM'' or ''tete'em'' 'intimate friend' (from ''Teman'' ''Tapi'' ''Mesra'' ; this term hugely popularized by a Ratu music video, sometimes also associated as casual sex partner or friends with benefits)
*''telmi'' 'slow-witted' (from ''telat'' ''mikir'' )
*''T-O-P B-G-T'' 'cool, awesome' (from the spelling reading of ''top bgt'', the colloquial spelling of ''top banget'' 'really cool' used in texting)
*''YTTA'' or ''Yang'' ''Tau'' ''Tau'' ''Aja'' ; a situation where others may not have inside knowledge. Similar to the English slang ''If you know, you know'' (IYKYK)

Pejoratives

Some of these slang words have also evolved into pejorative words.
*'' alay'' 'tacky; garish; drama queen' (from ''anak layangan'', ; used to describe the appearance associated with lower class children often spending their time outside and getting sunburnt, but then get a broader meaning)
*''bang jago'' (from ''abang'' 'older brother' and ''jago'' 'champion; master'; used to end any argument in a passive-aggressive and ad hominem manner)
*''Banglasia'' (originally from the Malaysian film of the same name; a pejorative name for Malaysia)
*''bispak'' 'slut, female prostitute' (from the abbreviation of ''bisa dipakai'' )
*''botol'' 'foolish, stupid' (from the acronym of "bodoh" and "tolol")
*''buzzeRp'' 'political buzzer' (a portmanteau of ''buzzer politik'' 'political buzzer' and Rupiah)
*''cabe-cabean'' 'slut' (from ''cabe'' , from the abbreviation of ''cewek alay bisa diewe'' ; the term derived from teen motorbike gang/underground racing subculture where sometimes the ante was the racers' girlfriends and the winner could sleep with her)
*''cebong'' (; a pejorative name for Joko Widodo's supporters)
*''decul'' (from ''dede Cules/Culers''), used by Madridista to ridicule Cules/Culers. Similarly, ''demit'' or ''dedemit'' (from ''dede Madridista'') used by Cules/Culers to poke fun at Madridista. Both of these words usually said at El Clásico.
*''fafifu wasweswos'' or ''fa fi fu was wes wos'' 'nonsensical', 'gibberish'.
*''halo, dek'' or ''halodek'', an epithet for Indonesian policeman and soldiers corps, due to their flirtatious yet creepy and perverted behaviour, such as catcalling against girls (especially doctors, pharmacists, midwives, and nurses), both online and offline.
*''IQ 78'', ''IQ jongkok'', and ''IQ gorila'' 'stupid people' (from pseudoscientific paper from Richard Lynn which says that Indonesian IQ level are only at 78, just similar with apes)
*''Indog'' (from "Indonesian dog" or "Indognesial"; a pejorative name for Indonesia and Indonesian)
*''jamet'' (from ''jablay/janda mètal'' 'women who dresses and acts overly provocative but didn't care about their appearance and won't bother to take care about themselves', ''jajal metal'' 'metal poseur', or ''Jawa metal'' ' metalhead Javanese'; a pejorative name for Javanese people)
*''Jawir'' 'from the words '' Jawa'' and ireng (literally 'black' in javanese)' used for non Javanese people mocking a Javanese people.
*''kadrun'' (from ''kadal gurun'' ; a pejorative name for Islamic bigot).
* ''Konoha'' (short for ''Konohagakure'', the name of a fictional village in the ''Naruto'' series; a pejorative name for Indonesia used by Malaysians)
*''kuproy'' 'construction worker' (from ''kuli proyek'' 'construction worker'; sometimes pejorative)
*''kutu kupret'' 'bastard'
* ''mokondo'' (an abbreviation from ''modal kontol doang'' "done just by penis", a pejorative name for a men that less than ideal in terms of intellectuality, skills, manners, and economical, a useless and cancerous men)
*''Malaydesh'' (from 'Malaysia but Bangladesh-flavored’; a pejorative term for Malaysia's current cultural condition) , the real meaning is "The Land of Malay" in Sanskrit language
*''ndakik-ndakik'' 'words or terminologies that too hard to understand, to the point it sounds nonsensical or gibberish.
*''ngondek'' 'sissy, effeminate' (from ''kondektur'' 'public bus attendant'; describing the manner of fast speaking on announcing the destinations while doing waving gesture done by bus attendant, popularized by LGBT community)
*''oten'' 'a pejorative name for Christian bigot'
*''pansos'' 'an individual who attempts to gain social prominence through the use of obsequious behavior' (from '' Pemanjat sosial'' 'social climber')
*''RT 6'' or ''RT 06'' (from '' rukun tetangga''; used by Indonesian Christian apologists to describe Islam, with ''warga RT 6'' or ''warga RT 06'' is used to describe Muslims in general)
*''RT 16'' (used as a counter by Muslim apologists to describe Christianity, and similarly, ''warga RT 16'' is used to describe Christians in general)
*''terong-terongan'' (from ''térong'' 'eggplant'; the male counterpart of ''cabé-cabéan'', refer to the similarity of an elongated-shaped purple eggplant with a penis. Thus the term ''térong dicabéin'' () means male to female cross-dresser)
*''Vrindavan'' or ''Prindapan'' (from Vrindavan, the location mentioned in '' Little Krishna'' animated series; a pejorative name for India)
* ''Wakanda'' (originally the name of a fictional country in Marvel Comics, a pejorative name for Indonesia)
*''warga +62'' or its online form ''netizen +62'' (from ''warga'' (citizen) or Netizen and +62, Indonesia's telephone country code; a pejorative name for Indonesian)

Particles

Many slang modal particles are used in the end of a sentence. Usually, these particles do not directly change the sentence's meaning, in the sense that the truth conditions remain the same. However, they can have other effects, such as emphasizing a sentence, or suggesting hesitancy. They can be used to reinforce the social link between speaker and listener.

For example, the sentence ''Dia datang'' (she/he comes) could be modified by one of the following particles:

* ''Dia datang nih'' - used as exclamation.
* ''Dia datang dong'' - expresses certainty (''She comes for sure''), or sometimes obviousness (usually cheekily); ''dong'' can be stressed with a long vowel to mean ''She has to come''.
* ''Dia datang kok'' - used to convince someone who might doubt the sentence.
* ''Dia datang lah'' - expresses a high level of certainty.
* ''Dia datang lho'' - could be translated as ''She comes, you know''.
* ''Dia datang ah'' - expresses hesitancy; could be translated as ''I think she/he comes''.
* ''Dia datang dooong'' - expresses hesitancy; could be translated as ''I wish she'd come'' or ''Please let her come''
* ''Dia datang deng'' - used to correct what was wrong; could be translated as ''She came apparently''
* ''Dia datang deh'' - used to emphasize that 'finally' the person is coming, or in different intonation and context, it is used to emphasize a condition for proposing a request, for instance in a context of: 'She will come too, so please also come with us'
* ''Dia datang, lagi'' or ''Dia datang pula'' - expresses annoyance, exasperation, or general displeasure; could be translated as ''She/he comes, too?''

Particles can also be used to introduce questions. The following examples could both be translated as ''How could she come?'':

* ''Kok, Dia datang?'' - used when the speaker finds the sentence difficult to believe.
* ''Lho? Dia datang'' - indicates surprise or disbelief.

Vocabulary evolution

Pre-1980s

''Kumpul kebo'' literally means 'water buffalo-style gathering' or 'gather like cattle'. It originated during the Dutch colonial era and was known as ''koempoel gebouw'', from ''koempoel'' 'to gather' and Dutch ''gebouw'' 'building', thus the phrase means to live together under the same roof (as an unmarried couple). Confusion has caused this term to be linked with Javanese ''kebo'' 'buffalo'. This term basically means that two people in a relationship are living together without being married, i.e. in a domestic partnership or a ''de facto'' relationship. To ''kumpul kebo'' in Indonesia is considered immoral and sometimes illicit. For these reasons and also those relating to religion, Asian culture, and general ethics, it is often frowned upon in modern Indonesian society to do such a thing.

1980s

The 1980s was the era of ''bahasa prokem''. At this time slang language vocabulary was formed by the insertion of the infix ''-ok-'', creating a totally new word. ''Prokem'' itself is a ''prokem'' word from ''préman''.

''Prokem'' words created by reducing the ultima, then inserting the infix ''-ok-'' before the vocal of the penult (which is now become the ultima). If the penult is an open syllable, the penult taking the nearest consonant after it as its coda. If the word is monosyllabic, the infix simply inserted before the vocal. Examples are given below, with the vocal of the penult marked with bold and the nearest consonant marked with underscore:

* ''ba-pak'' → ''bap'' → ''bokap'' 'father'
* ''ju-al'' → ''jul'' → ''jokul'' 'to sell'
* ''sen-di-ri'' → ''sen-dir'' → ''sendokir''

The word ''sekolah'' 'school' was transformed into ''skokul'', from ''skul'', reminiscent of the English word "school". This word slowly become outdated and by the 1990s the word was no longer used, and changed to ''sekul'' or simply ''skul''.

Other notable words such as ''mémblé'' 'ugly, frowning', ''kecé'' 'beautiful, good looking' (from ''keren cekali'' 'very cool'), the sentence attribute ''nih yé'', and the exclamation "''alamakjan!''" all emerged in the same decade.

New Millennium

Much of the slang language created post-2000 originated from the Indonesian LGBT community. The latest method for transforming a word is to take a totally different word which differs in its ultima, rime, or coda. For example, the word ''mau'' 'want' is replaced with the word ''mawar'' 'rose'. Despite its creativity and originality, this latest form of Indonesian slang can be quite complicated to understand, even to the native Indonesians themselves. For example, "''Akika tinta mawar macarena''" originates from the sentence written in proper Indonesian "''Aku tidak mau makan''", which means 'I don't want to eat'.

The abbreviations often used to mask insult, such as ''kamseupay'' 'totally lame', abbreviation of ''kampungan sekali udik payah'' which means 'really bumpkinish, yokel, lame'.

Region specific slang

Medan slang

Medan is the capital of North Sumatra Province. Most of the slang from Medan are heavily influenced by Malay, Hokkien and Karo language. For example, "bapa" for "father", "nande" for "mother", "kedé" for "shop", "tutup lampu" for "turn off the light", "buka radio" for "turn on the radio". Another example of Medan slang is by adding "punya" at the end of the sentence. For example, "mobil aku punya" for "my car". They also have the tendency to confuse between e and é , partially due to the fact that most of nearby Batak languages lack the former vowel, the schwa.

Jambi & Palembang slang

Jambi and Palembang slang mostly involves changing the letter at the end of the word with letter 'o'. However, not all words can be modified to include the characteristic 'o', as this rule applies mostly to words ending with the letter 'a'. Sometimes Palembang use shorter-version of word by erase first syllables, like 'segala' in standard Malay-Indonesian to 'galo'.
*''Kito'' - ''kita'' (we)
*''Galo'' - ''segala'' (all, every)
*''Ngapo'' - ''kenapa'' (why or what happened)
*''Jugo'' - ''Juga'' (too)

Another characteristic pattern of Jambi and Palembang slang involves the addition or replacement of the final letter of a word with 'k'.
*''Pulak'' - ''pula'' (too, also, as well)
*''Aek'' - ''air'' (water)

Another classic Malay Sumatran dialect also prevailed in most of Sumatran cities, from Palembang to Bengkulu, Jambi and Pekanbaru. These classical Malay words such as ''nian'' is used in Sumatran cities instead of ''sangat'' or ''banget'' (very).
*''Nian'' - ''nian'' (classical Malay) - ''sangat'' (standard Indonesian) - ''banget'' (Indonesian slang)

Jakarta slang

Jakarta including Bodetabek is the capital city of Indonesia with a population of more than 20 million people. Consequently, such a huge population with a more diverse ethnicity, socioeconomic background, and different nationalities will undoubtedly have a role in the Jakarta slang evolution. And being the biggest media production nationwide such as national TV broadcasts, film productions, social media contents, etc, Jakarta Slang has influenced the rest of Indonesia's regional slang. Either directly or indirectly with varying adaptations. Much of the slang evolved from the Betawi dialect, that itself, absorbs some regional or foreign dialects as a result of past interactions.

Some prominent examples:
*''Ajé'' (from 'saja') - Only, just, from the Betawi dialect
*''Ayé'' - I, me; from Betawi
*''Bacot'' - Talk too much. Shortened from Javanese Banyak Cocot
*''Bang'' (from 'abang') - A Malay dialect addressing older brother or a gentleman relatively the same age as the speaker.
*''Banget'' - Very, from the Betawi dialect
*''Bégo'' (from 'bodoh') - Stupid, from the Betawi dialect
*''Berapa duit?'' or ''Berapaan?'' - How much money/ how much is the cost?
*''Bo'il'' (with a glottal stop between ''o'' and ''i'') - Car
*''Bokap'' - Father
*''Nyokap'' - Mother
*''Bonyok'' - Mother and Father combined, also a slang which means a bruise.
*''Nggak''/''Gak''/''Ga'' - Not
* ''Cabé'' - chili pepper (cabai)
* ''Capek'' - Tired (lelah)
* ''Kebon - ''Garden (kebun)
*''Nyolot'' - Haughty, arrogant.
*''Doang'' (from 'saja')- which means only, that's all
*''Émangnya kenapa?'' - So what? / What does it matter?
*''Gilé!'' (from 'gila')- An exclamation meaning crazy/insane/obscene, as emphasis to a sentence or phrase.
*''Gua''/''Gué''/''Gw'' - I, Me; Orignally from Hokkien 我, through Betawi
*''Jayus'' (from ''ja''il, ''us''il') - Ignorant and nosy.
*''Manyun'' - Someone with protruding lips, usually used to describe when someone is upset.
*''Mécing'' - Fitting; From English word matching.
*''Busèt'' - A form of expression which is similar to "Oh My God" or "Alas" or "Holy shit!"
*''Lu''/''Lo''/''Lw'' - You; Originally from Hokkien 你, through Betawi
* ''Pengen - ''Want (ingin)
* ''Kondangan'' - Invitation (undangan), usually a wedding invitation
*''Gan''/''Agan'' - Boss, from Sundanese ''Juragan''
*''Gendut'' or ''Gembrot'' - Fat
*''Gombal'' - Crazy or, as another term, flirtatious words
*''Sinting'' - Insane, a freak person.
*''Yo'i'' - Yes, very cool.
*''Guga''/Uga - Juga, (also)
*''Ngenlay'' - Kangen, although "kangen" is slang for rindu. (miss)
*''Nyengnyong'' - Nyanyi, (singing)

The following words are taken from Hokkien (Fukkien) Chinese, and commonly used in transactions.
*''Cepek'' - IDR 100
*''Gopek'' - IDR 500
*''Seceng'' - IDR 1000
*''Cenggo'' - IDR 1500
*''Goceng'' - IDR 5000
*''Ceban'' - IDR 10.000
*''Goban/Gocap'' - IDR 50.000
*''Pego'' - IDR 150.000
However, many Indonesians of non-Chinese descent do not know the meaning of the transaction words above, probably with the exception of Goceng due to its usage on KFC Indonesia's advertising on their "Goceng" products, in which all "Goceng" menus are sold at the IDR 5000 price range. Sometimes the word "perak", literally "silver", is used to describe small denominations of currency.

South Jakarta slang

This slang is a code mixing between Indonesian and English. It is named after South Jakarta. Some iconic English words used in this slang include ''which is'', ''like'', ''literally'', ''sometimes'', ''basically'', and some Indonesian words + ''-ly'' exp (''jujurly''). Code mixing with English does not only occur in Jakarta, but also in other major cities in Indonesia.

Negative sentiments on this slang caused this given the name "fart language" () by some.

Sundanese slang

In the West Java and Banten region, the main place for Sundanese speakers, there are several words or phrases belonging to the slang language. This diversity of slang has its own peculiarities in each region in West Java Province.

Bandung slang

Bandung is the capital city of West Java province with a predominantly Sundanese culture. The Sundanese language has three levels or forms, namely: high (polite), middle class, and low (impolite). Bandung slang often uses the Low Sundanese pronouns along with the many other Sundanese translations of popular Indonesian.

Some examples:
*''Uing'' (from ''kuring'') - I/me
*''Didieu'' (from ''di dieu'', actually mean 'here') - I/me
*''Didinya'' (from ''di dinya'', actually mean 'there') - You
*''Euy'' - Sundanese particle in the end of the sentence to express excitement and surprise
*''Da'' - Sundanese particle in the end of the sentence to express certainty and emphasizes the meaning, somehow similar to Japanese "desu".
*''Sok'' - meaning 'pleasure'
*''O'on'' (from Bolo'on) or ''Oneng'' (from the name of a slow witted character in Sinetron Bajaj Bajuri) - stupid, dim witted
*''Belegug'' - stupid
*''Aslina'' - (from word ''asli'' 'real', plus a suffix ''-na'') which is mean 'for real'.
*''Anying'' - (from word ''anjing'', but change 'j' to 'y') which is mean 'fuck'
*''Jangar -'' headache
*''Stoppan'' - meaning transportation stop in 'traffic light'
*''Aliran'' - meaning 'power outage'
*''Kantong'' - meaning 'bag'

Bogor slang

Bogor is a city in the province of West Java with the former Kingdom of Sunda Padjajaran, Bogor slang is Sundanese with its influence from Indonesian language and sometimes uses Sundanese with the word pronounced backwards.

Sukabumi slang

Sukabumi slang the language is a non-standard variety of Sundanese language that is often used in Sukabumi, West Java in the ''Tipar'' area, because ''Widal'' itself means ''Tipar''.

This ''Sani'' or ''Widal'' language can also be called slang or slang in the Sundanese dialect, where the pronunciation of the letters in the consonants changes.

For example, the letter G becomes S, J becomes C, and 'ng' becomes 'ny' and so on.

Javanese slang

These slangs are shared across Central Java and Yogyakarta where Javanese is predominantly spoken. Like Sundanese which are spoken in Bandung, Javanese also has 3 different set of vocabularies, based on the politeness level. Common people usually talk with a mix between low-Javanese, middle-Javanese, and Indonesian. Some non-Javanese residents added their own dialects to the pot, resulting what is called the Central Java slang

Jogjakarta

Jogjakarta slang is also known as ''Basa Walikan'', literally means '' 'Reverse Language'

It is a transformation of Javanese, in which Javanese consonants are switched with one another, as shown below:
*ha na ca ra ka ↔ pa dha ja ya nya
*da ta sa wa la ↔ ma ga ba tha nga

With the above rules, the expletive expression ''Matamu!'' (which literally means: 'Your Eyes!') becomes ''Dagadu!'' (also the name of a clothing brand). The following website automatically performs this transformation
Walikan Translator

Malang

Malang slang is inverted alphabetical word (mostly from Javanese and little bit from Indonesian). Commonly known in Javanese as Boso Walikan Malang (Reversed: Osob Kiwalan Ngalam. Meaning: Malang's Reversed language). The slang started appearing sometime in 1949 when the people at Malang's Gerilya Rakyat Kota (GRK, meaning City People's Guerilla) needed a form of communication method that is unknown to the occupying Dutch intelligence (Both to the Dutchman, and the recruited natives) while maintaining typical daily conversation. Thus, the idea to reverse Javanese and Indonesian words was born. The goal of the creation of the language is to maintain plan secrecy, prevent leakage of information, and to confuse the enemy. At First, the language was only known amongst the guerillas. Further adding the language's purpose as an identifier whether that person is a friend or foe. But after the Dutch retreated from the city, the language remained and becoming more widespread amongst the people of Malang and its surroundings.

In the present days, the technique of reversing words has become more popular nationwide and played a role in creating modern Indonesian slang. Words such as ''Ngab'' (From: Abang meaning 'Older Brother'), ''Sabi'' (From: Bisa meaning 'Be able to..' or 'Can') or ''Kuy'' (From: Yuk meaning 'Let's go') owes credit to Malang's Walikan Language.

Sentence structure of Walikan Malang language is similar to those of Javanese and Indonesian language. Albeit reversing some of its vocabularies. However, not all Javanese and Indonesian words or phrases can be directly reversed into Walikan Malang Language.

''Example'':

Question: "kalau kerja bakti bahasa walikannya apa 'idrek ikteb' mas? (Is the word for "kerja bakti" (community service) be reversed to "''idrek ikteb''" sir?)

Answer:
Walikan Malang:"...''Idrek bakti'' (menurut ayas), kadit amoes kata osi di kiwal/dibuat osob kiwalan, mba."

Javanese:"...''Idrek bakti'' (menurut saya), ora semua kata iso di walik / dibuat boso walikan, mba."

Indonesian:"...Idrek bakti (menurut saya), tidak semua kata bisa di balik / dibuat bahasa Walikan, bu."

English:"...''Idrek bakti'' (to me), not every words can be reversed / made into Walikan Language, ma'am."

''Word Example''
Walikan-Javanese (English):

''Sam'' = Mas (Older brother. Javanese version of 'Abang' or 'Bang')

''Ongis Nade''= ''Singo Edan'' (the nickname of Arema Cronus F.C.)

''Helum''= Muleh (Go home)

''Ublem''= Mlebu (Enter)

''Utem''= Metu (Exit)

''Ojob''= Bojo (Husband/Wife)

''Oges''= Sego (Rice)

''Rajajowas''= Sawojajar (an area in Malang)

''Oyoborus''= Suroboyo

''Ngalam''= Malang

''Kera Ngalam''= Arek Malang (lit. The kid of Malang. Referring to The People of Malang)

''Libom''= Mobil (Car)

''Nawak Ewed'' = Kawan Dewe (Your own Friend/s)

''Silup''= Pulis (Police (Although the Javanese word for police is the same as in Indonesian, ''Polisi''. they altered the word slightly to make it less obvious and better spoken))

''Landas'' = Sandal

''Ayas'' = Saya (I / Me)

''Koen'' = Kowe (You)

More Vocabulary can be found in the following posthttps://curcol.co/kamus-bahasa-walikan-malang-lengkap-15534

Surabaya

As the second largest city in Indonesia and the capital of East Java, Surabaya uses a rougher dialect of Javanese and has a fairly complete list of its own slang. Javanese language originated from the Central Javanese farmland and by the time it reached the coastal area of East Java, it changed from its original polite form into a more impolite version with the creation or further adaptation of many new 'Javanese-style' words and swearwords. One of the most notable Surabaya slang is the word Jancok.

Pontianak slang

Pontianak slang is influenced by Malay, Teochew and Dayak and sometimes combined with Hakka. It is spoken in the Malay dialect. These slang varieties are spoken throughout West Kalimantan.

Makassarese slang

Makassarese slang is highly influenced by the native Makassarese dialect and sometimes combined with Chinese accents. The slang, in the end, sounds more informal and 'rude', as going with the tough image of Makassarese people. The possessive word for ''you'' (''kamu'') has three degrees of politeness:
''-ta'' (very formal and respectful), ''-mu'' (neutral), and ''-nu'' (informal). For example:

*''This book belongs to you'' → Buku ini punya''-ta'' (the - reads as a glottal stop, which makes it punya'ta. In Makassarese dialect, the apostrophe is sometimes added in written form). Buku ini punya'mu is deemed more neutral, while ''Buku ini punya'nu'' is only spoken with very close friends.

Meanwhile, the word for ''you'' itself is divided into two, the formal ''ki'' and the informal ''ko''.

*'Di mana ''maki'' (Where are you now) as opposed to informal 'Di mana ''moko''. The ''-ma'' and ''-mo'' derives from the ''-mi'' which is often added in the end of words, having various meanings. It is hard to determine when to use ''mi'' or not, except to learn it by heart.

Ini ''mi''? -> 'This one?'
Biarkan ''mi'' -> 'Let it go'
Ko sudah belajar ''mi''? -> 'Have you studied?'. ''Ko'' derives from the informal Indonesian word ''Kau'', which stands for 'you'.
Sudah dimulai''mi'' itu ulangan? -> 'Has the exam started?', literally, 'Has-been started-the exam?'

''Ji'' is also often used in the end of words. Most often, it means 'only', or used to give a more assuring tone to a sentence.

* Sedikit ''ji'' -> 'It's only a little'
* Tidak apa-apa ''ji'' -> 'It's okay'
* Tidak susah ''ji'' soalnya -> 'The problem isn't difficult.'

''Di'' functions more like a question tag, read with a glottal stop at the end, which makes it to be 'dik'

*Tidak susah ''ji'' ''di''?? -> It's not difficult, right?

Aside from that, Makassarese more often speak with a heavier accent, mixing many of the Indonesian words with native Makassar words.

*''Tena ku issengi apa maksudnya'' (or even more complicated ''Tena ku issengi apa massu'na '') -> Literally, "No I understand what its meaning", actually meaning, "I don't understand what it means". In places, Makassarese slangs add ''-i'' at the end of words, putting a glottal stop before that. Furthermore, the words tend to be shortened considerably, which makes ''-nya'' read as ''-na'' and words ending with ''-d'' or ''-t'' gets its ending replaced with glottal stops. ''Menyusut'' (shrinking) becomes ''menyusuk'', and vice versa. Native Makassar people usually reads ''becak'' (pedicab) as ''becat''.

Gallery

File:JANGAN NGUTIP DARI WIKIPEDIA! Panduan buat kamu yang ingin tahu tentang ensiklopedi terbesar di dunia maya.pdf, The booklet ''JANGAN NGUTIP DARI WIKIPEDIA!'' using a content with slang terms on it.

See also

* Language families and languages
* Demographics of Indonesia
* British slang
* Cant (language)
* Patois
* Argot
* Slang
* Language game
* List of diglossic regions
* Cantonese internet slang, the similar phonemon of Indonesian slang.
* Alay
* Bahasa Rojak

References

* Harimurti Kridalaksana (2008). Kamus Linguistik (4 ed.). Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama. .

External links

* with user-contributed definitions
SEASite guide to pronunciation of Indonesian

*
Pusatbahasa: Bahasa prokem
*
Kitab Gaul
- Kamus bahasa gaul Indonesia, cari dan temukan arti kata-kata gaul terkini


*

{{Webarchive, url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050525082643/http://www.ialf.edu/bipa/march2002/bahasaabg.html , date=2005-05-25

Slang Particles in Indonesian Language

Slang language, Indonesian
Youth culture
Slang by language
Diglossia
City colloquials