Hurqūs ibn Zuhayr al-Sa'di at-Tamimi (), commonly known by the Dhu al-Khuwaysira (), was a

Kharijite The Kharijites (, singular ) were an Islamic sect which emerged during the First Fitna (656–661). The first Kharijites were supporters of Ali who rebelled against his acceptance of arbitration talks to settle the conflict with his challeng ...

, and a leader of

Banu Tamim The Banū Tamīm () are an Arab tribe that originated in Najd and Hejaz in the Arabian Peninsula. It is mainly present in Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Kuwait, Iraq, Oman, Jordan and Lebanon, and has a strong presence in Algeria, and Morocco, Palestine, ...

tribal descent. He objected to

Muhammad Muhammad (8 June 632 CE) was an Arab religious and political leader and the founder of Islam. Muhammad in Islam, According to Islam, he was a prophet who was divinely inspired to preach and confirm the tawhid, monotheistic teachings of A ...

's distribution of war loot, saying to him: "Be just." He was a first generation Kharijites and veteran of the

Battle of Hunayn The Battle of Hunayn () was a conflict between the Muslims of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and the tribe of Qays in the aftermath of the conquest of Mecca. The battle took place in 8 AH () in the Hunayn valley on the route from Mecca to ...

. During the wars between the

Muslims Muslims () are people who adhere to Islam, a Monotheism, monotheistic religion belonging to the Abrahamic religions, Abrahamic tradition. They consider the Quran, the foundational religious text of Islam, to be the verbatim word of the God ...

and the

Sasanian Empire The Sasanian Empire (), officially Eranshahr ( , "Empire of the Iranian peoples, Iranians"), was an List of monarchs of Iran, Iranian empire that was founded and ruled by the House of Sasan from 224 to 651. Enduring for over four centuries, th ...

Persia Iran, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran (IRI) and also known as Persia, is a country in West Asia. It borders Iraq to the west, Turkey, Azerbaijan, and Armenia to the northwest, the Caspian Sea to the north, Turkmenistan to the nort ...

, when

Utba ibn Ghazwan Utba ibn Ghazwan al-Mazini () (–638) was a well-known companion of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. He was the seventh person to convert to Islam and participated in the '' hijra'' to Abyssinia, but returned to stay with Muhammad in Mecca before ma ...

wrote to

Umar ibn al-Khattab Umar ibn al-Khattab (; ), also spelled Omar, was the second Rashidun caliph, ruling from August 634 until his assassination in 644. He succeeded Abu Bakr () and is regarded as a senior companion and father-in-law of the Islamic prophet Muh ...

seeking help, Umar sent Hurqus who played a significant role in the defeat of

Hormuzan Hormuzan (Middle Persian: ''Hormazdān'', New Persian: ) was a Persian aristocrat who served as the governor of Khuzestan, and was one of the Sasanian military officers at the Battle of al-Qādisiyyah. He was later taken prisoner by the Muslims ...

, particularly in the conquest of

Ahvaz Ahvaz (; ) is a city in the Central District of Ahvaz County, Khuzestan province, Iran, serving as capital of the province, the county, and the district. It is home to Persians, Arabs and other groups such as Qashqai and Kurds. Languages spok ...

. Hurqus remained active until the

caliphate A caliphate ( ) is an institution or public office under the leadership of an Islamic steward with Khalifa, the title of caliph (; , ), a person considered a political–religious successor to the Islamic prophet Muhammad and a leader of ...

Ali ibn Abi Talib Ali ibn Abi Talib (; ) was the fourth Rashidun caliph who ruled from until Assassination of Ali, his assassination in 661, as well as the first imamate in Shia doctrine, Shia Imam. He was the cousin and son-in-law of the Islamic prophet Muha ...

. He participated in the

Battle of Siffin The Battle of Siffin () was fought in 657 CE (37 Islamic calendar, AH) between the fourth Rashidun caliph Ali ibn Abi Talib and the rebellious governor of Syria (region), Syria Muawiyah I, Mu'awiya ibn Abi Sufyan. The battle is named after its ...

and later became one of the

Kharijites The Kharijites (, singular ) were an Islamic sect which emerged during the First Fitna (656–661). The first Kharijites were supporters of Ali who rebelled against his acceptance of arbitration talks to settle the conflict with his challeng ...

, vehemently opposing Ali.

During the life of Muhammad

Dhu al-Khuwaysira opposed Muhammad's distribution of the spoils of war, according to a

hadith Hadith is the Arabic word for a 'report' or an 'account f an event and refers to the Islamic oral tradition of anecdotes containing the purported words, actions, and the silent approvals of the Islamic prophet Muhammad or his immediate circle ...

narrated by Abu Sa'id al-Khudri:

During the
Rashidun Caliphate The Rashidun Caliphate () is a title given for the reigns of first caliphs (lit. "successors") — Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, and Ali collectively — believed to Political aspects of Islam, represent the perfect Islam and governance who led the ...

Hurqus participated among the Arab settler hosts brought by Arfajah during Conquest of Khuzestan, Hurqus participation recorded particularly when he was sent by

Rashidun army The Rashidun army () was the core of the Rashidun Caliphate's armed forces during the early Muslim conquests in the 7th century. The army is reported to have maintained a high level of discipline, strategic prowess and organization, grantin ...

superiors to defeat Hormuzan in 638 at Ahvaz, and forced the city to pay

jizya Jizya (), or jizyah, is a type of taxation levied on non-Muslim subjects of a state governed by Sharia, Islamic law. The Quran and hadiths mention jizya without specifying its rate or amount,Sabet, Amr (2006), ''The American Journal of Islamic Soc ...

(poll-tax).

His stance in the
Battle of Nahrawan The Battle of Nahrawan () was fought between the army of Caliph Ali and the rebel group Kharijites in July 658 CE (Safar 38 AH). The latter were a group of allies of Ali during the First Fitna. They separated from him following the Battle of ...

When Ali sent

Abu Musa Abu Musa ( , , ) is an Iranian island in the eastern Persian Gulf, found near the entrance of Strait of Hormuz. Due to the depth of sea, oil tankers and big ships have to pass between Abu Musa and Greater and Lesser Tunbs, making these is ...

and those with him from the army to

Dumat al-Jandal Dumat al-Jandal (, ), also known as Al-Jawf or Al-Jouf (), which refers to Wadi Sirhan, is an ancient city of ruins and the historical capital of the Al Jawf Province, today in northwestern Saudi Arabia. It is located 37 km from Sakakah. ...

, his situation with the

worsened and they intensified their denunciation of Ali, openly declaring him as an unbeliever. Two men among them, Zir'ah ibn al-Burj al-Ta'i and Hurqus ibn Zuhayr as-Sa'di, approached him and said: "Judgment belongs to God alone" (''la hukma illa li-llah''). Ali responded: "Judgment belongs to God alone." Hurqus then said to him: "Repent for your mistake and come with us to fight our enemies until we meet our Lord." Ali said: "I intended this but you refused, and we have written covenants between us and these people. Allah, the Exalted, has said: 'Honour Allah’s covenant when you make a pledge, and do not break your oaths after confirming them, having made Allah your guarantor. Surely Allah knows all you do.'" Hurqus told him: "That is a sin from which you should repent." Ali replied: "It is not a sin, but rather a matter of difference in opinion. I have approached you regarding it and advised you against it." Zir'ah ibn al-Burj then said to him: "By Allah, O Ali, if you do not reject the arbitration by men in the Book of Allah, I will fight you seeking the mercy and pleasure of Allah." Ali exclaimed: "Woe unto you! How miserable you have become! It is as if I see you as a dead person upon whom the wind blows." The man responded: "I wish that were the case." Ali said to him: "If you were correct, death would have been a solace from this world. However, Satan has beguiled you." They went spreading '' Taḥkīm'' among the people. They openly confronted Ali in his sermons, hurling insults, curses, and Quranic verses at him. When Ali stood as a preacher in one of the gatherings, criticizing and admonishing the Kharijites, a group among them stood up, each one saying, 'Judgment belongs to God alone.' A man among them put his finger in his ear, reciting: "It has already been revealed to you—and to those ˹prophets˺ before you—that if you associate others ˹with Allah˺, your deeds will certainly be void and you will truly be one of the losers." Ali gestured with his hands while on the ''

minbar A minbar (; sometimes romanized as ''mimber'') is a pulpit in a mosque where the imam (leader of prayers) stands to deliver sermons (, ''khutbah''). It is also used in other similar contexts, such as in a Hussainiya where the speaker sits and le ...

'' and said: 'We await the ''

hukm ''Ahkam'' (, plural of , ) is an Islamic term with several meanings. In the Quran, the word ''hukm'' is variously used to mean arbitration, judgement, authority, or God's will. In the early Islamic period, the Kharijites gave it political conno ...

'' (judgment) of Allah regarding you.' He then said: 'You have the right to use our

mosque A mosque ( ), also called a masjid ( ), is a place of worship for Muslims. The term usually refers to a covered building, but can be any place where Salah, Islamic prayers are performed; such as an outdoor courtyard. Originally, mosques were si ...

s as long as you do not fight against us. You have the right to your share of the spoils as long as your hands are with ours, and we will not fight against you until you fight against us.' When Ali sent Abu Musa to implement the arbitration, the Kharijites gathered at the house of Abd Allah ibn Wahb al-Rasibi. Ali delivered a sermon urging them to aspire to the Hereafter and Paradise, and encouraging them to enjoin what is right and forbid what is wrong. Hurqus ibn Zuhayr then stood up after praising and thanking Allah, saying: 'The enjoyment of this world is brief, and separation from it is imminent. Do not let its adornments or delights divert you from seeking the truth and denouncing injustice.'

Death

Hurqus lived until the caliphate of Ali, witnessing the Battle of Siffin with him. Later, he joined the Kharijites and became one of their strong opponents against Ali. He was killed on 38 AH (658 CE) by Hubaysh ibn Rabi'a Abu al-Mughira.Al-Bidaya wa'l-Nihaya: Part 7 - Page 83

References

{{Portal, Islam, History Banu Tamim Kharijites 658 deaths

During the life of Muhammad

During the Rashidun Caliphate The Rashidun Caliphate () is a title given for the reigns of first caliphs (lit. "successors") — Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, and Ali collectively — believed to Political aspects of Islam, represent the perfect Islam and governance who led the ...

His stance in the Battle of Nahrawan The Battle of Nahrawan () was fought between the army of Caliph Ali and the rebel group Kharijites in July 658 CE (Safar 38 AH). The latter were a group of allies of Ali during the First Fitna. They separated from him following the Battle of ...

Death

References

During the
Rashidun Caliphate The Rashidun Caliphate () is a title given for the reigns of first caliphs (lit. "successors") — Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, and Ali collectively — believed to Political aspects of Islam, represent the perfect Islam and governance who led the ...

His stance in the
Battle of Nahrawan The Battle of Nahrawan () was fought between the army of Caliph Ali and the rebel group Kharijites in July 658 CE (Safar 38 AH). The latter were a group of allies of Ali during the First Fitna. They separated from him following the Battle of ...