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Muhakkima
Muḥakkima () and al-Haruriyya () refer to the Muslims who rejected arbitration between Ali and Mu'awiya I at the Battle of Siffin in 657 CE. The name ''Muḥakkima'' derives from their slogan (), meaning "no judgment ('' hukm'') except God's". The name ''al-Haruriyya'' refers to their withdrawal from Ali's army to the village of Harura' near Kufa. This episode marked the start of the Kharijite movement, and the term ''muḥakkima'' is often also applied by extension to later Kharijites. In recent times, some adherents of Ibadi Islam, which is commonly identified as a moderate offshoot of the Kharijite movement, have said that the precursors of both Ibadism and extremist Kharijite sects should be properly called ''Muḥakkima'' and ''al-Haruriyya'' rather than Kharijites. History According to al-Shahrastani, an 11th AD century Shafiite scholar, the proto-Kharijite group were called ''al-Muhakkima al-Ula''. They were rooted in the caliphate horsemen that existed i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ibadi Islam
Ibadism (, ) is a school of Islam concentrated in Oman established from within the Kharijites. The followers of the Ibadi sect are known as the Ibadis or, as they call themselves, The People of Truth and Integrity (). Ibadism emerged around 60 years after the Islamic prophet Muhammad's death in AD 632 as a moderate school of the Kharijite movement, although contemporary Ibadis may object to being classified as Kharijites. Ibadis are much less numerous than the two largest Muslim denominations: Sunni Islam, Sunnis—who account for 85-90 percent of the Muslim world—and Shia Islam, Shias. Today, the largest of these communities is in Oman, where they constitute the majority. It is also practiced to a lesser extent in Algeria (in M'zab, Mzab), Tunisia (in Djerba), Libya (in Nafusa Mountains, Nafusa), and Tanzania (in Zanzibar). History Background The Ibadis began as a moderate branch of the Kharijites, an Islamic sect that split from the Muhakkima and al-Haruriyya. These gr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kharijite
The Kharijites (, singular ) were an Islamic sect which emerged during the First Fitna (656–661). The first Kharijites were supporters of Ali who rebelled against his acceptance of arbitration talks to settle the conflict with his challenger, Mu'awiya, at the Battle of Siffin in 657. They asserted that "judgment belongs to God alone", which became their motto, and that rebels such as Mu'awiya had to be fought and overcome according to Qur'anic injunctions. Ali defeated the Kharijites at the Battle of Nahrawan in 658, but their insurrection continued. Ali was assassinated in 661 by a Kharijite dissident seeking revenge for the defeat at Nahrawan. After Mu'awiya established the Umayyad Caliphate in 661, his governors kept the Kharijites in check. The power vacuum caused by the Second Fitna (680–692) allowed for the resumption of the Kharijites' anti-government rebellion, and the Kharijite factions of the Azariqa and Najdat came to control large areas in Persia and Arabi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rashidun Cavalry
The Fursan unit, or the early Muslim cavalry unit, was the cavalry forces of the Rashidun army during the Muslim conquest of Syria. The division, which formed the early cavalry corps of the caliphate, was commonly nicknamed the Mobile Guard (Arabic: طليعة متحركة, ''Tulay'a mutaharikkah'' or Arabic: الحرس المتحرك, ''al-Haras al-Mutaharikkah'') or the Marching Army ( جيش الزحف, "Jaish al‐Zaḥf"). These units were commanded by Khalid ibn al-Walid, an early caliphate cavalry commander who organized the unit into military staff – a simple beginning of what later in military history would emerge as the general staff. Khalid had collected from all the regions in which he had fought – Arabia, Iraq, Syria and Palestine. This shock cavalry division, which was led by Khalid, played important roles in the victories of the Battle of Chains, Battle of Walaja, Battle of Ajnadayn, Battle of Firaz, Battle of Maraj-al-Debaj, Siege of Damascus, Battle of Yarm ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sufri
The Sufris ( ''aṣ-Ṣufriyya'') were Khariji Muslims in the seventh and eighth centuries. They established the Midrarid state at Sijilmassa, now in Morocco. In Tlemcen, Algeria, the Banu Ifran were Sufri Berbers who opposed rule by the Umayyad, Abbasid and Fatimid Caliphates, most notably under resistance movements led by Abu Qurra (8th century) and Abu Yazid. The Khawarij were divided into separate groups such as the Sufri, Azariqa, Bayhasiyya, Ajardi, Najdat, and Ibadi. The Sufri and Ibadi sects are considered the most moderate of the Kharijite groups due to their refusal to shed the blood of those who disagree with them. Of all the Kharijite sects, only the Ibadi Ibadism (, ) is a school of Islam concentrated in Oman established from within the Kharijites. The followers of the Ibadi sect are known as the Ibadis or, as they call themselves, The People of Truth and Integrity (). Ibadism emerged around 6 ... sect continues to exist today. According to an Ibadi webs ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hurqus Ibn Zuhayr As-Sa'di
Hurqūs ibn Zuhayr al-Sa'di at-Tamimi (), commonly known by the Dhu al-Khuwaysira (), was a Kharijite, and a leader of Banu Tamim tribal descent. He objected to Muhammad's distribution of war loot, saying to him: "Be just." He was a first generation Kharijites and veteran of the Battle of Hunayn. During the wars between the Muslims and the Sasanian Empire in Persia, when Utba ibn Ghazwan wrote to Umar ibn al-Khattab seeking help, Umar sent Hurqus who played a significant role in the defeat of Hormuzan, particularly in the conquest of Ahvaz. Hurqus remained active until the caliphate of Ali ibn Abi Talib. He participated in the Battle of Siffin and later became one of the Kharijites, vehemently opposing Ali. During the life of Muhammad Dhu al-Khuwaysira opposed Muhammad's distribution of the spoils of war, according to a hadith narrated by Abu Sa'id al-Khudri: During the Rashidun Caliphate Hurqus participated among the Arab settler hosts brought by Arfajah during Conques ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Azariqa
The Azariqa () were an extremist branch of the Kharijites who followed the leadership of Nafi ibn al-Azraq. Adherents of Azraqism participated in an armed struggle against the rulers of the Umayyad Caliphate, and they declared those who avoided this duty infidels - kafirs - and allowed their murder. Nafi ibn al-Azraq even permitted the killing of women and children of his opponents. At the same time, the Azraqites did not extend the principle of killing “apostates” to Christians and Jews, since they believed that they did not betray the teachings of the prophets Jesus and Moses. Like all Kharijites, they declared Muslims who committed great sins (''al- Kabā'ir'') to be unfaithful, and claimed that they would eternally suffer in hellfire. The Azraqites denied the principle of “prudent concealment of faith” ('' takiya''). They recognized the imamate as “worthy” ( ''ʾafḍal''), that is, the applicant who would come up with arms and call people to fight “unbelievers ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Najdat
The Najdat were the sub-sect of the Kharijite movement that followed Najda ibn 'Amir al-Hanafi, and in 682 launched a revolt against the Umayyad Caliphate in the historical provinces of Al-Yamama, Yamama and Province of Bahrain, Bahrain, in central and eastern Arabia. Among the beliefs of the Najdat were: * Allowing the concealment of their true beliefs, if they were in territories where the Sunnis dominated. * Sinning Muslims were not takfir, excommunicated as unbelievers. The Najdat believed that they could be forgiven by Allah - only he who persisted in his sin and repeatedly committed it, could be accused of kufr, unbelief. Background After the Siege of Uthman, assassination of the third caliph Uthman in 656 by provincial rebels, the caliphate First Fitna, fell into civil war as Muawiyah I, Mu'awiya ibn Abi Sufyan, a relative of Uthman and the governor of Bilad al-Sham, Syria, challenged the legitimacy of the new caliph Ali. The indecisive battle between the two at Battle of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mu'awiya I
Mu'awiya I (–April 680) was the founder and first caliph of the Umayyad Caliphate, ruling from 661 until his death. He became caliph less than thirty years after the death of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and immediately after the four Rashidun Caliphate, Rashidun ('rightly-guided') caliphs. Unlike his predecessors, who had been close, early companions of Muhammad, Mu'awiya was a relatively late follower of Muhammad. Mu'awiya and his father Abu Sufyan had opposed Muhammad, their distant Qurayshite kinsman and later Mu'awiya's brother-in-law, until Muhammad conquest of Mecca, captured Mecca in 630. Afterward, Mu'awiya became one of Muhammad's katib, scribes. He was appointed by Caliph Abu Bakr () as a deputy commander in the Muslim conquest of the Levant, conquest of Syria. He moved up the ranks through Umar's caliphate () until becoming governor of Bilad al-Sham, Syria during the reign of his Umayyad dynasty#Empowerment by Caliph Uthman, Umayyad kinsman, Caliph Uthman (). He a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ibadi Revolt
The Ibadi revolt was an Ibadi Kharijite uprising that occurred in ca. 747–748 against the Umayyad Caliphate. It established the first Ibadi imamate, a short-lived state located in the Arabian Peninsula. Taking place during the tumultuous last years of Umayyad rule, the revolt initially broke out in Hadramawt in southern Arabia under the leadership of Abdallah ibn Yahya al-Kindi, who assumed the name of Talib al-Haqq. The rebels were able to occupy Sana'a in Yemen and then, under the command of Abu Hamzah al-Mukhtar ibn Awf al-Azdi and Balj ibn Uqbah al-Azdi, seize control of the cities of Mecca and Medina and threaten the traditional Umayyad power base of Syria. A Syrian army led by Abd al-Malik ibn Muhammad ibn Atiyyah eventually restored Umayyad rule in the Hijaz and Sana'a and killed Abdallah ibn Yahya, Abu Hamzah and Balj, but the remaining Ibadis were able to avoid total defeat when Ibn Atiyyah was recalled to Mecca. Although the revolt failed to create a permanent Ibad ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nahrawan Canal
The Nahrawan Canal () was a major irrigation system of the Sasanian and early Islamic periods in central Iraq, along the eastern banks of the Tigris and the lower course of the Diyala River. Created in the 6th century, it reached its peak under the Abbasid Caliphate, when it served the main water supply for the Abbasid capital of Baghdad, while the regions irrigated by it served as the city's main breadbasket. Its destruction and progressive abandonment from the mid-10th century onwards mirror the Abbasid Caliphate's decline. History The first irrigation works along the Diyala River were undertaken in Parthian times. Indeed, it may be that the lower part of the Nahrawan Canal was originally the lower course of the Diyala. The large-scale canal system of early medieval times however was created in the reign of the Sassanid ruler Khosrow I (), who also established it as a separate administrative district (). A treasury and mint were possibly established there. In early Islamic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Battle Of Nahrawan
The Battle of Nahrawan () was fought between the army of Caliph Ali and the rebel group Kharijites in July 658 CE (Safar 38 AH). The latter were a group of allies of Ali during the First Fitna. They separated from him following the Battle of Siffin when Ali agreed to settle the dispute with Mu'awiya, governor of Syria, through negotiations, a move labeled by the group as against the Qur'an. After failed attempts to regain their loyalty and because of their rebellious and murderous activities, Ali confronted the Kharijites near their headquarters by the Nahrawan Canal, near modern-day Baghdad. Of the 4,000 rebels, some 1,200 were won over with the promise of amnesty while the majority of the remaining 2,800 rebels were killed in the ensuing battle. Other sources put the casualties at 1500–1800. The battle resulted in a permanent split between the group and the rest of the Muslims, whom the Kharijites branded as apostates. Although defeated, they continued to threaten and h ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
