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Hélène Cixous (; ; born 5 June 1937) is a French
writer A writer is a person who uses written words in different writing styles, genres and techniques to communicate ideas, to inspire feelings and emotions, or to entertain. Writers may develop different forms of writing such as novels, short sto ...
,
playwright A playwright or dramatist is a person who writes play (theatre), plays, which are a form of drama that primarily consists of dialogue between Character (arts), characters and is intended for Theatre, theatrical performance rather than just Readin ...
and
literary critic A genre of arts criticism, literary criticism or literary studies is the study, evaluation, and interpretation of literature. Modern literary criticism is often influenced by literary theory, which is the philosophical analysis of literature' ...
. During her academic career, she was primarily associated with the Centre universitaire de Vincennes (today's
University of Paris VIII Paris 8 University (), or usually the University of Vincennes in Saint-Denis or Paris 8, is a public university in the Paris Metropolitan Area, Greater Paris, France. Once part of the historic University of Paris, it is now an autonomous public ...
), which she co-founded in 1969 and where she created the first centre of
women's studies Women's studies is an academic field that draws on Feminism, feminist and interdisciplinary methods to place women's lives and experiences at the center of study, while examining Social constructionism, social and cultural constructs of gender; ...
at a European university. Known for her experimental writing style and great versatility as a writer and thinker, she has written more than seventy books dealing with multiple genres: theatre, literary and feminist theory, art criticism, autobiography and poetic fiction. She first gained attention in 1969 with her first work of fiction, ''Dedans'' (''Inside''), a semi-autobiographical novel which won the
Prix Médicis The Prix Médicis () is a French literary award given each year in November. It was founded in 1958 by and .
and explored the themes of identity, memory, death and writing. She is perhaps best known for her 1976 article " The Laugh of the Medusa", which established her as one of the early thinkers in
post-structural feminism Post-structural feminism is a branch of feminism that engages with insights from post-structuralist thought. Poststructural feminism emphasizes "the contingent and discursive nature of identities", and in particular the social construction o ...
. She has collaborated with several artists and directors, such as Adel Abdessemed, Pierre Alechinsky, Simone Benmussa,
Jacques Derrida Jacques Derrida (; ; born Jackie Élie Derrida;Peeters (2013), pp. 12–13. See also 15 July 1930 – 9 October 2004) was a French Algerian philosopher. He developed the philosophy of deconstruction, which he utilized in a number of his texts, ...
, Simon Hantaï, Daniel Mesguich and Ariane Mnouchkine. She is considered a strong contender for the
Nobel Prize in Literature The Nobel Prize in Literature, here meaning ''for'' Literature (), is a Swedish literature prize that is awarded annually, since 1901, to an author from any country who has, in the words of the will of Swedish industrialist Alfred Nobel, "in ...
.


Life and career


Personal life

Cixous was born in
Oran Oran () is a major coastal city located in the northwest of Algeria. It is considered the second most important city of Algeria, after the capital, Algiers, because of its population and commercial, industrial and cultural importance. It is w ...
,
French Algeria French Algeria ( until 1839, then afterwards; unofficially ; ), also known as Colonial Algeria, was the period of History of Algeria, Algerian history when the country was a colony and later an integral part of France. French rule lasted until ...
, to
Jewish Jews (, , ), or the Jewish people, are an ethnoreligious group and nation, originating from the Israelites of History of ancient Israel and Judah, ancient Israel and Judah. They also traditionally adhere to Judaism. Jewish ethnicity, rel ...
parents, Eve Cixous, née Klein, (1910–2013) and Georges Cixous (1909–1948). Georges Cixous, a physician who had written his dissertation on tuberculosis, died of the disease in 1948. Eve Cixous became a midwife in
Algiers Algiers is the capital city of Algeria as well as the capital of the Algiers Province; it extends over many Communes of Algeria, communes without having its own separate governing body. With 2,988,145 residents in 2008Census 14 April 2008: Offi ...
following his death, "until her expulsion with the last French doctors and midwives in 1971." Cixous' brother, Pierre, "a medical student and a supporter of Algerian independence" was condemned to death in 1961 by the
Organisation armée secrète The ''Organisation armée secrète'' (OAS, "Secret Army Organisation") was a far-right dissident French paramilitary and terrorist organisation during the Algerian War, founded in 1961 by Raoul Salan, Pierre Lagaillarde and Jean-Jacques S ...
, and joined Cixous in Bordeaux. Her mother and brother returned to Algeria following the country's independence in 1962. They were arrested, and Cixous "obtained their release with the help of
Ahmed Ben Bella Ahmed Ben Bella (; 25 December 1916 – 11 April 2012) was an Algerian politician, soldier and socialist revolutionary who served as the head of government of Algeria from 27 September 1962 to 15 September 1963 and then the first president of ...
's lawyer." Cixous married Guy Berger in 1955, with whom she had three children, Anne-Emmanuelle (b. 1958), Stéphane (1960–1961), and Pierre-François (b. 1961). Cixous and Berger divorced in 1964.


Academic career

Cixous earned her
agrégation In France, the () is the most competitive and prestigious examination for civil service in the French public education A state school, public school, or government school is a primary school, primary or secondary school that educates all stu ...
in English in 1959 and her ''
Doctorat ès lettres Doctor of Letters (D.Litt., Litt.D., Latin: ' or '), also termed Doctor of Literature in some countries, is a terminal degree in the arts, humanities, and social sciences. In the United States, at universities such as Drew University, the degree ...
'' in 1968. Her main focus, at this time, was
English literature English literature is literature written in the English language from the English-speaking world. The English language has developed over more than 1,400 years. The earliest forms of English, a set of Anglo-Frisian languages, Anglo-Frisian d ...
and the works of
James Joyce James Augustine Aloysius Joyce (born James Augusta Joyce; 2 February 1882 – 13 January 1941) was an Irish novelist, poet, and literary critic. He contributed to the modernist avant-garde movement and is regarded as one of the most influentia ...
. Cixous became ''assistante'' at the
University of Bordeaux The University of Bordeaux (, ) is a public research university based in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in southwestern France. It has several campuses in the cities and towns of Bordeaux, Dax, Gradignan, Périgueux, Pessac, and Talence. There are al ...
in 1962, served as ''maître assistante'' at the Sorbonne from 1965 to 1967, and was appointed ''maître de conférence'' at
Paris Nanterre University Paris Nanterre University (), formerly University of Paris West, Paris-X and commonly referred to as Nanterre, is a public research university based in Nanterre, Hauts-de-Seine, France, in the Paris metropolitan area. It is one of the most pres ...
in 1967. In 1968, following the French student riots, Cixous was charged with founding the
University of Paris VIII Paris 8 University (), or usually the University of Vincennes in Saint-Denis or Paris 8, is a public university in the Paris Metropolitan Area, Greater Paris, France. Once part of the historic University of Paris, it is now an autonomous public ...
, "created to serve as an alternative to the traditional French academic environment." Cixous would, in 1974, found the University's centre for
women's studies Women's studies is an academic field that draws on Feminism, feminist and interdisciplinary methods to place women's lives and experiences at the center of study, while examining Social constructionism, social and cultural constructs of gender; ...
, the first in Europe. Cixous is a professor at the University of Paris VIII and at the European Graduate School in Saas-Fee,
Switzerland Switzerland, officially the Swiss Confederation, is a landlocked country located in west-central Europe. It is bordered by Italy to the south, France to the west, Germany to the north, and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east. Switzerland ...
.


Publications

In 1968, Cixous published her doctoral dissertation ''L'Exil de James Joyce ou l'Art du remplacement'' (''The Exile of James Joyce, or the Art of Displacement'') and the following year she published her first novel, ''Dedans'' (''Inside''), a semi-autobiographical work that won the
Prix Médicis The Prix Médicis () is a French literary award given each year in November. It was founded in 1958 by and .
. She has published widely, including twenty-three volumes of poems, six books of essays, five plays, and numerous influential articles. She published ''Voiles'' (''Veils'') with
Jacques Derrida Jacques Derrida (; ; born Jackie Élie Derrida;Peeters (2013), pp. 12–13. See also 15 July 1930 – 9 October 2004) was a French Algerian philosopher. He developed the philosophy of deconstruction, which he utilized in a number of his texts, ...
and her work is often considered deconstructive. In introducing her Wellek Lecture, subsequently published as ''Three Steps on the Ladder of Writing'', Derrida referred to her as the greatest living writer in his language (French). Cixous wrote a book on Derrida titled ''Portrait de Jacques Derrida en jeune saint juif'' (''Portrait of Jacques Derrida as a Young Jewish Saint''). Her reading of Derrida finds additional layers of meaning at a
phonemic A phoneme () is any set of similar speech sounds that are perceptually regarded by the speakers of a language as a single basic sound—a smallest possible phonetic unit—that helps distinguish one word from another. All languages con ...
rather than strictly lexical level. In addition to Derrida and Joyce, she has written
monograph A monograph is generally a long-form work on one (usually scholarly) subject, or one aspect of a subject, typically created by a single author or artist (or, sometimes, by two or more authors). Traditionally it is in written form and published a ...
s on the work of the Brazilian writer Clarice Lispector, on
Maurice Blanchot Maurice Blanchot ( ; ; 22 September 1907 – 20 February 2003) was a French writer, philosopher and literary theorist. His work, exploring a philosophy of death alongside poetic theories of meaning and sense, bore significant influence on pos ...
,
Franz Kafka Franz Kafka (3 July 1883 – 3 June 1924) was a novelist and writer from Prague who was Jewish, Austrian, and Czech and wrote in German. He is widely regarded as a major figure of 20th-century literature. His work fuses elements of Litera ...
, Heinrich von Kleist,
Michel de Montaigne Michel Eyquem, Seigneur de Montaigne ( ; ; ; 28 February 1533 – 13 September 1592), commonly known as Michel de Montaigne, was one of the most significant philosophers of the French Renaissance. He is known for popularising the the essay ...
, Ingeborg Bachmann, Thomas Bernhard, and the Russian poet
Marina Tsvetaeva Marina Ivanovna Tsvetaeva ( rus, Марина Ивановна Цветаева, p=mɐˈrʲinə ɪˈvanəvnə tsvʲɪˈta(j)ɪvə, links=yes; 31 August 1941) was a Russian poet. Her work is some of the most well-known in twentieth-century Russ ...
. Cixous is also the author of essays on artists, including Simon Hantaï, Pierre Alechinsky and Adel Abdessemed to whom she has devoted two books. Along with
Luce Irigaray Luce Irigaray (; born 3 May 1930) is a Belgian-born French feminist, philosopher, linguist, psycholinguist, psychoanalyst, and cultural theorist who examines the uses and misuses of language in relation to women. Irigaray's first and most ...
and
Julia Kristeva Julia Kristeva (; ; born Yuliya Stoyanova Krasteva, ; on 24 June 1941) is a Bulgarian-French philosopher, literary critic, semiotician, psychoanalyst, feminist, and novelist who has lived in France since the mid-1960s. She has taught at Colum ...
, Cixous is considered one of the mothers of
poststructuralist Post-structuralism is a philosophical movement that questions the objectivity or stability of the various interpretive structures that are posited by structuralism and considers them to be constituted by broader systems of Power (social and poli ...
feminist theory Feminist theory is the extension of feminism into theoretical, fictional, or Philosophy, philosophical discourse. It aims to understand the nature of gender inequality. It examines women's and men's Gender role, social roles, experiences, intere ...
. In the 1970s, Cixous began writing about the relationship between
sexuality Human sexuality is the way people experience and express themselves sexually. This involves biological, psychological, physical, erotic, emotional, social, or spiritual feelings and behaviors. Because it is a broad term, which has varied ...
and language. Like other poststructuralist feminist theorists, Cixous believes that our sexuality is directly tied to how we communicate in society. In 1975, Cixous published her most influential article "Le Rire de la Méduse" ("The Laugh of the Medusa"), which was revised by her, translated into English by Paula Cohen and Keith Cohen, and released in English in 1976. She has published over 70 works; her fiction, dramatic writing, and poetry, however, are not often read in English.


Film

Hélène Cixous is featured in Olivier Morel's 118-minute film
Ever, Rêve, Hélène Cixous
' (France, USA, 2018).


Accolades and awards

Cixous holds honorary degrees from Queen's University and the
University of Alberta The University of Alberta (also known as U of A or UAlberta, ) is a public research university located in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. It was founded in 1908 by Alexander Cameron Rutherford, the first premier of Alberta, and Henry Marshall Tory, t ...
in Canada;
University College Dublin University College Dublin (), commonly referred to as UCD, is a public research university in Dublin, Ireland, and a collegiate university, member institution of the National University of Ireland. With 38,417 students, it is Ireland's largest ...
in Ireland; the
University of York The University of York (abbreviated as or ''York'' for Post-nominal letters, post-nominals) is a public Collegiate university, collegiate research university in York, England. Established in 1963, the university has expanded to more than thir ...
and
University College London University College London (Trade name, branded as UCL) is a Public university, public research university in London, England. It is a Member institutions of the University of London, member institution of the Federal university, federal Uni ...
in the UK; and
Georgetown University Georgetown University is a private university, private Jesuit research university in Washington, D.C., United States. Founded by Bishop John Carroll (archbishop of Baltimore), John Carroll in 1789, it is the oldest Catholic higher education, Ca ...
,
Northwestern University Northwestern University (NU) is a Private university, private research university in Evanston, Illinois, United States. Established in 1851 to serve the historic Northwest Territory, it is the oldest University charter, chartered university in ...
, and the
University of Wisconsin–Madison The University of Wisconsin–Madison (University of Wisconsin, Wisconsin, UW, UW–Madison, or simply Madison) is a public land-grant research university in Madison, Wisconsin, United States. It was founded in 1848 when Wisconsin achieved st ...
in the USA. In 2008 she was appointed as A.D. White Professor-at-Large at
Cornell University Cornell University is a Private university, private Ivy League research university based in Ithaca, New York, United States. The university was co-founded by American philanthropist Ezra Cornell and historian and educator Andrew Dickson W ...
until June 2014.


Influences on Cixous' writing

Some of the most notable influences on her writings have been
Jacques Derrida Jacques Derrida (; ; born Jackie Élie Derrida;Peeters (2013), pp. 12–13. See also 15 July 1930 – 9 October 2004) was a French Algerian philosopher. He developed the philosophy of deconstruction, which he utilized in a number of his texts, ...
,
Sigmund Freud Sigmund Freud ( ; ; born Sigismund Schlomo Freud; 6 May 1856 – 23 September 1939) was an Austrian neurologist and the founder of psychoanalysis, a clinical method for evaluating and treating psychopathology, pathologies seen as originating fro ...
,
Jacques Lacan Jacques Marie Émile Lacan (, ; ; 13 April 1901 – 9 September 1981) was a French psychoanalyst and psychiatrist. Described as "the most controversial psycho-analyst since Sigmund Freud, Freud", Lacan gave The Seminars of Jacques Lacan, year ...
and Arthur Rimbaud.


Sigmund Freud

Psychoanalyst PsychoanalysisFrom Greek: and is a set of theories and techniques of research to discover unconscious processes and their influence on conscious thought, emotion and behaviour. Based on dream interpretation, psychoanalysis is also a talk th ...
Sigmund Freud established the initial theories that would serve as a basis for some of Cixous' arguments in developmental psychology. Freud's analysis of gender roles and sexual identity concluded with separate paths for boys and girls through the Oedipus complex and Electra complex, theories of which Cixous was particularly critical. She joined other scholars in positing
The Freudian Coverup The Freudian Coverup is a theory introduced by social worker Florence Rush in 1971, which asserts that Sigmund Freud intentionally ignored evidence that his patients were victims of sexual abuse. The theory argues that in developing his theory of ...
.


Jacques Derrida

Contemporaries, lifelong friends, and intellectuals,
Jacques Derrida Jacques Derrida (; ; born Jackie Élie Derrida;Peeters (2013), pp. 12–13. See also 15 July 1930 – 9 October 2004) was a French Algerian philosopher. He developed the philosophy of deconstruction, which he utilized in a number of his texts, ...
and Cixous both grew up as French Jews in Algeria and share a "belonging constituted of exclusion and nonbelonging"—not Algerian, rejected by France, their Jewishness concealed or acculturated. In Derrida's family, "one never said 'circumcision' but 'baptism,' not 'Bar Mitzvah' but 'communion.'" Judaism cloaked in Catholicism is one example of the undecidability of identity that influenced the thinker whom Cixous calls a "Jewish Saint". Her book ''Portrait of Jacques Derrida as a Young Jewish Saint'' addresses these matters. Through
deconstruction In philosophy, deconstruction is a loosely-defined set of approaches to understand the relationship between text and meaning. The concept of deconstruction was introduced by the philosopher Jacques Derrida, who described it as a turn away from ...
, Derrida appropriated and employed the term '' logocentrism'' (which is not his coinage although he adapted it substantially for his needs). This is the concept that explains how Western metaphysics use of language relies on a
hierarchical A hierarchy (from Greek: , from , 'president of sacred rites') is an arrangement of items (objects, names, values, categories, etc.) that are represented as being "above", "below", or "at the same level as" one another. Hierarchy is an importan ...
system that values the spoken word over the written word in
Western culture Western culture, also known as Western civilization, European civilization, Occidental culture, Western society, or simply the West, refers to the Cultural heritage, internally diverse culture of the Western world. The term "Western" encompas ...
. The idea of
binary opposition A binary opposition (also binary system) is a pair of related terms or concepts that are opposite in meaning. Binary opposition is the system of language and/or thought by which two theoretical opposites are strictly defined and set off against one ...
is essential to Cixous' position on language. Cixous and
Luce Irigaray Luce Irigaray (; born 3 May 1930) is a Belgian-born French feminist, philosopher, linguist, psycholinguist, psychoanalyst, and cultural theorist who examines the uses and misuses of language in relation to women. Irigaray's first and most ...
combined
Derrida Jacques Derrida (; ; born Jackie Élie Derrida;Peeters (2013), pp. 12–13. See also 15 July 1930 – 9 October 2004) was a French Algerian philosopher. He developed the philosophy of deconstruction, which he utilized in a number of his texts, ...
's logocentric idea and Lacan's primary signifier for desire (the phallus), creating the term ''
phallogocentrism In critical theory and deconstruction, phallogocentrism is a neologism coined by Jacques Derrida to refer to the privileging of the masculine ( phallus) in the construction of meaning. The term is a blend word of the older terms '' phallocentrism ...
''. This term focuses on Derrida's social structure of speech and binary opposition as the centre of reference for language, with the phallic being privileged and how women are only defined by what they lack; not A vs. B, but, rather A vs. ¬A ( not-A). In a dialogue between Derrida and Cixous, Derrida said about Cixous: "Helene's texts are translated across the world, but they remain untranslatable. We are two French writers who cultivate a strange relationship, or a strangely familiar relationship with the French language – at once more translated and more untranslatable than many a French author. We are more rooted in the French language than those with ancestral roots in this culture and this land."


Major works


"The Laugh of the Medusa" (1975)

Cixous' critical feminist essay " The Laugh of the Medusa", originally written in French as "Le Rire de la Méduse" in 1975, was (after she revised it) translated into English by Paula Cohen and Keith Cohen in 1976. It is considered a foundational essay, particularly because it announces what Cixous called ''
écriture féminine ''Écriture féminine'', or "women's writing", is a term coined by French feminist and literary theorist Hélène Cixous in her 1975 essay "The Laugh of the Medusa". Cixous aimed to establish a genre of literary writing that deviates from tradit ...
'', a distinctive mode of writing by women and for women.


Bibliography


Published in English


Selected books

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * co-authored with Jacques Derrida. * * * * Foreword by Jacques Derrida. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ''Well-Kept Ruins''. Translation by Beverley Bie Brahic, Seagull Books, 2022 ISBN 9781 80309 059 7 *


Plays

* "The Conquest of the School at Madhubai," trans. Carpenter, Deborah. 1986. * "The Name of Oedipus," trans. Christiane Makward & Miller, Judith. In: ''Out of Bounds: Women's Theatre in French.'' Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. 1992. * "The Terrible but Unfinished Story of Norodom Sihanouk, King of Cambodia," trans. Juliet Flower MacCannell, Judith Pike, and Lollie Groth. University of Nebraska Press, 1994.


Published in French


Criticism

* ''L'Exil de James Joyce ou l'Art du remplacement'' (The Exile of James Joyce, or the Art of Displacement). 1969 (1985). * * * * * * * *


Books

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * . * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ''Ruines bien rangées'' published by
Éditions Gallimard Éditions Gallimard (), formerly Éditions de la Nouvelle Revue Française (1911–1919) and Librairie Gallimard (1919–1961), is one of the leading French book publishers. In 2003, it and its subsidiaries published 1,418 titles. Founded by G ...
, 2020 *


Theatre

* ''La Pupulle'', Cahiers Renaud-Barrault, Gallimard, 1971. * ''Portrait de Dora'', Des femmes, 1976. * ''Le Nom d'Oedipe. Chant du corps interdit'', Des femmes, 1978. * ''La Prise de l'école de Madhubaï'', Avant-scène du Théâtre, 1984. * ''L'Histoire terrible mais inachevée de Norodom Sihanouk, roi du Cambodge'', Théâtre du Soleil, 1985. * ''Théâtre'', Des femmes, 1986. * ''L'Indiade, ou l'Inde de leurs rêves'', Théâtre du Soleil, 1987. * ''On ne part pas, on ne revient pas'', Des femmes, 1991. * ''Les Euménides d'Eschyle'' (traduction), Théâtre du Soleil, 1992. * ''L'Histoire (qu'on ne connaîtra jamais)'', Des femmes, 1994. * "''Voile Noire Voile Blanche'' / Black Sail White Sail", bilingual, trad. Catherine A.F. MacGillivray, New Literary History 25, 2 (Spring), Minnesota University Press, 1994. * ''La Ville parjure ou le Réveil des Érinyes'', Théâtre du Soleil, 1994. * ''Jokasta'', libretto to the opera of Ruth Schönthal, 1997. * ''Tambours sur la digue'', Théâtre du Soleil, 1999. * ''Rouen, la Trentième Nuit de Mai '31'', Galilée, 2001. * ''Le Dernier Caravansérail'', Théâtre du Soleil, 2003. * ''Les Naufragés du Fol Espoir'', Théâtre du Soleil, 2010.


Selected essays

* ''L'Exil de James Joyce ou l'Art du remplacement'' (doctoral thesis), Grasset, 1969. * ''Prénoms de personne'', Le Seuil, 1974. * ''The Exile of James Joyce or the Art of Replacement'' (translation by Sally Purcell of ''L'exil de James Joyce ou l'Art du remplacement''). New York: David Lewis, 1980. * ''Un K. Incompréhensible : Pierre Goldman'', Christian Bourgois, 1975. * ''La Jeune Née'', with Catherine Clément, 10/18, 1975. * ''La Venue à l'écriture'', with Madeleine Gagnon and Annie Leclerc, 10/18, 1977. * ''Entre l'écriture'', Des femmes, 1986. * ''L'Heure de Clarice Lispector'', Des femmes, 1989. * ''Photos de racines'', with Mireille Calle-Gruber, Des femmes, 1994. * ''Lettre à Zohra Drif'', 1998 * ''Portrait de Jacques Derrida en Jeune Saint Juif'', Galilée, 2001. * ''Rencontre terrestre'', with Frédéric-Yves Jeannet, Galilée, 2005. * ''Le Tablier de Simon Hantaï'', 2005. * ''Insister''. À Jacques Derrida, Galilée, 2006. * ''Le Voisin de zéro : Sam Beckett'', Galilée, 2007 * ''Défions l'augure'' (on the quote 'we defy augury' from
Hamlet ''The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark'', often shortened to ''Hamlet'' (), is a Shakespearean tragedy, tragedy written by William Shakespeare sometime between 1599 and 1601. It is Shakespeare's longest play. Set in Denmark, the play (the ...
), Galilée, 2018


See also

* Antinarcissism *
List of deconstructionists This is a list of thinkers who have been dealt with deconstruction, a term developed by French philosopher Jacques Derrida (1930–2004). __NOTOC__ The thinkers included in this list ''have Wikipedia pages'' and satisfy at least one of the thre ...
* Jean-Louis de Rambures, "Comment travaillent les écrivains", Paris 1978 (interview with H. Cixous) * Phallic monism


References


Further reading

* * * * * * * * *


External links


"The Laugh of the Medusa", by Hélène Cixous, translated into English by Keith Cohen and Paula Cohen
* approach the notion of affinity through a discussion of "Disruptive Kinship," co-sponsored by Villa Gillet and the School of Writing at The New School for Public Engagement.


Mary Jane Parrine: Stanford Presidential Lectures' Cixous page

Carola Hilfrich: Hélène Cixous Biography at ''Jewish Women: A Comprehensive Historical Encyclopedia''


{{DEFAULTSORT:Cixous, Helene 1937 births Living people People from Oran Cornell University faculty Academic staff of the University of Paris Academic staff of European Graduate School French literary critics Women literary critics French literary theorists French feminists 20th-century French Jews Jewish feminists Jewish philosophers Jewish women writers Philosophers of sexuality Postmodern feminists Feminist studies scholars Rhetoricians Deconstruction Women philosophers French women philosophers Post-structuralists 20th-century French philosophers 21st-century French philosophers 20th-century French women writers 21st-century French women writers Prix Médicis winners Feminist theorists 20th-century Algerian women writers Algerian writers Commandeurs of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres French women novelists French people of Algerian-Jewish descent