The Hôtel des Invalides (; ), commonly called (; ), is a complex of buildings in the

7th arrondissement of Paris The 7th arrondissement of Paris (''VIIe arrondissement'') is one of the 20 Arrondissements of Paris, arrondissements of the capital city of France. It is known for being, along with the 16th arrondissement and the ''commune'' of Neuilly-sur-Sein ...

, France, containing

museum A museum is an institution dedicated to displaying or Preservation (library and archive), preserving culturally or scientifically significant objects. Many museums have exhibitions of these objects on public display, and some have private colle ...

s and

monument A monument is a type of structure that was explicitly created to commemorate a person or event, or which has become relevant to a social group as a part of their remembrance of historic times or cultural heritage, due to its artistic, historical ...

s, all relating to the

military history of France The military history of France encompasses an immense panorama of conflicts and struggles extending for more than 2,000 years across areas including modern France, Europe, and List of former European colonies, a variety of regions throughout the ...

, as well as a hospital and an old soldiers' retirement home, the building's original purpose. The buildings house the

Musée de l'Armée The Musée de l'Armée (; "Army Museum") is a national military museum of France located at Les Invalides in the 7th arrondissement of Paris. It is served by Paris Métro stations Invalides (Paris Métro and RER), Invalides, Varenne (Paris Métro ...

, the museum of the Army of France, the Musée des Plans-Reliefs, and the

Musée d'Histoire Contemporaine La contemporaine (Bibliothèque, archives, musée des mondes contemporains) is a French library, museum and archive center specialized on 20th century history. It was named "Bibliothèque de documentation internationale contemporaine" (BDIC) until ...

. The complex also includes the Cathedral of Saint-Louis-des-Invalides, the national cathedral of the French military. It is adjacent to the Royal Chapel known as the , the tallest church building in Paris at a height of 107 meters. The latter has been converted into a shrine to some of France's leading military figures, most notably the tomb of Napoleon.

History

Louis XIV LouisXIV (Louis-Dieudonné; 5 September 16381 September 1715), also known as Louis the Great () or the Sun King (), was King of France from 1643 until his death in 1715. His verified reign of 72 years and 110 days is the List of longest-reign ...

initiated the project by an order dated 24 November 1670 to create a home and hospital for aged and disabled () soldiers, the veterans of his many military campaigns. The initial architect of was Libéral Bruant. The selected site was in the then suburban plain of Grenelle (''plaine de Grenelle''). By the time the enlarged project was completed in 1676, the façade fronting the

Seine The Seine ( , ) is a river in northern France. Its drainage basin is in the Paris Basin (a geological relative lowland) covering most of northern France. It rises at Source-Seine, northwest of Dijon in northeastern France in the Langres plat ...

measured in width, and the complex had fifteen courtyards, the largest being the

cour d'honneur A court of honor ( ; ) is the principal and formal approach and forecourt of a large building. It is usually defined by two secondary wings projecting forward from the main central block ('' corps de logis''), sometimes with a fourth side, co ...

designed for military parades. The church-and-chapel complex of the Invalides was designed by

Jules Hardouin-Mansart Jules Hardouin-Mansart (; 16 April 1646 – 11 May 1708) was a French Baroque architect and builder whose major work included the Place des Victoires (1684–1690); Place Vendôme (1690); the domed chapel of Les Invalides (1690), and the Gra ...

in 1676, taking inspiration from his great-uncle François Mansart's design for a to be built behind the chancel of the

Basilica of Saint-Denis The Basilica of Saint-Denis (, now formally known as the ) is a large former medieval abbey church and present cathedral in the commune of Saint-Denis, a northern suburb of Paris. The building is of singular importance historically and archite ...

, the French monarch's necropolis since ancient times. Several projects were submitted in the mid-1660s by both Mansart and

Gian Lorenzo Bernini Gian Lorenzo (or Gianlorenzo) Bernini (, ; ; Italian Giovanni Lorenzo; 7 December 1598 – 28 November 1680) was an Italians, Italian sculptor and Italian architect, architect. While a major figure in the world of architecture, he was more prom ...

, who was residing in Paris at the time. Mansart's second project is very close to Hardouin-Mansart's concept of the Royal Chapel or Dome Church at , both in terms of its architecture and of its relationship with the adjacent church. Architectural historian Allan Braham has hypothesized that the domed chapel was initially intended to be a new burial place for the Bourbon Dynasty, but that project was not implemented. Instead, the massive building was designated as the private chapel of the monarch, which was attached to the Cathedral attended by the veterans. The Dôme des Invalides remains as one of the prime exemplars of French Baroque architecture, at high, and also as an iconic symbol of France's absolute monarchy. The interior of the dome was painted by Le Brun's disciple Charles de La Fosse with a Baroque illusionistic ceiling painting. The painting was completed in 1705. Meanwhile, Hardouin-Mansart assisted the aged Bruant with the Cathedral of Saint-Louis-des-Invalides, Paris, which was finished to Bruant's design after the latter died in 1697. Daily attendance of the veterans in the church services was required. Shortly after the veterans' chapel was started, Louis XIV commissioned Mansart to construct a separate private royal chapel, now named its most striking feature. The Dome chapel was finished in 1706. File:Stichting invalides.jpg, Louis XIV views the plans of File:Louis XIV Invalides Pierre Denis Martin.JPG, ''Visit of Louis XIV to '' (about 1706). Painting by Pierre-Denis Martin File:Hyacinthe Rigaud 1685 Jules-Hardouin Mansart-001.JPG, Portrait of Hardouin-Mansart by Hyacinthe Rigaud showing the Dome,

Louvre The Louvre ( ), or the Louvre Museum ( ), is a national art museum in Paris, France, and one of the most famous museums in the world. It is located on the Rive Droite, Right Bank of the Seine in the city's 1st arrondissement of Paris, 1st arron ...

File:Veron-Bellecourt - Napoléon Ier visitant l'infirmerie des Invalides, 11 février 1808.jpg,

Napoleon I Napoleon Bonaparte (born Napoleone di Buonaparte; 15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821), later known by his regnal name Napoleon I, was a French general and statesman who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led Military career ...

visiting the infirmary of Because of its location and significance, the Invalides served as the scene for several key events in French history. On 14 July 1789, it was stormed by Parisian rioters who seized the cannons and muskets stored in its cellars to use against the

Bastille The Bastille (, ) was a fortress in Paris, known as the Bastille Saint-Antoine. It played an important role in the internal conflicts of France and for most of its history was used as a state prison by the kings of France. It was stormed by a ...

later the same day. Napoleon was entombed under the Dome of the Invalides with a grand ceremony in 1840. The separation between the two churches was reinforced in the 19th century with the erection of Napoleon's tomb, the creation of the two separate altars, and the construction of a glass wall between the two chapels. The building retained its primary function as a retirement home and hospital for military veterans (''invalides'') until the early twentieth century. In 1872, the musée d'artillerie (Artillery Museum) was located within the building to be joined by the musée historique des armées (Historical Museum of the Armies) in 1896. The two institutions were merged to form the present musée de l'armée in 1905. At the same time, the veterans in residence were dispersed to smaller centres outside Paris. The reason was that adopting a mainly conscript army after 1872 meant a substantial reduction in the number of veterans having the twenty or more years of military service formerly required to enter the Hôpital des Invalides. The building accordingly became too large for its original purpose. The modern complex does, however, still include the facilities detailed below for about a hundred elderly or incapacitated former soldiers. When the Army Museum at was founded in 1905, the veterans' chapel was placed under its administrative control. It is now the cathedral of the Diocese of the French Armed Forces, officially known as Cathédrale Saint-Louis-des-Invalides.

2024 Olympic venue

File:Mens Individual Archery Paris 2024.jpg, Men's Individual Archery at the Les Invalides venue. The Esplanade des Invalides, the expansive green space in front of the historic Hôtel des Invalides, was a key venue for multiple sports during the Paris 2024 Summer Olympics. It hosted archery, para-archery, road cycling, and marathon events, with the Invalides buildings providing a unique backdrop for athletes to compete.

Architecture

North Front and entrance

File:Paris - Les Invalides - Façade nord - Statue de Minerve - PA00088714 - 004.jpg, The portal is guarded by a statue of the Goddess

Minerva Minerva (; ; ) is the Roman goddess of wisdom, justice, law, victory, and the sponsor of arts, trade, and strategy. She is also a goddess of warfare, though with a focus on strategic warfare, rather than the violence of gods such as Mars. Be ...

File:North portal of Hôtel des Invalides, Paris 11 June 2013.jpg, The north portal, depicting Louis XIV on horseback File:Paris - Les Invalides - Façade nord - 005.jpg, Statue of Mars, the God of War, by the north portal Hardouin-Mansart's Dome chapel is large enough to dominate the long façade yet harmonizes with Bruant's door under an arched pediment on the north front of Les Invalides. To the north, the courtyard (cour d'honneur) is extended by a wide public esplanade (''Esplanade des Invalides'') where the embassies of Austria and Finland are neighbors of the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs, all forming one of the grand open spaces in the heart of Paris. At its far end, the

Pont Alexandre III The Pont Alexandre III () is a deck arch bridge that spans the Seine in Paris. It connects the Champs-Élysées quarter with those of the Invalides and Eiffel Tower. The bridge is widely regarded as the most ornate, extravagant bridge in the ...

links this grand urbanistic axis with the

Petit Palais The (; ) is an art museum in the 8th arrondissement of Paris, France. Built for the Exposition Universelle (1900), 1900 Exposition Universelle ("universal exhibition"), it now houses the City of Paris Museum of Fine Arts (''Musée des beaux-arts ...

and the

Grand Palais The (; ), commonly known as the , is a historic site, exhibition hall and museum complex located in the 8th arrondissement of Paris between the Champs-Élysées and the Seine, France. Construction of the began in 1897 following the demolitio ...

. The

Pont des Invalides The Pont des Invalides () is the lowest bridge traversing the Seine in Paris. History The story of this bridge started in 1821, when engineer Claude Navier conceived a technologically revolutionary bridge that crossed the Seine in one single rea ...

is next, downstream the Seine river.

The Dome des Invalides

File:Cathédrale Saint-Louis-des-Invalides, 140309 2.jpg, The Dôme des Invalides, tall File:Paris - Détail du dôme des Invalides - 0009.jpg, Detail of the dome, decorated with of gold leaf File:Paris - Plafond du dôme des Invalides.jpg, Interior of the Dome File:Paris Les Invalides Dome Innen Grabrotunde 1.jpg, Interior of the dome with murals by Charles de la Fosse File:Hôtel des Invalides - porte.jpg, The bronze and gilded doors to the dome File:Paris Dôme des Invalides interior Pendentif.jpg, A mural by Charles de la Fosse The Dome is the tallest and most famous of the buildings of Les Invalides. Designed by

, it takes the form of a Greek cross, on a square plan. Each of the facades is composed of two orders superimposed. The porch is topped by triangular fronton. It is crowned by a dome 90 meters, high, surmounted by lantern bringing the height to 107 meters (351 feet), making it taller than Notre Dame de Paris and the tallest of all Paris church domes."Histoire de ;l'hotel des Invalides: La coupole du Dome par Charles de Fosse", published on-line by the Musee d'Armee. The dome is actually composed of two domes superimposed. The lower dome is largely open at the base, allowed the visitors below to see the art painted on the dome above by Charles de La Fosse. The windows are masked by the lower dome, which permits natural lighting and gives the impression that viewers are actually seeing the sky, a popular Baroque affect. The interior of the dome is divided into two separate churches; beneath the dome is the chapel that was used, on rare occasions, by the royal family. Attached to there dome is a separate church, the Cathedral of Saint-Louis-des-Invalides, Paris, which was used by the veterans who lived at Les Invalides. They were required to attend daily services in the church. The painting inside the dome by Charles de la Fosse depicts Saint Louis presenting his sword to Christ and the angels. In the center of the composition, God and the Virgin are surrounded by angel musicians. Saint Louis carries the symbols of royalty; a crown, a garden with flour-des-lys emblems, and a royal mantle. To the right of Christ are placed the symbols of the passion and the suffering of Christ; the cross, nails, a lance, and the crown of thorns. Charles de la Fosse (1636-1716), a student of Le Brun, was one of the leading painters of the Academy, whose work is also found in the

Palace of Versailles The Palace of Versailles ( ; ) is a former royal residence commissioned by King Louis XIV located in Versailles, Yvelines, Versailles, about west of Paris, in the Yvelines, Yvelines Department of Île-de-France, Île-de-France region in Franc ...

. Jules Hardouin Mansard, in charge of all the decoration of the dome, asked La Fosse to decorate the cupola and the pendentives with paintings of the four Evangelists. In the same period, he decorated the salons of Diane and Apollo at the

Tomb of Napoleon

File:Napoleons tomb Paris France.jpg, Tomb of Napoleon in a recess below the dome File:Paris - Dôme des Invalides - Tombeau de Napoléon - 002.jpg, Sarcophagus of Napoleon File:Memento Marengo.jpg, The altar above the tomb The Tomb of Napoleon is found within the Church of the Dome. It was created after his remains were returned to France from Saint Helena in 1840. It was prepared by King Louis Philippe I and his Prime Minister,

Adolphe Thiers Marie Joseph Louis Adolphe Thiers ( ; ; 15 April 17973 September 1877) was a French statesman and historian who served as President of France from 1871 to 1873. He was the second elected president and the first of the Third French Republic. Thi ...

, but it was not completed and inaugurated until 1861. The chief architect was Louis Visconti, who died before the tomb was completed. The sarcophagus made of purple

quartzite Quartzite is a hard, non- foliated metamorphic rock that was originally pure quartz sandstone.Essentials of Geology, 3rd Edition, Stephen Marshak, p 182 Sandstone is converted into quartzite through heating and pressure usually related to tecton ...

, on a base of green granite, is placed in an open crypt, The crypt is surrounded by a circular gallery supported by twelve pillars, with relief panel and sculpture celebrating Napoleon's accomplishments, represented by figures of Atlantes. (See also Napoleon's tomb)

Cathedral of Saint-Louis-des-Invalides

File:Paris Les Invalides Cathédrale Saint-Louis Innen Chor 3.jpg, The window behind the altar looks into chapel of the dome File:Interior of cathédrale Saint-Louis-des-Invalides 002.jpg, Nave with enemy flags captured by French Army File:Paris - Cathédrale Saint-Louis des Invalides - L'orgue - 001.jpg, Organ with case designed by Hardouin-Mansart In 1957, the position of vicar was created to oversee the spiritual education of the army. In 1986 a position of the Bishop of the armies was established and placed at the church, which gave the church the title of cathedral.Anne Muratori-Philip, Histoire des Invalides, Éditions Perrin, 2001, p. 20. The church is located directly behind the Dome des Invalides. It was originally the church that was used by the army veterans who lived at Les Invalides. They were required to attend daily services in the cathedral. In the original church, the dome, where the royal family worshipped, served as the choir, while the present cathedral was the nave for the veterans. One unusual feature of the church is the display of captured enemy flags taken over the years by the French Army. The cathedral has a particularly fine organ, made between 1679 and 1687, with a vert elaborate case with sculpture designed by architect

The Courtyard of Honor

File:Cour d'honneur des Invalides 001.jpg, Courtyard of Honor, with the Dome behind it. The Army Museum is on the left. File:Donald J. Trump and President Emmanuel Macron, July 13, 2017 (01).jpg, President Macron welcomes President Trump to Les Invalides (July 17, 2017) File:Paris - Les Invalides - Cour d'honneur - La statue de Napoléon - 001.jpg, Entrance to the Army Museum on the Courtyard of Honor File:Statue aux invalides.jpg, Statue of Napoleon overlooking the courtyard File:Cannons of Les Invalides - 1 (4102586114).jpg, Cannons on display in the courtyard The organ of the cathedral is particularly notable. It was made by the organ-builder of the King, Alexandre Thierry, between 1679 and 1687, and has undergone several restorations. The elabroate buffet with sculpture was made in 1683. It was specially designed for the church by the architect,

The French Army Museum

File:Musee-de-lArmee-IMG 1076.jpg, 15th or 16th century cavalry armour File:法兰西国王的骑士©Paris, musée de l'Armée.jpg, Displays in Army Museum File:0 Bombarde-mortier d'Aubusson - Inv. N 66 - Musée de l'armée à Paris.JPG, An Aubusson bombardment mortar, the largest in the world The Army Museum (Musée de l'Armée) was created in 1905 with the merger of the Musée d'Artillerie and the Musée Historique de l'Armée. The museum's seven main spaces and departments contain collections that display military equipment span the from the Middle antiquity through the 20th century.

The Museum of Relief Maps

The Musee des Plans-Reliefs displays a collection of military models. It was begun in 1668 the Minister of War of Louis XIV ordered that three-dimensional models be made of fortified cities and strategic places in France. The models were originally held in the Louvre. The collection was enlarged through the 18th centuries, and some models of German fortifications were added. The total collection made between 1668 and 1870 has about 150 models. The museum currently displays some twenty-eight models, depicting fortified cities of the French coast. File:Paris - Le Grand Palais -La France en relief - Brest - 009.jpg, Relief plan of the Chateau of Oleron File:Chateau If plan-relief.jpg, Relief map of the Chateau d'If.

Plan of Les Invalides

Hardouin-Mansart's Dome chapel is large enough to dominate the long façade yet harmonizes with Bruant's door under an arched pediment on the north front of Les Invalides. To the north, the courtyard (cour d'honneur) is extended by a wide public esplanade (''Esplanade des Invalides'') where the embassies of Austria and Finland are neighbors of the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs, all forming one of the grand open spaces in the heart of Paris. At its far end, the

links this grand urbanistic axis with the

and the

. The

is next, downstream the Seine river. The buildings still comprise the Institution Nationale des Invalides, a national institution for

disabled Disability is the experience of any condition that makes it more difficult for a person to do certain activities or have equitable access within a given society. Disabilities may be cognitive, developmental, intellectual, mental, physica ...

war veteran A veteran () is a person who has significant experience (and is usually adept and esteemed) and expertise in an occupation or field. A military veteran is a person who is no longer serving in the armed forces. A topic of interest for resea ...

s. The institution comprises: * a retirement home * a medical and surgical centre * a centre for external medical consultations.

Gallery

File:Paris - Orthophotographie - 2018 - Hôtel des Invalides 02.jpg, Aerial view of Les Invalides File:Paris - Toiture de la cour d'honneur des Invalides - Sculptures - 0010.jpg, Statue and attic window in the court of honor File:Vive L'Empereur, Musée de l'Armée, August 2013 002.jpg, "Long Live the Emperor" in the court File:HoteldesInvalides-005-P07.jpg, The Alexander III bridge was built in alignment with Les Invalides File:Dome Invalides-IMG 2448.jpg, Sight on the complex and Paris from the Dome's top File:Armoiries-france-invalides-IMG 0831.jpg, Top of the gate that overlooks the northern esplanade File:Hotel des Invalides seen from the Tour Montparnasse.JPG, From Montparnasse tower File:L'architecture. Le passé.-Le présent (1916) - Flickr 14778212605.jpg, The Dome has a structure of triple hull File:Hôtel des Invalides - porte.jpg, The monumental bronze door of the Dome File:Dôme des Invalides, plan of former Église Royale des Invalides, engraving published 1670.jpg, Plan of the Dome File:Dôme des Invalides clocheton 2010.jpg, Pinnacle at the top of the Dome File:Dome @ Musée de l'Armée @ Les Invalides @ Paris (25768372166).jpg, Interior architecture File:Paris Dôme des Invalides 777.JPG, The grounds are covered with polychrome marble marquetries of the 17th century File:Napoleons tomb Paris France.jpg, Napoleon's tomb was dug in the center of the Dome File:Paris - Plafond du dôme des Invalides.jpg, Cupola of the Dome File:Dome @ Musée de l'Armée @ Les Invalides @ Paris (25673476082).jpg, One of the four small side cupolas File:Paris invalides cathedrale int.jpg, According to an old tradition, war trophies decorate the vault of the Cathédrale Saint-Louis-des-Invalides File:MilitaryCostumeEmperorKienLong1736-1796.jpg, The

Qianlong Emperor The Qianlong Emperor (25 September 17117 February 1799), also known by his temple name Emperor Gaozong of Qing, personal name Hongli, was the fifth Emperor of China, emperor of the Qing dynasty and the fourth Qing emperor to rule over China pr ...

's military costume at the

Burials

The Dome chapel became a military necropolis when

Napoleon Napoleon Bonaparte (born Napoleone di Buonaparte; 15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821), later known by his regnal name Napoleon I, was a French general and statesman who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led Military career ...

in September 1800 designated it for the relocation of the tomb of Louis XIV's celebrated general Turenne, followed in 1807–1808 by Vauban. In 1835, the underground gallery below the church received the remains of 14 victims of the Giuseppe Marco Fieschi's failed assassination attempt on

Louis-Philippe I Louis Philippe I (6 October 1773 – 26 August 1850), nicknamed the Citizen King, was King of the French from 1830 to 1848, the penultimate monarch of France, and the last French monarch to bear the title "King". He abdicated from his thron ...

. The significant development came with the building's designation to become Napoleon's tomb by a law of 10 June 1840, as part of the political project of the orchestrated by king

and his minister

(the reference to Napoleon's or "ashes" is actually to his mortal remains, as he had not been cremated). The creation of the crypt and of Napoleon's massive sarcophagus took twenty years to complete and was finished in 1861. By then, it was emperor

Napoleon III Napoleon III (Charles-Louis Napoléon Bonaparte; 20 April 18089 January 1873) was President of France from 1848 to 1852 and then Emperor of the French from 1852 until his deposition in 1870. He was the first president, second emperor, and last ...

who was in power and oversaw the ceremony of the transfer of the remains of his uncle from a chapel of the church to the crypt beneath the dome.

Inside the ''Église du Dôme des Invalides''

The most notable tomb at Les Invalides is that of

Napoleon Bonaparte Napoleon Bonaparte (born Napoleone di Buonaparte; 15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821), later known by his regnal name Napoleon I, was a French general and statesman who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led Military career ...

(1769–1821), designed by Louis Visconti with sculptures by

James Pradier James Pradier (born Jean-Jacques Pradier, ; 23 May 1790 – 4 June 1852) was a Genevan-born French sculptor best known for his work in the neoclassical style. Life and work Born in Geneva (then the Republic of Geneva), Pradier was the son of a ...

, Pierre-Charles Simart and

Francisque Joseph Duret Francisque Joseph Duret (; 19 October 1804 – 26 May 1865) was a French sculptor, son and pupil of François-Joseph Duret (1732–1816). Life and career Before becoming a sculptor, Francisque Duret had shown interest in pursuing a career in thea ...

. Napoleon was initially interred on

Saint Helena Saint Helena (, ) is one of the three constituent parts of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha, a remote British overseas territory. Saint Helena is a volcanic and tropical island, located in the South Atlantic Ocean, some 1,874 km ...

, but King

Louis Philippe Louis Philippe I (6 October 1773 – 26 August 1850), nicknamed the Citizen King, was King of the French from 1830 to 1848, the penultimate monarch of France, and the last French monarch to bear the title "King". He abdicated from his throne ...

arranged for his remains to be brought to France in 1840, an event known as ''le retour des cendres''. Napoleon's remains were kept in the Saint Jerome (southwestern) chapel of the Dome church for more than two decades until his final resting place, a tomb made of red quartzite and resting on a green granite base, was finished in 1861. Other military figures and members of Napoleon's family were also buried at the Dome church by year of burial there: * 1800:

Henri de La Tour d'Auvergne, Viscount of Turenne Henri de La Tour d'Auvergne, vicomte de Turenne (11 September 161127 July 1675), commonly known as Turenne (), was a French general and one of only six Marshal of France, marshals to have been promoted Marshal General of France. The most illus ...

(1611–1675); 1670s monument by Gaspard Marsy and Jean-Baptiste Tuby, originally at the

and relocated by Napoleon * 1807–1808: heart of

Sébastien Le Prestre de Vauban Sébastien is a common French given name. It is a French form of the Latin name ''Sebastianus'' meaning "from Sebaste". Sebaste was a common placename in classical Antiquity, derived from the Greek word ''σεβαστος'', or ''sebastos'', mea ...

(1633–1707); relocated by Napoleon from

Bazoches Bazoches () is a commune in the Nièvre department in central France. Population Personalities * The Marquis de Vauban, Marshal of France and famous military engineer, bought the Château de Bazoches in 1675.Château de BazocheOfficial web ...

, replaced in 1847 with a

cenotaph A cenotaph is an empty grave, tomb or a monument erected in honor of a person or group of people whose remains are elsewhere or have been lost. It can also be the initial tomb for a person who has since been reinterred elsewhere. Although t ...

by Antoine Étex * 1847:

Henri Gatien Bertrand Henri-Gatien Bertrand (; 22 March 1773 Dictionnaire Napoléon - Jean Tulard - P207 – 31 January 1844) was a French general who served during the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars. Under the Empire he was the third and last G ...

(1773–1844), an army general who accompanied Napoleon to Elba and then St Helena, and in 1840 brought Napoleon's body back to France; monument designed by Louis Visconti * 1847:

Géraud Duroc Géraud Christophe Michel Duroc (; born du Roc; 25 October 1772 – 23 May 1813), Duke of Frioul, was a French people, French general and diplomat who fought in the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars. He was noted for his friendshi ...

(1772–1813); also by Louis Visconti * 1862:

Jérôme Bonaparte Jérôme Bonaparte (born Girolamo Buonaparte; 15 November 1784 – 24 June 1860) was the youngest brother of Napoleon, Napoleon I and reigned as Jerome Napoleon I (formally Hieronymus Napoleon in German), Kingdom of Westphalia, King of Westphal ...

(1784–1860), Napoleon's youngest brother, Governor of the Invalides 1848–1852; monument by

Alfred-Nicolas Normand Alfred-Nicolas Normand (1 June 1822, Paris – 2 March 1909, Paris) was a French architect and photographer. Biography His father, Louis-Eléonor Normand (1780-1862), was also an architect and provided some of his first lessons. In 1842, he ent ...

with sculpture by

Eugène Guillaume Eugene is a common male given name that comes from the Greek εὐγενής (''eugenēs''), "noble", literally "well-born", from εὖ (''eu''), "well" and γένος (''genos''), "race, stock, kin".Joseph Bonaparte Joseph Bonaparte (born Giuseppe di Buonaparte, ; ; ; 7 January 176828 July 1844) was a French statesman, lawyer, diplomat and older brother of Napoleon Bonaparte. During the Napoleonic Wars, the latter made him King of Naples (1806–1808), an ...

(1768–1844), Napoleon's elder brother; monument by in the Saint Augustine (southeastern) chapel *

Charles Leclerc Charles Marc Hervé Perceval Leclerc (; born 16 October 1997) is a Monégasque racing driver who competes in Formula One for Ferrari. Leclerc was runner-up in the Formula One World Drivers' Championship in with Ferrari, and has won Grands ...

(1772–1802); urn relocated from the Château de Montgobert * 1904: heart of

Théophile Corret de la Tour d'Auvergne Théophile Malo Corret de la Tour d'Auvergne (; 23 November 174328 June 1800) was a French officer named by Napoleon as the "first grenadier of France". He was also a celtomaniac antiquarian who introduced the words "dolmen" and "menhir" into g ...

(1743–1800), named by Napoleon the "first

grenadier A grenadier ( , ; derived from the word ''grenade'') was historically an assault-specialist soldier who threw hand grenades in siege operation battles. The distinct combat function of the grenadier was established in the mid-17th century, when ...

of the Republic" * 1940:

Napoleon II Napoleon II (Napoléon François Joseph Charles Bonaparte; 20 March 181122 July 1832) was the disputed Emperor of the French for a few weeks in 1815. He was the son of Emperor Napoleon I and Empress Marie Louise, Duchess of Parma, Marie Louise, d ...

(1811–1832) son of Napoleon (his heart and intestines remained in Vienna); first placed in the church's Saint Jerome Chapel, then buried in the crypt in 1969 * 1858: heart of

Catharina of Württemberg Princess Katharina of Württemberg (full name: Friederike Katharina Sophie Dorothea; 21 February 1783 – 29 November 1835) was Queen of Westphalia by marriage to Jérôme Bonaparte, who reigned as King of Westphalia between 1807 and 1813. L ...

(1783–1835), wife of Jérôme Bonaparte, and their son

Jérôme Napoléon Charles Bonaparte Prince Jérôme Napoléon Charles Bonaparte (24 August 1814 – 12 May 1847) was the son of Jérôme Bonaparte and a nephew of Napoleon I, Emperor of France, and army officer of the German kingdom of Württemberg. Life Jérôme Napoléon w ...

, in the underground gallery; the monument of Catharina's heart was relocated in 1862 in the Saint Jerome Chapel * 1937:

Ferdinand Foch Ferdinand Foch ( , ; 2 October 1851 – 20 March 1929) was a French general, Marshal of France and a member of the Académie Française and French Academy of Sciences, Académie des Sciences. He distinguished himself as Supreme Allied Commander ...

(1851–1929), monument by

Paul Landowski Paul Maximilien Landowski (1 June 1875 – 31 March 1961) was a French monument sculptor of Polish descent. His best-known work is '' Christ the Redeemer'' in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Biography Landowski was born in Paris, France, of a Polish re ...

in the Saint Ambrose (northeastern) chapel * 1963:

Hubert Lyautey Louis Hubert Gonzalve Lyautey (17 November 1854 – 27 July 1934) was a French Army general and colonial administrator. After serving in Indochina and Madagascar, he became the first French Resident-General in Morocco from 1912 to 1925. In earl ...

(1854–1934), relocated from Morocco, monument by

Albert Laprade Albert Laprade (29 November 1883 – 9 May 1978) was a French architect, perhaps best known for the Palais de la Porte Dorée. During a long career he undertook many urban renewal projects as well as major industrial and commercial works. A sk ...

in the Saint Gregory (northwestern) chapel File:Deux " VICTOIRES " et le tombeau de Napoléon 1er.JPG, Two of the twelve marble Victories surrounding Napoleon's tomb File:Tomb of Joseph Bonaparte at Les Invalides, April 2011.jpg, Tomb of Joseph Bonaparte in the Dome church File:Fochs tomb, Hôtel des Invalides 2012-10-07.jpg, Tomb of

in the Dome church File:Vaubaninvalides01.JPG, Cenotaph of Vauban in the Dome church File:Tomb of marshal Lyautey in the Saint Gregory (northwestern) chapel of les Invalides.jpg, Tomb of marshal Lyautey in the Saint Gregory (northwestern) chapel File:Tomb of Jerome Bonaparte in the Saint Jerome chapel in les Invalides, France.jpg, Tomb of Jerome Bonaparte in the Saint Jerome chapel

Beneath the ''Cathédrale Saint-Louis-des-Invalides''

82 additional military figures, including 28 Governors of Les Invalides, are buried in the , an underground gallery beneath the Cathédrale Saint-Louis-des-Invalides: * Albert d'Amade (1856–1941) *

Jean-Toussaint Arrighi de Casanova Jean-Toussaint Arrighi de Casanova, duc de Padoue (; born 8 March 1778 in Corte; died 22 March 1853 in Paris), Duke of Padova, was a French diplomat and soldier of the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars. In the late 1840s, Arrighi was also ...

(1778–1853), Governor 1852–1853 *

Louis Baraguey d'Hilliers Louis Baraguey d'Hilliers (; 13 August 1764 – 6 January 1813) was a French Army general who fought in the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars. He was the father of Achille Baraguey d'Hilliers, a Marshal of France, and the father-i ...

(1764–1813) (heart) *

Achille Baraguey d'Hilliers Louis-Achille Baraguey d'Hilliers (6 September 1795 – 6 June 1878), 1st Comte Baraguey d'Hilliers, was a Marshal of France and politician. Baraguey d'Hilliers was born in Paris, the son of the French revolutionary general Louis Baraguey d'Hil ...

(1795–1878),

Marshal of France Marshal of France (, plural ') is a French military distinction, rather than a military rank, that is awarded to General officer, generals for exceptional achievements. The title has been awarded since 1185, though briefly abolished (1793–1804) ...

* Jean-François Berruyer (1737?–1804), Governor 1803–1804 *

Jean-Baptiste Bessières Jean-Baptiste Bessières, duc d'Istrie (; 6 August 1768 – 1 May 1813) was a French military leader of the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars. He was made a Marshal of the Empire by Emperor Napoleon in 1804. Born into the ''petit ...

(1768–1813),

Marshal of the Empire Marshal of the Empire () was a civil dignity during the First French Empire. It was established by on 18 May 1804 and to a large extent reinstated the formerly abolished title of Marshal of France. According to the ''Sénatus-consulte'', a Mar ...

* Baptiste Pierre Bisson (1767–1811) (heart) *

Antoine Baucheron de Boissoudy Antoine is a French given name (from the Latin ''Antonius'' meaning 'highly praise-worthy') that is a variant of Danton, Titouan, D'Anton and Antonin. The name is most common in France, Switzerland, Belgium, Canada, West Greenland, Haiti, Fren ...

(1864–1926) * Thomas Bugeaud (1784–1849),

, involved in the

conquest of Algeria The French conquest of Algeria (; ) took place between 1830 and 1903. In 1827, an argument between Hussein Dey, the ruler of the Regency of Algiers, and the French consul escalated into a blockade, following which the July Monarchy of France inva ...

François Canrobert François () is a French masculine given name and surname, equivalent to the English name Francis. People with the given name * François Amoudruz (1926–2020), French resistance fighter * François-Marie Arouet (better known as Voltaire; 1 ...

(1809–1895),

* François-Henri de Franquetot de Coigny (1737–1821),

, Governor 1816–1821 * Victor Cordonnier (1858–1936) *

Charles-Marie Denys de Damrémont Charles-Marie Denys, comte de Damrémont (8 February 1783 – 12 October 1837) was a French general and military governor of French Algeria. He was killed in combat during the siege of Constantine. Early life Charles-Marie Denys was born in Chaum ...

(1783–1837) * Vincent Martel Deconchy (1768–1823) (heart) *

Denis Auguste Duchêne Denis Auguste Duchene (23 September 1862 – 9 June 1950) was a French World War I general. He was born on 23 September 1862 at Juzennecourt, Haute-Marne and died on 9 June 1950 at Bihorel, Seine-Inférieure. He was promoted General de Brigade ...

(1862–1950) *

Guy-Victor Duperré Admiral of France Guy-Victor Duperré (20 February 1775 – 2 November 1846) was a French Navy officer. He is known for commanding French naval forces in the Mauritius campaign of 1809–1811 and was victorious in the Battle of Grand Port, whe ...

(1775–1846) * (1794–1848) *

Jean Baptiste Eblé Jean Baptiste Eblé (; 21 December 1758 – 31 December 1812) was a French General, Engineer and Artilleryman during the Napoleonic Wars. He is credited with saving Napoleon's Grand Army from complete destruction in 1812. Biography Eblé was bor ...

(1758–1812) (heart) *

Louis Franchet d'Espèrey Louis may refer to: People * Louis (given name), origin and several individuals with this name * Louis (surname) * Louis (singer), Serbian singer Other uses * Louis (coin), a French coin * HMS ''Louis'', two ships of the Royal Navy See also ...

(1856–1942),

* Rémy Joseph Isidore Exelmans (1775–1852),

Émile Fayolle Marie Émile Fayolle (14 May 1852 – 27 August 1928) was a French general during World War I and a diplomat, elevated to the dignity of Marshal of France. Early life Marie Émile Fayolle was born on 14 May 1852, in Puy-en-Velay, at ''9 ...

(1852–1928),

Ernest François Fournier Ernest François Fournier (23 May 1842–6 November 1934) was a French diplomat and admiral born in Toulouse. He was a negotiator in the Tientsin Accord, which resolved the undeclared war between France and China in 1884. He joined the navy in ...

(1842–1934) * Dominique-Marie Gauchet (1853–1931) *

Augustin Gérard Augustin Gérard (2 November 1857 – 2 November 1926) was a French général de division and Grand Master of the Grand Orient de France (1921–22). Life His first important assignment was Chief of Staff of general Joseph Gallieni in Madagasc ...

(1857–1926) *

Henri Giraud Henri Honoré Giraud (; 18 January 1879 – 11 March 1949) was a French military officer who was a leader of the Free French Forces during the Second World War until he was forced to retire in 1944. Born to an Alsatian family in Paris, Giraud ...

(1879–1949) *

Émile Guépratte Émile Paul Aimable Guépratte (30 August 1856 – 21 November 1939) was a French admiral. Biography Guépratte was born in Granville to a family of naval officers. He studied at the ''Lycée impérial'' in Brest from 1868, and joined the Écol ...

(1856–1939) *

Adolphe Guillaumat Marie Louis Adolphe Guillaumat (4 January 1863 – 18 May 1940) was a French Army general during World War I. Early years Adolphe Guillaumat was born in Bourgneuf, Charente-Maritime. He graduated first from his class of 1884 at the Saint-Cyr ...

(1863–1940) *

Ferdinand-Alphonse Hamelin Ferdinand-Alphonse Hamelin (2 September 1796 – 10 January 1864), French admiral, was born in Pont-l'Évêque, Normandy. He was the nephew of Jacques Félix Emmanuel Hamelin, a successful rear admiral in the French Navy of the Napoleonic era ...

(1796–1864) *

Jean-Joseph Ange d'Hautpoul Jean-Joseph Ange d'Hautpoul (; 13 May 1754 – 14 February 1807) was a French cavalry general of the Napoleonic Wars. He came from an old noble family of France whose military tradition extended for several centuries. Efforts by the French Rev ...

(1754–1807) (heart) *

Paul Prosper Henrys Paul Prosper Henrys (or Paul-Prosper) (13 March 1862 – 6 November 1943) was a French general. In his early career, Henrys was stationed in French Algeria. In 1912, he participated in the French conquest of Morocco under general Hubert Lyautey. ...

(1862–1943) * (1885–1960), Governor 1951–1960 *

Georges Louis Humbert Georges Louis Humbert (8 April 1862 – 1921) was a French general during World War I. He was the son of Émile Siméon Humbert, a gendarme and Nathalie Augustine Eulalie Breton. Career He participated in the Tonkin Campaign (1885–1887), ...

(1862–1921) *

Jean-Baptiste Jourdan Jean-Baptiste Jourdan, 1st Count Jourdan (; 29 April 1762 – 23 November 1833), was a French military commander who served during the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars. He was made a Marshal of the Empire by Emperor Napoleon I i ...

(1762–1833),

, Governor 1830–1833 *

Alphonse Juin Alphonse Pierre Juin (16 December 1888 – 27 January 1967) was a senior French Army general who became Marshal of France. A graduate of the École Spéciale Militaire class of 1912, he served in Morocco in 1914 in command of native troops. Upon ...

(1888–1967),

Jean-Baptiste Kléber Jean-Baptiste Kléber (; 9 March 1753 – 14 June 1800) was a French army officer and architect who served in the War of the Bavarian Succession and French Revolutionary Wars. After serving for one year in the French Royal Army, he joined the Im ...

(1753–1800) (heart) *

Fernand de Langle de Cary Fernand Louis Armand Marie de Langle de Cary (4 July 1849 – 19 February 1927) was a French general during World War I. He commanded the Fourth Army when the war began. Early life Fernand Louis Armand Marie De Langle De Cary (1849-1927) was ...

(1849–1927) *

Charles Lanrezac Charles Lanrezac (31 July 1852 – 18 January 1925) was a French general, formerly a distinguished staff college lecturer, who briefly commanded the French Fifth Army at the outbreak of the First World War. His army, originally intended to stri ...

(1852–1925) *

Augustin Boué de Lapeyrère Augustin Manuel Hubert Gaston Boué de Lapeyrère (18 January 1852 – 17 February 1924) was a French admiral during World War I. He was a strong proponent of naval reform, and is comparable to Admiral Jackie Fisher of the British Royal Navy. ...

(1852–1924) *

Jean Ambroise Baston de Lariboisière Jean Ambroise Baston de Lariboisière, also Count de Lariboisière, was a general of artillery of the First French Empire. He fought in the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars and died of fatigue at Königsberg in East Prussia on 21 ...

(1759–1812) *

Dominique Jean Larrey Dominique Jean, Baron Larrey (8 July 1766 – 25 July 1842) was a French surgeon and soldier best known for his service in the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars. An important innovator in battlefield medicine and triage, Larrey invented t ...

(1766–1842), celebrated military surgeon *

Antoine Charles Louis de Lasalle Antoine-Charles-Louis, Comte de Lasalle (; 10 May 17756 July 1809) was a French cavalry general during the French Revolutionary Wars, French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars. Often called "The Hussar General," he first gained fame for his rol ...

(1777–1809), the "Hussar General" *

Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque Philippe François Marie Leclerc de Hauteclocque (22 November 1902 – 28 November 1947) was a Free France, Free-French general during World War II. He became Marshal of France posthumously in 1952, and is known in France simply as or ju ...

(1902–1947),

Patrice de MacMahon Marie Edme Patrice Maurice de MacMahon, marquis de MacMahon, duc de Magenta (; 13 June 1808 – 17 October 1893), was a French general and politician who served as President of France from 1873 to 1879. He was elevated to the dignity of Marshal ...

(1808–1893),

and

President of France The president of France, officially the president of the French Republic (), is the executive head of state of France, and the commander-in-chief of the French Armed Forces. As the presidency is the supreme magistracy of the country, the po ...

Paul Maistre Paul André Marie Maistre, (20 June 1858 – 25 July 1922) was a highly decorated French general who fought in World War I. He graduated from Saint Cyr in 1877, first in his class. He later returned as an instructor. He was promoted to captain in ...

(1858–1922) * Gabriel Malleterre (1858–1923), Governor 1919–1923 *

Charles Mangin Charles Emmanuel Marie Mangin (6 July 1866 – 12 May 1925) was a French general during World War I. Early career Charles Mangin was born on 6 July 1866 in Sarrebourg. After initially failing to gain entrance to Saint-Cyr, he joined the 77th In ...

(1866–1925) * (1864–1944), Governor 1923–1944 * Edmond-Charles de Martimprey (1808–1883), Governor 1870–1871 * Louis de Maud'huy (1857–1921) *

Michel-Joseph Maunoury Michel-Joseph Maunoury (; 17 December 1847 – 28 March 1923) was a commander of the French forces in the early days of World War I who was posthumously elevated to the dignity of Marshal of France. Initially commanding in Lorraine, as the ...

(1847–1923), posthumous

Antoine de Mitry Antoine Henri de Mitry (Leménil-Mitry, 20 September 1857 – 18 August 1924) was a French army general during World War I. He entered the Ecole Spéciale Militaire de Saint-Cyr in 1875, and afterwards joined the cavalry. A colonel in 1910, he co ...

(1857–1924) *

Gabriel Jean Joseph Molitor Gabriel-Jean-Joseph Molitor (7 March 1770 – 28 July 1849) was a Marshal of France. Biography He was born in Hayingen in Lorraine. Upon the outbreak of the French Revolution, Molitor joined the French revolutionary armies as a captain in a bat ...

(1770–1849),

, Governor 1847–1848 *

Bon-Adrien Jeannot de Moncey Bon-Adrien Jeannot de Moncey (or Jannot de Moncey), 1st duc de Conegliano (31 July 1754 – 20 April 1842) was a French military officer and a prominent commander in the French Revolutionary Wars and later a Marshal of the Empire during the Napo ...

(1754–1842),

, Governor 1833–1842 *

Raoul Magrin-Vernerey Raoul Charles Magrin-Vernerey (), also known as Ralph Monclar (; 7 February 1892 – 3 June 1964) was a French officer and 2nd Inspector of the Foreign Legion who fought in World War I, World War II within the ranks of the Free French Forces ...

a.k.a. Ralph Monclar (1892–1964), Governor 1862–1864 *

Georges Mouton Georges Mouton, comte de Lobau (; 21 February 1770 – 27 November 1838) was a French soldier and political figure who rose to the rank of Marshal of France. Biography Born in Phalsbourg, Lorraine, he enlisted in the French Revolutionary A ...

(1770–1838),

* François-Marie-Casimir Négrier (1788–1848) (heart) *

Robert Nivelle Robert Georges Nivelle (15 October 1856 – 22 March 1924) was a French artillery general officer who served in the Boxer Rebellion and the First World War. In May 1916, he succeeded Philippe Pétain as commander of the French Second Army in the ...

(1856–1924) * (1618–1705), Governor 1696–1705 *

Philippe Antoine d'Ornano Philippe Antoine d'Ornano, Comte d'Ornano (; 17 January 1784 – 13 October 1863) was a French soldier and politician who fought in the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars. He was made a Marshal of France in 1861. Early life D'Orna ...

(1784–1863),

, Governor 1853–1863 *

Nicolas Oudinot Nicolas Charles Oudinot, duc de Reggio (; 25 April 1767 – 13 September 1847), was a French general of the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars. He is known to have been wounded 34 times in battle, being hit by artillery shells, sa ...

(1767–1847),

, Governor 1842–1847 *

Paul Pau Paul Marie César Gérald Pau, (29 November 1848, Montélimar – 2 January 1932) was a French soldier and general who served in the Franco-Prussian War and in World War I. He took part in the Franco-Prussian War, suffering the loss of his lower ...

(1848–1932) *

Aimable Pélissier Aimable-Jean-Jacques Pélissier, 1st Duc de Malakoff (6 November 179422 May 1864), was a Marshal of France. He served in Algeria where he became widely known for his cruel conduct and extermination of entire tribes. He also served elsewhere, and a ...

(1794–1864),

Henri Putz Henri Gabriel Putz (Metz, 26 January 1859 – Metz, 22 February 1925) was a French Army general during World War I. Early years He was born in Metz in 1859 as the son of military Jean-Baptiste Henry Putz (1824–1903), who became Brigade Genera ...

(1859–1925) * (1870–1951), Governor 1944–1951 *

Pierre Alexis Ronarc'h Pierre-Alexis Ronarc'h () was a French sailor and admiral, born on 22 November 1865 in Quimper and died 1 April 1940 in Paris. He is notable for commanding the French Brigade de Fusiliers Marins at the Battle of the Yser in 1914 during the First ...

(1865–1940) *

Pierre Roques Pierre Auguste Roques (28 December 1856 – 26 February 1920) was a French general and creator of the French air force. Biography Born to a modest family in Marseillan, Hérault, his lively intelligence earned him a study grant that allowed hi ...

(1856–1920), creator of the

French Air Force The French Air and Space Force (, , ) is the air force, air and space force of the French Armed Forces. Formed in 1909 as the ("Aeronautical Service"), a service arm of the French Army, it became an independent military branch in 1934 as the Fr ...

Claude Joseph Rouget de Lisle Claude Joseph Rouget de Lisle (; 10 May 1760 – 26 June 1836) was a French army officer of the French Revolutionary Wars. Lisle is known for writing the words and music of the , which would later be known as and become the French national anthe ...

(1760–1836), army captain, author of France's national anthem ''La Marseillaise'' * Pierre Ruffey (1851–1928) * Auguste Regnaud de Saint-Jean d'Angély (1794–1870),

* Jacques Leroy de Saint-Arnaud (1798–1854),

* Maurice Sarrail (1856–1929) (heart) * Horace François Bastien Sébastiani de La Porta (1771–1851),

* Jean-Mathieu-Philibert Sérurier (1742–1819),

, Governor 1804–1815 * Victor d'Urbal (1858–1943) * Sylvain Charles Valée (1773–1846),

Two of these, Gabriel Malleterre and

, are also honored with a plaque inside the Saint-Louis-des-Invalides cathedral. Another plaque honors Jean de Lattre de Tassigny (1889–1952), posthumous

, commander of the French First Army during World War II and later commander in the First Indochina War, who is buried in Mouilleron-en-Pareds. File:Caveau des Gouverneurs.jpg, Burial vaults in the beaneath Cathédrale Saint-Louis-des-Invalides File:Jean de Lattre de Tassigny memorial plaque, Saint-Louis-des-Invalides, Les Invalides, Paris, France - 20050912.jpg, Plaque honoring Marshal de Lattre de Tassigny in Cathédrale Saint-Louis-des-Invalides File:Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque memorial plaque, Saint-Louis-des-Invalides, Les Invalides, Paris, France - 20050912.jpg, Plaque honoring Marshal Leclerc in Cathédrale Saint-Louis-des-Invalides

References

External links

*
3d model of interior of Les Invalides
{{DEFAULTSORT:Invalides Buildings and structures completed in 1676 Baroque buildings in France Monuments and memorials in Paris Cemeteries in Paris Veterans' affairs in France Military-related organizations Roman Catholic churches in the 7th arrondissement of Paris Napoleon museums Terminating vistas in Paris Burial sites of the House of la Tour d'Auvergne Burial sites of the House of Bonaparte 1676 establishments in France Venues of the 2024 Summer Olympics Olympic archery venues Domes Cathedrals of military ordinariates