House Of Nguyễn Phúc
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The House of Nguyễn Phúc, also known as the House of Nguyễn Phước, is a family and a branch of the surname
Nguyễn Nguyễn (阮) (sometimes abbreviated as Ng̃) is the most common surname of the Vietnamese people. Outside of Vietnam, the surname is commonly rendered without diacritics as ''Nguyen''. By some estimates 30 to 39 percent of Vietnamese peopl ...
in
Vietnam Vietnam, officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (SRV), is a country at the eastern edge of mainland Southeast Asia, with an area of about and a population of over 100 million, making it the world's List of countries and depende ...
. Its members were the
Nguyễn lords The Nguyễn lords (, 主阮; 1558–1777, 1780–1802), also known as the Nguyễn clan (; ), were Nguyễn dynasty's forerunner and a feudal noble clan ruling southern Đại Việt in the Revival Lê dynasty. The Nguyễn lords were membe ...
(1558–1777, 1780–1802) and emperors of the
Nguyễn dynasty The Nguyễn dynasty (, chữ Nôm: 茹阮, chữ Hán: 朝阮) was the last List of Vietnamese dynasties, Vietnamese dynasty, preceded by the Nguyễn lords and ruling unified Vietnam independently from 1802 until French protectorate in 1883 ...
(1802–45). Its
Bảo Đại Bảo Đại (, vi-hantu, , , 22 October 191331 July 1997), born Nguyễn Phúc (Phước) Vĩnh Thụy (), was the 13th and final emperor of the Nguyễn dynasty, the last ruling dynasty of Vietnam. From 1926 to 1945, he was ''de jure'' em ...
was also emperor of the
State of Vietnam The State of Vietnam (; chữ Hán: 國家越南; ) was a state in Southeast Asia that existed from 1949 until 1955, first as an associated state of the French Union and later as an independent state (from 20 July 1954 to 26 October 1955). The s ...
(1949–55) and
Domain of the Crown The Domain of the Crown (; Chữ Hán: 皇朝疆土; ; Modern Vietnamese: ''Đất của vua'') was originally the Nguyễn dynasty's geopolitical concept for its protectorates and principalities where the ethnic Kinh did not make up the majo ...
(1950–55).
Nguyễn Bặc Nguyễn Bặc ( vi-hantu, 阮匐, 924 – 15 October 979), also known with the noble title Định Quốc Công (定國公), was a Vietnamese mandarin and general who served as the Grand Chancellor of Đinh dynasty and was the first chancellor in ...
(924–79), an official of the
Đinh dynasty Dinh (丁) is a Vietnamese surname. In Vietnam, the surname is spelled Đinh or Đình, but the latter is very rare in Vietnamese. Notable people * Andy Dinh, Team SoloMid owner, player * Dan Dinh, ''League of Legends '' player, brother of Andy ...
, was its founder. Under Emperor
Gia Long Gia Long (Chữ Hán, Chữ hán: 嘉隆) ( (''Hanoi, North''), (''Ho Chi Minh City, South''); 8 February 1762 – 3 February 1820), born Nguyễn Phúc Ánh (阮福暎) or Nguyễn Ánh (阮暎), was the founding emperor of the Nguyễn dynas ...
, the family's rule was not only restored, but extended to the whole of Vietnam in 1802, thus marking the start of the unified
Nguyễn dynasty The Nguyễn dynasty (, chữ Nôm: 茹阮, chữ Hán: 朝阮) was the last List of Vietnamese dynasties, Vietnamese dynasty, preceded by the Nguyễn lords and ruling unified Vietnam independently from 1802 until French protectorate in 1883 ...
. The Nguyễn dynasty agreed to French supervision in 1883. In 1887, Vietnam became part of the Indochinese Union, which was administered by a French governor general. Emperor
Bảo Đại Bảo Đại (, vi-hantu, , , 22 October 191331 July 1997), born Nguyễn Phúc (Phước) Vĩnh Thụy (), was the 13th and final emperor of the Nguyễn dynasty, the last ruling dynasty of Vietnam. From 1926 to 1945, he was ''de jure'' em ...
, the last ruler of the dynasty, changed the name of the country from Annam back to Vietnam, a name that originated with Gia Long. He abdicated in fear for his life in 1945 after the
Viet Minh The Việt Minh (, ) is the common and abbreviated name of the League for Independence of Vietnam ( or , ; ), which was a Communist Party of Vietnam, communist-led national independence coalition formed at Pác Bó by Hồ Chí Minh on 19 May 1 ...
attempted to assassinate one of his former prime ministers. The French returned following the surrender of Japan. Bảo Đại fled to Hong Kong, where he developed a reputation as a playboy. French President
Charles de Gaulle Charles André Joseph Marie de Gaulle (22 November 18909 November 1970) was a French general and statesman who led the Free France, Free French Forces against Nazi Germany in World War II and chaired the Provisional Government of the French Re ...
suggested that former Emperor
Duy Tân Emperor Duy Tân (, vi-hantu, 維新, lit. "renovation"; 19 September 1900 – 26 December 1945), born Nguyễn Phúc Vĩnh San, was the 11th emperor of the Nguyễn dynasty in Vietnam, who reigned for nine years between 1907 and 1916. Early c ...
return to Vietnam and reenter politics. Duy Tân, now a national hero, died when his return flight crashed in 1945. In 1949, Vietnamese non-communist
nationalists Nationalism is an idea or movement that holds that the nation should be congruent with the state. As a movement, it presupposes the existence and tends to promote the interests of a particular nation, Smith, Anthony. ''Nationalism: Theory, Id ...
and the French re-installed Bảo Đại and created the
State of Vietnam The State of Vietnam (; chữ Hán: 國家越南; ) was a state in Southeast Asia that existed from 1949 until 1955, first as an associated state of the French Union and later as an independent state (from 20 July 1954 to 26 October 1955). The s ...
with him as chief of state (國長 ''Quốc trưởng''). The French also oversaw the creation of the
Domain of the Crown The Domain of the Crown (; Chữ Hán: 皇朝疆土; ; Modern Vietnamese: ''Đất của vua'') was originally the Nguyễn dynasty's geopolitical concept for its protectorates and principalities where the ethnic Kinh did not make up the majo ...
where he was still officially considered to be the emperor. This territory existed until 1955. Bảo Đại died in 1997 in
Paris Paris () is the Capital city, capital and List of communes in France with over 20,000 inhabitants, largest city of France. With an estimated population of 2,048,472 residents in January 2025 in an area of more than , Paris is the List of ci ...
,
France France, officially the French Republic, is a country located primarily in Western Europe. Overseas France, Its overseas regions and territories include French Guiana in South America, Saint Pierre and Miquelon in the Atlantic Ocean#North Atlan ...
. According to a article by
The New York Times ''The New York Times'' (''NYT'') is an American daily newspaper based in New York City. ''The New York Times'' covers domestic, national, and international news, and publishes opinion pieces, investigative reports, and reviews. As one of ...
in 1973, it was estimated then by former empress dowager
Hoàng Thị Cúc Từ Cung Hoàng thái hậu (28 January 1890 – 9 November 1980), was an empress dowager of Vietnam between 1926–1945. She was the mother of emperor Bảo Đại of the Nguyễn dynasty. She was the concubine of emperor Khải Định ...
mother of the last ruler Bảo Đại, that the royal family had over 200,000 descendants.


History


As a ruling house

The ''House of Nguyễn Phúc'' (Nguyen Gia Mieu) had historically been founded in the 14th century in Gia Mieu village, Thanh Hoa Province, before they came to rule southern Vietnam from 1558 to 1777, then became the ruling dynasty of the entire Vietnam. Traditionally, the family traces themselves to
Nguyễn Bặc Nguyễn Bặc ( vi-hantu, 阮匐, 924 – 15 October 979), also known with the noble title Định Quốc Công (定國公), was a Vietnamese mandarin and general who served as the Grand Chancellor of Đinh dynasty and was the first chancellor in ...
(924–979), the first duke of Dai Viet. Princes and male descendants of Gia Long are called Hoàng Thân, while male
lineal descendant A lineal or direct descendant, in legal usage, is a blood relative in a person's direct line of descent – the children, grandchildren, great-grandchildren, etc. In a legal procedure sense, lineal descent refers to the acquisition of estate ...
s of previous Nguyen lords are named
Tôn Thất Tôn Thất (or Tôn Nữ for female) is a two-character Vietnamese compound surname, originating from the Nguyễn dynasty. It is the surname for members of the imperial family that were not direct first-born descendants of the Emperor, and therefo ...
. Grandsons of the emperor were Hoàng tôn. Daughters of the emperor were called Hoàng nữ, and always earned the title công chúa (princess). Their succession practically is according to the law of primogeniture, but sometimes conflicted. The first succession conflict arose in 1816 when Gia Long was designing for an heir. His first prince
Nguyễn Phúc Cảnh Nguyễn Phúc Cảnh (1780–1801), also known as Prince Cảnh, was the eldest son of the Vietnamese Prince Nguyễn Phúc Ánh, the future Emperor Gia Long. At the age of seven, he famously visited France with the French Catholic Father Pigne ...
died in 1802. As a result, two rival factions emerged, one support Nguyễn Phúc Mỹ Đường, the eldest son of Prince Cảnh, as the crown prince, while other support Prince Nguyễn Phúc Đảm (later Minh Mang). The second conflict was the 1847 succession when two young princes
Nguyễn Phúc Hồng Bảo Nguyễn Phúc Hồng Bảo ( vi-hantu, 阮福洪保, 19 April 1825 – January 1854) was a prince of the Nguyễn dynasty, Vietnam. Early life He was the eldest son of the Emperor Thiệu Trị, and Đinh Thị Hạnh. In 1843 he was gran ...
and Hồng Nhậm were dragged by the ill-failing emperor Thieu Tri as a potential heir. At first, Thieu Tri apparently chose Prince Hồng Bảo because he was older, but after hearing advice from two regents
Trương Đăng Quế Trương or Truong is a Vietnamese surname. Individuals with the surname Trương make up approximately 2.2% of the population and rank eighth on the list of the most common surnames in Vietnam. They are primarily of Kinh ethnicity (Vietnamese pe ...
and
Nguyễn Tri Phương Nguyễn Tri Phương ( vi-hantu, 阮知方, 1800 – 1873), born Nguyễn Văn Chương, was a Nguyễn dynasty mandarin and military commander. He commanded armies against the French conquest of Vietnam at the Siege of Tourane, the Siege of ...
, he revised the heir at last minute and choose Hồng Nhậm as the crown prince. Since the fall of Huế during the ''Cần Vương'' rebellion against the French on 7 May 1885 the government of the French protectorate of Annam would gradually take over the management of the budget and finances of the government of the Southern dynasty. In 1894, the court of the
Thành Thái Thành Thái (, vi-hantu, 成 泰; 14 March 1879 – 20 March 1954) born Nguyễn Phúc Bửu Lân (阮福寶嶙), was the son of Vietnamese Emperor Dục Đức and Empress Dowager Từ Minh. He reigned as emperor for 18 years, from 1889 t ...
Emperor assigned Resident-Superior Léon Jules Pol Boulloche to take care of the management of the state's revenues, expenditures, taxes, Etc. In 1900, the Governor-General of French Indochina issued a decree that established the ''Council of the Protectorate'' (''Hội đồng Bảo hộ'') alongside the Resident-Superior to "discuss and determine the revenue and expenditures of the budget of the French protectorate of Annam, but that this council would act according to the calculations and orders of the Resident-Superior. At the meetings of the ''Council of French Indochina'' (''Hội đồng Đông Dương'') the Governor-General would decide through executive orders." Because of these reformes the Huế Court lost a lot of power and had to remove the privileges of the imperial family of the Nguyễn dynasty. This meant a reduction in provisions and money given to the descendants of the imperial lineage, gradually a number of members of the Imperial Clan of the Nguyễn dynasty would fall into poverty as they heavily relied on state
welfare Welfare may refer to: Philosophy *Well-being (happiness, prosperity, or flourishing) of a person or group * Utility in utilitarianism * Value in value theory Economics * Utility, a general term for individual well-being in economics and decision ...
. In a 1938 interview in the ''Tràng An'' newspaper with the ''Đại thần'' of the
Court of the Imperial Clan The Imperial Clan Court or Court of the Imperial Clan was an institution responsible for all matters pertaining to the imperial family under the Ming and Qing dynasties of imperial China. This institution also existed under the Nguyễn dynasty o ...
(宗人府大臣, ''Tôn Nhơn phủ Đại thần'') Ưng Trình (1882—1974) about a petition that the members of the imperial clan have to the same taxes as the other groups represented in the House of People's Representatives of Annam, Ưng Trình noted that there were 2000 male members ''Phủ Tôn Nhơn'' aged 18 to 60 and that 3 out of 4 were
unemployed Unemployment, according to the OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development), is the proportion of people above a specified age (usually 15) not being in paid employment or self-employment but currently available for Work (hu ...
and did not own any land. This showed that a lot of the members of the imperial clan lived in poverty and battled with many difficulties such as chronic unemployment and hunger.


Abolition of the monarchy

The
abdication of Bảo Đại Abdication is the act of formally relinquishing monarchical authority. Abdications have played various roles in the Order of succession, succession procedures of monarchies. While some cultures have viewed abdication as an extreme abandonment of ...
took place on 25 August 1945 and marked the end of the 143-year reign of the
Nguyễn dynasty The Nguyễn dynasty (, chữ Nôm: 茹阮, chữ Hán: 朝阮) was the last List of Vietnamese dynasties, Vietnamese dynasty, preceded by the Nguyễn lords and ruling unified Vietnam independently from 1802 until French protectorate in 1883 ...
over
Vietnam Vietnam, officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (SRV), is a country at the eastern edge of mainland Southeast Asia, with an area of about and a population of over 100 million, making it the world's List of countries and depende ...
ending the Vietnamese monarchy.
Bảo Đại Bảo Đại (, vi-hantu, , , 22 October 191331 July 1997), born Nguyễn Phúc (Phước) Vĩnh Thụy (), was the 13th and final emperor of the Nguyễn dynasty, the last ruling dynasty of Vietnam. From 1926 to 1945, he was ''de jure'' em ...
abdicated in response to the
August Revolution The August Revolution (), also known as the August General Uprising (), was a revolution led by the Việt Minh against the Empire of Vietnam from 16 August to 2 September 1945. The Empire of Vietnam was led by the Nguyễn dynasty and was ...
a ceremony handing power over to the newly established
Democratic Republic of Vietnam North Vietnam, officially the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV; ; VNDCCH), was a country in Southeast Asia from 1945 to 1976, with sovereignty fully recognized in 1954. A member of the communist Eastern Bloc, it opposed the French-suppor ...
which was established during the end of
World War II World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War II, Allies and the Axis powers. World War II by country, Nearly all of the wo ...
as Vietnam had been occupied by French and later
Japan Japan is an island country in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean off the northeast coast of the Asia, Asian mainland, it is bordered on the west by the Sea of Japan and extends from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea ...
ese imperialists. After the
Việt Minh The Việt Minh (, ) is the common and abbreviated name of the League for Independence of Vietnam ( or , ; ), which was a communist-led national independence coalition formed at Pác Bó by Hồ Chí Minh on 19 May 1941. Also known as the Vi ...
sent a
telegram Telegraphy is the long-distance transmission of messages where the sender uses symbolic codes, known to the recipient, rather than a physical exchange of an object bearing the message. Thus flag semaphore is a method of telegraphy, whereas pi ...
to the
Imperial City of Huế The Imperial City (; vi-hantu, 皇城) is a walled enclosure within the Fortifications of Vauban, Vauban style citadel (; vi-hantu, 京城) of the city of Huế, the former imperial capital of Vietnam during the Nguyễn dynasty. It contains th ...
demanding the abdication of Emperor Bảo Đại, he announced that he would abdicate and officially abdicated on 25 August. After a representative of the Việt Minh convinced Bảo Đại to hold a public abdication ceremony he did so on 30 August 1945. The passing of the ceremonial seal and sword had been seen as symbolically "passing the
Mandate of Heaven The Mandate of Heaven ( zh, t=天命, p=Tiānmìng, w=, l=Heaven's command) is a Chinese ideology#Political ideologies, political ideology that was used in History of China#Ancient China, Ancient China and Chinese Empire, Imperial China to legit ...
over to the government of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam". Following his abdication Emperor Bảo Đại became "citizen Vĩnh Thụy" (公民永瑞, ''công dân Vĩnh Thụy'') and would become an advisor to the new Democratic Republic of Vietnam government in
Hanoi Hanoi ( ; ; ) is the Capital city, capital and List of cities in Vietnam, second-most populous city of Vietnam. The name "Hanoi" translates to "inside the river" (Hanoi is bordered by the Red River (Asia), Red and Black River (Asia), Black Riv ...
.


French attempts to re-establish the Nguyễn dynasty

In order to combat the influence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam and the Việt Minh the French were forced to grant more autonomy to the Vietnamese and French President
Vincent Auriol Vincent Jules Auriol (; 27 August 1884 – 1 January 1966) was a French politician who served as President of France from 1947 to 1954. Early life and politics Auriol was born in Revel, Haute-Garonne, as the only child of Jacques Antoine Aurio ...
arranged for the former Emperor Bảo Đại to return to Vietnam and lead a new autonomous Vietnamese state in what the French called the "Bảo Đại solution" (''Giải pháp Bảo Đại''). On 24 April 1949 Bảo Đại would return from France back to Vietnam. Nearly two months later, on 14 June 1949 Bảo Đại issued an ordinance giving him the position of "Chief of State of the
State of Vietnam The State of Vietnam (; chữ Hán: 國家越南; ) was a state in Southeast Asia that existed from 1949 until 1955, first as an associated state of the French Union and later as an independent state (from 20 July 1954 to 26 October 1955). The s ...
" (''Quốc trưởng Quốc gia Việt Nam''), in his memoirs he claimed that he did this to receive better recognition on an international level. Furthermore, in his memoirs he emphasised that his proper title was "Emperor, Chief of State" (''Hoàng đế, Quốc trưởng''). The position was supposed to only be temporary until Vietnam would have an elected constitutional parliament. In 1950 Bảo Đại was given the "
Domain of the Crown The Domain of the Crown (; Chữ Hán: 皇朝疆土; ; Modern Vietnamese: ''Đất của vua'') was originally the Nguyễn dynasty's geopolitical concept for its protectorates and principalities where the ethnic Kinh did not make up the majo ...
" which included
ethnic minority The term "minority group" has different meanings, depending on the context. According to common usage, it can be defined simply as a group in society with the least number of individuals, or less than half of a population. Usually a minority g ...
lands within Vietnam that were directly placed under his rule where he remained to be the "Emperor".Lê Đình Chi. ''Người Thượng Miền Nam Việt Nam.'' Gardena,
California California () is a U.S. state, state in the Western United States that lies on the West Coast of the United States, Pacific Coast. It borders Oregon to the north, Nevada and Arizona to the east, and shares Mexico–United States border, an ...
: Văn Mới, 2006. Pages: 401–449. (in
Vietnamese Vietnamese may refer to: * Something of, from, or related to Vietnam, a country in Southeast Asia * Vietnamese people, or Kinh people, a Southeast Asian ethnic group native to Vietnam ** Overseas Vietnamese, Vietnamese people living outside Vietna ...
).
It was officially established on 15 April 1950 and dissolved on 11 March 1955.Anh Thái Phượng. ''Trăm núi ngàn sông: Tập I''. Gretna, LA: Đường Việt Hải ngoại, 2003. Page: 99. (in
Vietnamese Vietnamese may refer to: * Something of, from, or related to Vietnam, a country in Southeast Asia * Vietnamese people, or Kinh people, a Southeast Asian ethnic group native to Vietnam ** Overseas Vietnamese, Vietnamese people living outside Vietna ...
).
During his time as Chief of State he was often absent from most events in Vietnam and would frequently spend his time in Europe or in his domain, specifically in the resort towns of
Đà Lạt Da Lat, or Dalat (; ), is the capital of Lâm Đồng Province and the largest city of the Central Highlands region in Vietnam. The city is located above sea level on the Langbiang Plateau. Da Lat is one of the most popular tourist destinat ...
,
Nha Trang Nha Trang ( or ; ) is a coastal city and capital of Khánh Hòa Province, on the South Central Coast of Vietnam. It is bounded on the north by Ninh Hoà town, on the south by Cam Ranh city and on the west by Diên Khánh District. The city had ...
, and
Buôn Ma Thuột Buôn Ma Thuột or sometimes Buôn Mê Thuột or Ban Mê Thuột (, ), is the capital city of Đắk Lắk Province in the Central Highlands of Vietnam. Its population was 434,256 in 2023. The city is the largest in the Central Highlands and k ...
, rather than attending to his responsibilities as the head of the government. Bảo Đại was ousted as the Chief of State of the State of Vietnam during a rigged election in 1955.


After 1955

In 1957, during his visit to the
Alsace Alsace (, ; ) is a cultural region and a territorial collectivity in the Grand Est administrative region of northeastern France, on the west bank of the upper Rhine, next to Germany and Switzerland. In January 2021, it had a population of 1,9 ...
region, Bảo Đại met Christiane Bloch-Carcenac with whom he had an affair for several years. The relationship with Bloch-Carcenac resulted in the birth of his last child, Patrick-Edward Bloch-Carcenac, who still lives in Alsace in France. In 1972, Bảo Đại issued a public statement from exile, appealing to the Vietnamese people for national
reconciliation Reconciliation or reconcile may refer to: Accounting * Reconciliation (accounting) Arts, entertainment, and media Books * Reconciliation (Under the North Star), ''Reconciliation'' (''Under the North Star''), the third volume of the ''Under the ...
, stating, "The time has come to put an end to the fratricidal war and to recover at last peace and accord". At times, Bảo Đại maintained residence in southern France, and in particular, in
Monaco Monaco, officially the Principality of Monaco, is a Sovereign state, sovereign city-state and European microstates, microstate on the French Riviera a few kilometres west of the Regions of Italy, Italian region of Liguria, in Western Europe, ...
, where he sailed often on his private yacht, one of the largest in Monte Carlo harbour. He still reportedly held great influence among local political figures in the
Quảng Trị Quảng Trị () is a district-level town in Quảng Trị Province in the North Central Coast region of Vietnam. It is second of two municipalities in the province after the provincial capital Đông Hà. History The Sino-Vietnamese name Qu ...
and Thừa Thiên provinces of
Huế Huế (formerly Thừa Thiên Huế province) is the southernmost coastal Municipalities of Vietnam, city in the North Central Coast region, the Central Vietnam, Central of Vietnam, approximately in the center of the country. It borders Quảng ...
. The Communist government of
North Vietnam North Vietnam, officially the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV; ; VNDCCH), was a country in Southeast Asia from 1945 to 1976, with sovereignty fully recognized in 1954 Geneva Conference, 1954. A member of the communist Eastern Bloc, it o ...
sent representatives to France hoping that Bảo Đại would become a member of a coalition government which might reunite Vietnam, in the hope of attracting his supporters in the regions wherein he still held influence. As a result of these meetings, Bảo Đại publicly spoke out against the presence of American troops in South Vietnam, and he criticised President
Nguyễn Văn Thiệu Nguyễn Văn Thiệu (; 5 April 1923 – 29 September 2001) was a South Vietnam, South Vietnamese military officer and politician who was the Leaders of South Vietnam, president of South Vietnam from 1967 to 1975. He was a general in the Repub ...
's regime in South Vietnam. He called for all political factions to create a free,
neutral Neutral or neutrality may refer to: Mathematics and natural science Biology * Neutral organisms, in ecology, those that obey the unified neutral theory of biodiversity Chemistry and physics * Neutralization (chemistry), a chemical reaction in ...
, peace-loving government which would resolve the tense situation that had taken form in the country. In 1982, Bảo Đại, his wife Monique, and other members of the former imperial family of Vietnam visited the United States. His agenda was to oversee and bless Buddhist and Caodaiist religious ceremonies, in the
California California () is a U.S. state, state in the Western United States that lies on the West Coast of the United States, Pacific Coast. It borders Oregon to the north, Nevada and Arizona to the east, and shares Mexico–United States border, an ...
n and
Texan Texas ( , ; or ) is the most populous state in the South Central region of the United States. It borders Louisiana to the east, Arkansas to the northeast, Oklahoma to the north, New Mexico to the west, and has an international border wit ...
Vietnamese-American Vietnamese Americans () are Americans of Vietnamese people, Vietnamese ancestry. They constitute a major part of all overseas Vietnamese. As of 2023, over 2.3 million people of Vietnamese descent live in the United States, making them the fourth ...
communities. Throughout Bảo Đại's life in both Vietnam and in France, he remained unpopular among the Vietnamese populace as he was considered a political puppet for the French colonialist regime, for lacking any form of political power, and for his cooperation with the French and for his pro-French ideals. The former emperor clarified, however, that his reign was always a constant battle and a balance between preserving the monarchy and the integrity of the nation versus fealty to the French authorities. Ultimately, power devolved away from his person and into ideological camps and in the face of Diem's underestimated influences on factions within the empire. Bảo Đại died in a
military hospital A military hospital is a hospital owned or operated by a military. They are often reserved for the use of military personnel and their dependents, but in some countries are made available to civilians as well. They may or may not be located on a m ...
in Paris, France, on 30 July 1997. He was interred in the Cimetière de Passy. Following Bảo Đại's death
Bảo Long :''In the Vietnamese name below,'' Nguyễn ''is the surname.'' Nguyễn Phúc Bảo Long, Crown Prince of Vietnam (阮福保隆, 4 January 1936 – 28 July 2007) was the eldest son of Bảo Đại and Queen Nam Phương. He was the last crown ...
inherited the position of head of the House of Nguyễn Phúc. He remained out of politics and lived quietly in Paris. Bảo Long allegedly sold the sword that was handed over in the 1945 abdication ceremony. Although the
Vietnamese Constitutional Monarchist League Vietnamese Constitutional Monarchist League (VCML; ) is a monarchist and anti-communist organization based in the United States, which seeks the restoration of the Nguyễn dynasty to the throne of Vietnam under a constitutional monarchy, similar ...
(headed by rival claimant Nguyễn Phúc Bửu Chánh) wish to restore the Nguyễn dynasty to the throne under a
constitutional monarchy Constitutional monarchy, also known as limited monarchy, parliamentary monarchy or democratic monarchy, is a form of monarchy in which the monarch exercises their authority in accordance with a constitution and is not alone in making decisions. ...
, as in
Cambodia Cambodia, officially the Kingdom of Cambodia, is a country in Southeast Asia on the Mainland Southeast Asia, Indochinese Peninsula. It is bordered by Thailand to the northwest, Laos to the north, and Vietnam to the east, and has a coastline ...
and
Thailand Thailand, officially the Kingdom of Thailand and historically known as Siam (the official name until 1939), is a country in Southeast Asia on the Mainland Southeast Asia, Indochinese Peninsula. With a population of almost 66 million, it spa ...
, Bảo Long did not support their political aspirations. On 28 July 2007, following the death of Bảo Long, the new head of the House of Nguyễn Phúc became Nguyễn Phúc Bảo Thăng. Bảo Thăng died on 22/3/2017, and the title of head of the House passed to Nguyễn Phúc Bảo Ngọc. In June 2022 the organisation ''Hội đồng Nguyễn Phước tộc Việt Nam'' proposed to rename a street "Đường Gia Long" in Huế in honour the 220th anniversary of Gia Long Emperor's unification of the country.


Titles

First appointed to govern over the region south of the
Gianh River The Gianh River () is a river in the Quảng Bình Province of Vietnam's North Central Coast (Bắc Trung Bộ). The river is in length. It was the border between ruling families during the partition of Vietnam following the Trịnh–Nguyễn ...
by the Emperor of the
Later Lê Dynasty Later may refer to: * Future, the time after the present Television * ''Later'' (talk show), a 1988–2001 American talk show * '' Later... with Jools Holland'', a British music programme since 1992 * ''The Life and Times of Eddie Roberts'', or ...
, the first ancestor of the Nguyễn lords in this region appointed who was given a
title of nobility Nobility is a social class found in many societies that have an aristocracy (class), aristocracy. It is normally appointed by and ranked immediately below Royal family, royalty. Nobility has often been an Estates of the realm, estate of the rea ...
was
Nguyễn Kim Nguyen Kim (; 1468–1545) was a Vietnamese statesman who was the ancestor of the famous Nguyễn Lords who later ruled south Vietnam (and much later, all of Vietnam). During his rule, the war with the Mạc dynasty started. Nguyễn Kim cla ...
, who was granted the title of the Duke of the State of Trừng (澄國公, ''Trừng quốc công''). The highest title of nobility in Vietnam was that of ''Quốc Vương'' (國王), which
Liam Kelley Liam Christopher Kelley (born 28 December 1966), or Lê Minh Khải (Traditional Chinese: 黎明凱), is an American Vietnamologist and a professor of Southeast Asian history and lecturer at the Universiti Brunei Darussalam, he formerly taught ...
translates as "Prince" or "Prince of state", immediately below it was the title of "
Duke Duke is a male title either of a monarch ruling over a duchy, or of a member of Royal family, royalty, or nobility. As rulers, dukes are ranked below emperors, kings, grand princes, grand dukes, and above sovereign princes. As royalty or nobi ...
" (公, ''công'') with titles like "Commandery duke" (郡公, ''quận công''), "Duke of state" (國公, ''quốc công''), etc. Prefixes, like "Grand mentor" (太傅, ''thái phó'') and "Grand guardian" (太保, ''thái bảo'') were sometimes added to these somewhat general terms to create gradations between the varying ranks of nobility. Lord
Nguyễn Hoàng Nguyễn Hoàng (28 August 1525 – 20 July 1613) was a Vietnamese official who ruled southern Vietnam from 1558 to his death in 1613. As the first of the Nguyễn lords, he established a powerful state that contested rule over Vietnam for the ne ...
received the noble title of "Grand Mentor Duke of the State of Trừng" (太傅澄國公, ''Thái phó Trừng quốc công'') by the Emperor of the Later Lê dynasty, later Lord
Nguyễn Phúc Nguyên Nguyễn Phúc Nguyên (阮福源; 16 August 1563 – 19 November 1635), temple name Nguyễn Hy Tông, was the second of the Nguyễn lords, ruling all of southern Vietnam from 1613 to 1635. During his time in office, the Nguyễn lords establ ...
(the son of Nguyễn Hoàng) would receive the upgraded title "Grand guardian commandery duke" (太保郡公, ''Thái bảo quận công''). Later titles were granted by the Nguyễn lords to themselves, however, they would continue to recognise both the titles of the imperial court of the Later Lê dynasty and their nominal submission to it. According to the ''
Đại Nam thực lục ''Đại Nam thực lục'' ( vi-hantu, 大南寔錄, lit. "Veritable Records of the Great South", "Annals of Đại Nam", "Chronicle of Greater Vietnam") was the official history of Nguyễn dynasty, Vietnam. It contained the royal records of t ...
'', in 1744 an official from
Đàng Trong Đàng Trong ( chữ Nôm: 唐冲, lit. "Inner Circuit"), also known as Nam Hà (, "South of the River"), was the South region of Vietnam, under the lordship of the Nguyễn clan, later enlarged by the Vietnamese southward expansion. The word '' ...
named Nguyễn Đăng Thịnh requested for his lord
Nguyễn Phúc Khoát Nguyễn Phúc Khoát (26 September 1714 – 7 July 1765) was one of the Nguyễn lords who ruled over the southern portion of Vietnam from the 16th-18th centuries. Also known as Chúa Võ (主武) or Võ vương (武王) (roughly ''Martial King'' ...
to "rectify his position", but in reality Nguyễn Đăng Thịnh asked him proclaim himself to be an Emperor justifying it by stating that he already controlled more land than the
Shang dynasty The Shang dynasty (), also known as the Yin dynasty (), was a Chinese royal dynasty that ruled in the Yellow River valley during the second millennium BC, traditionally succeeding the Xia dynasty and followed by the Western Zhou d ...
did when it was founded. In response Nguyễn Phúc Khoát granted himself the title of ''Quốc Vương'' in 1744, the same title which the
Trịnh lords Trịnh is a Vietnamese family name In many societies, a surname, family name, or last name is the mostly hereditary portion of one's personal name that indicates one's family. It is typically combined with a given name to form the full na ...
held since 1599. An important distinction between the rival Nguyễn and Trịnh clans is that the Trịnh were granted the title of ''Vương'' by the Emperor while the Nguyễn never officially held a title higher than "duke" in the eyes of the Lê court.


Organisations


Đồng tôn tương tế phổ

The ''Đồng tôn tương tế phổ'' (
Hán-Nôm Spoken and written Vietnamese today uses the Latin script-based Vietnamese alphabet to represent native Vietnamese words (''thuần Việt''), Vietnamese words which are of Chinese origin (''Hán-Việt'', or Sino-Vietnamese), and other forei ...
: 同尊相濟譜; French: ''Association Secours Assistance Mutuels Famille Royale Annam'') was officially established in November 1926 by well to do members of the imperial clan, the organisation was tasked with trying to help the poorer members of the imperial clan through solidarity, mutual assistance, care for mourning, hospitality, and education. The first meeting of the ''Đồng tôn tương tế phổ'' was held by its 21 founders at the headquarters of the
Court of the Imperial Clan The Imperial Clan Court or Court of the Imperial Clan was an institution responsible for all matters pertaining to the imperial family under the Ming and Qing dynasties of imperial China. This institution also existed under the Nguyễn dynasty o ...
in Huế, the establishment ceremony of the organisation was attended by a number of officials of the Court of the Imperial Clan as well as French and Vietnamese guests. Unlike the Court of the Imperial Clan which pertained itself to the political and religious affairs of the Nguyễn Phúc clan, the ''Đồng tôn tương tế phổ'' was established "to compel the kinship and cordiality of relatives of the imperial clan and to advise each other to do good, in the following ways: First, to obtain the resources or money to support each other in the case of an accident and with the mourning process; secondly, to help members of the imperial clan to educate their children to be intelligent and provide money for and help with the education of the impoverished members of the imperial clan to help them attain literacy or apprenticeships, and thirdly, the association wrote congratulatory letters as well as invitations and distributed gifts to members of the imperial clan for their happiness". The members of the ''Đồng tôn tương tế phổ'' agreed on a detailed draft programme with 55 points which would dictate what the organisation would do. The people who helped draft this programme included both Confucianists and Western educated members, the members who helped draft the programme included the '' Tham tri'' of the Ministry of War (''Binh bộ Tham tri'') Ưng Bàng, the ''Lang trung'' of the Ministry of Justice (''Lang trung Bộ Hình'') Tôn Thất Toại, the administrator Bửu Trưng, the ''Tham tri'' of the Ministry of Public Works (''Công bộ Tham tri'') Ưng Đồng, the provisional manager of education of the
Ministry of Rites The Ministry or Board of Rites was one of the Six Ministries of government in late imperial China. It was part of the imperial Chinese government from the Tang (7th century) until the 1911 Xinhai Revolution. Along with religious rituals and c ...
(''Thị độc học sĩ Tạm phái Lễ bộ'') Ưng Gia, and the French-trained educator Ưng Lộc. The ''Đồng tôn tương tế phổ's'' programme was finally approved by the interim Resident-Superior of Annam Jean Charles Joseph d'Elloy on 6 October 1926. On the 16th day of the 8th month of the year Bảo Đại 2 (11 September 1927) the ''Đồng tôn tương tế phổ'' held another meeting at the palace of the Court of the Imperial Clan which was attended by 99 members of the association, during this meeting they discussed a review of the programme. A revised charter was drafted which would lend books and distribute ink to good students who were members of the Nguyễn Phúc imperial clan. On 13 March 1928 the Resident-Superior of Annam Jules Friès approved the new charter. From this point onwards the ''Đồng tôn tương tế phổ'' became an official association with 184 members enjoying full legal status that was recognised by the government, had a strict organisational structure, budget, and its own
seal Seal may refer to any of the following: Common uses * Pinniped, a diverse group of semi-aquatic marine mammals, many of which are commonly called seals, particularly: ** Earless seal, also called "true seal" ** Fur seal ** Eared seal * Seal ( ...
. The seal of the ''Đồng tôn tương tế phổ'' was circular in shape and was divided into two parts, in the outer ring was the inscription ''Association Secours Assistance Mutuels Famille Royale-Annam'' in French (which translated into Vietnamese as ''Hội Cứu tế – Tương tế hoàng tộc – Trung kỳ''), while in its centre were the
Traditional Chinese characters Traditional Chinese characters are a standard set of Chinese character forms used to written Chinese, write Chinese languages. In Taiwan, the set of traditional characters is regulated by the Ministry of Education (Taiwan), Ministry of Educat ...
"同尊相濟譜" (''Đồng tôn tương tế phổ'') followed by the French inscription ''Comite Central Hue''. All rules and regulations of the association were published in a book entitled the ''Đồng-tôn-tương-tế phổ Chương-trình'' (同尊相濟譜章程, "Programme of the ''Đồng tôn tương tế phổ''") first published in Huế in 1930. The contents of the book were dictated by the Board of Trustees and it contained the purpose, principles, ideals, and modes of operation of association, as well as the rights and obligations of its members. Additionally, documents related to the annual General Assembly meeting were also synthesised and published by the Board of Trustees into books for distribution to members for reference and monitoring. The organisational structure of the ''Đồng tôn tương tế phổ'' was headed by a Governing Council (''Hội đồng trị sự''), which (during its establishment in 1926) consisted of 1 chief (''Phổ trưởng''), 1 deputy chief (''Phó Phổ trưởng''), 1 secretary (''Thư ký''), 2 deputy secretaries (''Phó Thư ký'') of which 1 would be a French language specialist and 1 would be a Chinese characters specialist, 1 fund manager (''Trưởng quỹ''), and 1 depupty fund manager (''Phó Trưởng quỹ''). By 1927, the Governing Council had adjusted its organisational apparatus, and from here the organisational structure of the association would change regularly from time to time to suit the actual situation of the time and match the development of organisation. Officially the
Bảo Đại Bảo Đại (, vi-hantu, , , 22 October 191331 July 1997), born Nguyễn Phúc (Phước) Vĩnh Thụy (), was the 13th and final emperor of the Nguyễn dynasty, the last ruling dynasty of Vietnam. From 1926 to 1945, he was ''de jure'' em ...
Emperor was the head of the organisation and he personally donated 1000
piastres The piastre or piaster () is any of a number of units of currency. The term originates from the Italian for "thin metal plate". The name was applied to Spanish and Hispanic American pieces of eight, or pesos, by Venetian traders in the Lev ...
during its first year of existence. Furthermore, honorary members of the association also included the Resident-Superior of Annam and many high ranking members of the government of the Southern dynasty. The organisation also had provincial chapters which were allowed to elect a delegate to attend the annual meetings in the
Imperial City of Huế The Imperial City (; vi-hantu, 皇城) is a walled enclosure within the Fortifications of Vauban, Vauban style citadel (; vi-hantu, 京城) of the city of Huế, the former imperial capital of Vietnam during the Nguyễn dynasty. It contains th ...
. Every year the Governing Council would summarise the work done in the previous year, make a report on the income and expenditures of the association, and discuss the plans for the next year. The association helped members of the Nguyễn Phúc clan study (from
primary school A primary school (in Ireland, India, the United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, Trinidad and Tobago, Jamaica, South Africa, and Singapore), elementary school, or grade school (in North America and the Philippines) is a school for primary ...
to
university A university () is an educational institution, institution of tertiary education and research which awards academic degrees in several Discipline (academia), academic disciplines. ''University'' is derived from the Latin phrase , which roughly ...
), teach them
morality Morality () is the categorization of intentions, Decision-making, decisions and Social actions, actions into those that are ''proper'', or ''right'', and those that are ''improper'', or ''wrong''. Morality can be a body of standards or principle ...
, start private businesses, and study abroad in
Hanoi Hanoi ( ; ; ) is the Capital city, capital and List of cities in Vietnam, second-most populous city of Vietnam. The name "Hanoi" translates to "inside the river" (Hanoi is bordered by the Red River (Asia), Red and Black River (Asia), Black Riv ...
or
Western countries The Western world, also known as the West, primarily refers to various nations and states in Western Europe, Northern America, and Australasia; with some debate as to whether those in Eastern Europe and Latin America also constitute the West. ...
. During its existence the ''Đồng tôn tương tế phổ'' helped many members of the Nguyễn Phúc clan improve their professional skills and offered financial support to the younger members of the clan by providing literacy training, vocational training, and university scholarships. With the abolition of the Nguyễn dynasty in 1945 the Court of the Imperial Clan was abolished which also meant the end of the national operations of the ''Đồng tôn tương tế phổ''.


Hội đồng trị sự Nguyễn Phước Tộc

After the abolition of the Nguyễn dynasty state in 1945 the Court of the Imperial Clan changed from being a
government agency A government agency or state agency, sometimes an appointed commission, is a permanent or semi-permanent organization in the machinery of government (bureaucracy) that is responsible for the oversight and administration of specific functions, s ...
into a
non-governmental organisation A non-governmental organization (NGO) is an independent, typically nonprofit organization that operates outside government control, though it may get a significant percentage of its funding from government or corporate sources. NGOs often focus ...
becoming the ''Hội đồng trị sự Nguyễn Phước Tộc'' which continued to fulfill the roles of the Court of the Imperial Clan. Between the years 1971 and 1972 the ''Hội đồng trị sự Nguyễn Phước Tộc'' donated large sums of money to rebuild the ''Thái miếu'', which was almost completely destroyed during the
First Indochina War The First Indochina War (generally known as the Indochina War in France, and as the Anti-French Resistance War in Vietnam, and alternatively internationally as the French-Indochina War) was fought between French Fourth Republic, France and Việ ...
. The rebuilt ''Thái miếu'' was used as a hall to hold sacrificial rituals worshipping the Nguyễn lords. The restoration of the ''Thái miếu'' not only re-established and enriched the
ancestor worship The veneration of the dead, including one's ancestors, is based on love and respect for the deceased. In some cultures, it is related to beliefs that the dead have a continued existence, and may possess the ability to influence the fortune of t ...
ping facilities at the Imperial City, it also made the former Nguyễn capital a more attractive destination for tourists.


Nguyễn Phước Tộc tương tế hội

The ''Nguyễn Phước Tộc tương tế hội'' was established by Decree No. 876/BNV/KS/14 (''Nghị định số 876/BNV/KS/14'') issued by the
Ministry of Internal Affairs An interior ministry or ministry of the interior (also called ministry of home affairs or ministry of internal affairs) is a government department that is responsible for domestic policy, public security and law enforcement. In some states, the i ...
of the
government of South Vietnam A government is the system or group of people governing an organized community, generally a state. In the case of its broad associative definition, government normally consists of legislature, executive, and judiciary. Government is a ...
. The creation of the ''Nguyễn Phước Tộc tương tế hội'' was requested by the ''Hội đồng trị sự Nguyễn Phước Tộc'' to fulfill the duties of the earlier ''Đồng tôn tương tế phổ'' that existed during the Nguyễn dynasty period to help the members of the Nguyễn Phúc clan. While the ''Nguyễn Phước Tộc tương tế hội'' was initially effective, it was eventually abolished.


Hội đồng Nguyễn Phúc tộc Việt Nam

The ''Hội đồng Nguyễn Phúc tộc Việt Nam'' (also written as the ''Hội đồng Nguyễn Phước tộc Việt Nam'') is an organisation of the Nguyễn Phúc clan. As of June 2022 the chairman of this organisation is Associate Professor Dr. Nguyễn Phước Bửu Nam. On 26 April 2022 ''
Thanh Niên ''Thanh Niên'' ( Vietnamese: ''Báo Thanh Niên'' "Young People's Newspaper") is a Ho Chi Minh City-based newspaper in Vietnam. It was the second most circulated newspaper in Vietnam Vietnam, officially the Socialist Republic of Vietna ...
'' reported on the worshipping of bà Thứ phi Hoàng Phi Yến at the Tùng Thiện Vương Temple in Huế, Thừa Thiên Huế province. The ''Hội đồng Nguyễn Phúc tộc Việt Nam'' organised a scholarly discussion on "An Sơn Temple and Mrs. Phi Yến in
Côn Đảo The Côn Đảo ("Côn Island") are an archipelago of Bà Rịa–Vũng Tàu province, in the Southeast region of Vietnam, and also a district () of this province. Geography Situated about from Vũng Tàu and from Ho Chi Minh City, the grou ...
, a matter of legends to heritage records" (An Sơn miếu và bà Phi Yến ở Côn Đảo, vấn đề từ truyền thuyết đến hồ sơ di sản). After the discussion, the ''Hội đồng Nguyễn Phúc tộc Việt Nam'' proposed to the Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism to revoke the decision to recognise the national intangible cultural heritage (''Di sản văn hóa phi vật thể'') for the death anniversary of the imperial concubine Phi Yến. The seminar had the presence and participation of scholars about history, culture, and the Nguyễn dynasty period from Huế and Hanoi, including the former chairman of the Historical Science Society of Thừa Thiên – Huế (Hội Khoa học Lịch sử Thừa Thiên – Huế). The researchers included Nguyễn Xuân Hoa (former director of the Department of Culture and Sports of Thừa Thiên Huế province), Nguyễn Quang Trung Tiến (former dean of the Faculty of History, Huế University of Science), Assoc. Prof. Dr. Nguyễn Văn Đăng (former dean of the Faculty of History, Huế University of Science), Trần Đại Vinh (former President of the Folk Arts Association of Thừa Thiên Huế),
Nguyễn Đắc Xuân Nguyen Dac Xuan (born 1937 in Thừa Thiên-Huế, Vietnam) is a Vietnamese novelist, researcher of Huế's culture, who is best known for his poetry and his books and his research on the culture and history of the Nguyen dynasty and Ancient Hue. ...
, and Dr. Nguyễn Xuân Diện (
Institute of Hán-Nôm Studies The Institute of Hán-Nôm Studies (; Hán Nôm: ), or Hán-Nôm Institute (, Hán Nôm: ) in Hanoi, Vietnam, is the main research centre, historical archival agency and reference library for the study of chữ Hán and chữ Nôm (together, H ...
,
Vietnam Academy of Social Sciences Vietnam Academy of Social Sciences (VASS) is a department of the Vietnamese government responsible for studying key social science issues in the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. Leaders * Trần Huy Liệu: 1953–1959 * Nguyễn Khánh Toàn: 19 ...
), among others. The seminar received 16 reports from researchers, of which 3 were presented at the seminar and more than 10 comments were presented. The scholars concluded that imperial concubine Phi Yến is a fictional character. They noted that imperial concubine Phi Yến is not recorded in the official history of the Nguyễn dynasty, nor is she found in the genealogy of the imperial family of the Nguyễn dynasty (''Hoàng tộc triều Nguyễn''). The records show that both French scholars and published studies prove that the Thứ phi Hoàng Phi Yến (named Lê Thị Răm) and Prince Cải (also known as Prince Hội An, or ''hoàng tử Hội An'') are both fictional characters that do not appear in the history of the Nguyễn dynasty. In May 2022 the Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism responded that they would consider revoking the intangible cultural heritage status based on the recommendations of the ''Hội đồng Nguyễn Phúc tộc Việt Nam''. In 2022 the organisation participated in a scholarly discussion on merits and important historical contributions of Emperor Gia Long, where they noted how after territorial reunification Gia Long established
sovereignty Sovereignty can generally be defined as supreme authority. Sovereignty entails hierarchy within a state as well as external autonomy for states. In any state, sovereignty is assigned to the person, body or institution that has the ultimate au ...
over the Hoàng Sa and Trường Sa Archipelagos.


Heads of the house

The generational numbers below are from the clan's genealogical table.Vĩnh, Cao, ''Nguyễn Phúc tộc thế phả'', Thuan Hoa Publishing House, 1995. On several occasions, emperors were deposed by the French colonial authorities and replaced with representatives of alternative royal lines. The "I" line is viewed as the most legitimate line. The Dục Đức line goes 15.I, 16.I, 17.I, and 18.I, while the Đồng Khánh line goes 15.II, 16.II, 17.II, 18.II, and 18.III.


Symbols


Imperial standards


Personal standards of emperors


Coats of arms

File:Coat of arms of Annam - S.M. Bao Daï, Le Dragon d'Annam (1980) colour scheme - Đại Nam (大南).svg, Coat of arms of the Nguyễn dynasty depicting a
dragon A dragon is a Magic (supernatural), magical legendary creature that appears in the folklore of multiple cultures worldwide. Beliefs about dragons vary considerably through regions, but European dragon, dragons in Western cultures since the Hi ...
. File:Coat of arms of Annam - Hymnes et pavillons d'Indochine (Hanoï - 1941) 02.svg, Variant coat of arms of the Nguyễn dynasty.


Heirloom seals

File:Seal of Nguyễn Lords.svg, ''Đại Việt quốc Nguyễn Chúa vĩnh trấn chi bảo'' (大越國阮𪐴永鎮之寶, "Seal of the eternal government of the Nguyễn Lords of the Kingdom of Great(er) Viêt") written in
seal script Seal script or sigillary script () is a Chinese script styles, style of writing Chinese characters that was common throughout the latter half of the 1st millennium BC. It evolved organically out of bronze script during the Zhou dynasty (1 ...
.
Đại Nam thực lục ''Đại Nam thực lục'' ( vi-hantu, 大南寔錄, lit. "Veritable Records of the Great South", "Annals of Đại Nam", "Chronicle of Greater Vietnam") was the official history of Nguyễn dynasty, Vietnam. It contained the royal records of t ...
, Quote: "The year Can Thìn, 1st year of the reign of Minh Mang (1820), February, auspicious day, the emperor put the seal in his box and sealed it with his own hands". It was not until 1837 (22nd day of the 12th lunar month in the 18th year of Minh Mang) that the emperor, with great fanfare, opened the box and showed the seal to the court before sealing it in ink. red and store it in the Can Thanh Palace. The use of the seal Đại Việt quốc Nguyễn Chúa vĩnh trấn chi bảo was replaced by the jade one Đại Nam thụ thiên vĩnh mệnh truyền quốc tỷ 大南受天永命傳國璽 ("Eternal Mandate of Heaven, transmission of the legacy of the Empire”) sculpted in 1846 during the reign of Emperor Thiệu Trị (1841–1847)."
File:Heirloom seal of the Nguyễn Dynasty.svg, ''Đại Nam thụ thiên vĩnh mệnh truyền quốc tỷ'' (大南受天永命傳國璽, "The Great South has the eternal
Mandate of Heaven The Mandate of Heaven ( zh, t=天命, p=Tiānmìng, w=, l=Heaven's command) is a Chinese ideology#Political ideologies, political ideology that was used in History of China#Ancient China, Ancient China and Chinese Empire, Imperial China to legit ...
, jade seal for the transmission of the legacy of the Empire") written in seal script.


See also

*
Đăng đàn cung Đăng đàn cung (chữ Hán: 登壇宮 lit. ''on the ascent to the esplanade'') was the royal anthem of the Nguyễn dynasty, Vietnam. History Following his ascension to the throne as emperor, Gia Long ordered composition an anthem thus "Đăn ...
*
Imperial Clan Court The Imperial Clan Court or Court of the Imperial Clan was an institution responsible for all matters pertaining to the imperial family under the Ming and Qing dynasties of imperial China. This institution also existed under the Nguyễn dynasty ...
* Tomb of Gia Long * Tomb of Tự Đức * Tomb of Dục Đức * Tomb of Khải Định


Notes


References


Sources

* {{Nguyễn dynasty topics Nguyen dynasty