, or , are supplementary Japanese schools located in foreign countries for students living abroad with their families. ''Hoshū jugyō kō'' educate Japanese-born children who attend local day schools. They generally operate on weekends, after school, and other times not during the hours of operation of the day schools.Mizukami, Tetsuo (水上徹男 ''Mizukami Tetsuo''). ''The sojourner community lectronic resource Japanese migration and residency in Australia'' (Volume 10 of Social sciences in Asia, v. 10).

BRILL Brill may refer to: Places * Brielle (sometimes "Den Briel"), a town in the western Netherlands * Brill, Buckinghamshire, a village in England * Brill, Cornwall, a small village to the west of Constantine, Cornwall, UK * Brill, Wisconsin, an un ...

, 2007. , 9789004154797. p
136
The

Ministry of Education, Science, Sports and Culture The was a former Japanese government ministry. Its headquarters were in Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda, Tokyo. The Ministry of Education was created in 1871. It merged with the into the new Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (M ...

(Monbusho), as of 1985, encouraged the opening of ''hoshū jugyō kō'' in

developed countries A developed country, or advanced country, is a sovereign state that has a high quality of life, developed economy, and advanced technological infrastructure relative to other less industrialized nations. Most commonly, the criteria for eval ...

. It also encouraged the development of full-time day schools for Japanese students (''

nihonjin gakkō , also called Japanese school, is a full-day school outside Japan intended primarily for Japanese citizens living abroad. It is an expatriate school designed for children whose parents are working on diplomatic, business, or education missions ...

'') in

developing countries A developing country is a sovereign state with a less-developed Secondary sector of the economy, industrial base and a lower Human Development Index (HDI) relative to developed countries. However, this definition is not universally agreed upon. ...

. In 1971, there were 22 supplementary Japanese schools worldwide.Goodman, Roger. "The changing perception and status of '' kikokushijo''." In: Goodman, Roger, Ceri Peach, Ayumi Takenaka, and Paul White (editors). ''Global Japan: The Experience of Japan's New Immigrant and Overseas Communities''.

Routledge Routledge ( ) is a British multinational corporation, multinational publisher. It was founded in 1836 by George Routledge, and specialises in providing academic books, academic journals, journals and online resources in the fields of the humanit ...

, June 27, 2005. p
179
"Official policy (see Monbusho, 1985) was that Nihonjingakko should be set up in developing countries, hoshuko in the developed world." By May 1986, Japan operated 112 supplementary schools worldwide, having a total of 1,144 teachers, most of them Japanese nationals, and 15,086 students.

. ''Diplomatic Bluebook 1987 Japan's Diplomatic Activities''.

Ministry of Foreign Affairs In many countries, the ministry of foreign affairs (abbreviated as MFA or MOFA) is the highest government department exclusively or primarily responsible for the state's foreign policy and relations, diplomacy, bilateral, and multilateral r ...

. Retrieved on March 8, 2015. The number of supplementary schools increased to 120 by 1987. As of April 15, 2010, there are 201 Japanese supplementary schools in 56 countries.

Operations

These schools, which usually hold classes on weekends, are primarily designed to serve the children of Japanese residents temporarily residing in foreign countries so that, upon returning to their home country, they can easily re-adapt to the Japanese educational system.Mori and Calder, p. 292 (PDF p. 3/21). As a consequence, students at these schools, whether they are Japanese nationals and/or permanent residents of the host country, are generally taught in the age-appropriate Japanese curriculum specified by the

Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology The , also known as MEXT, is one of the eleven ministries of Japan that compose part of the executive branch of the government of Japan. History The Meiji period, Meiji government created the first Ministry of Education in 1871. In January 2001 ...

(MEXT).Kano, p
104
Article 26 of the

Constitution of Japan The Constitution of Japan is the supreme law of Japan. Written primarily by American civilian officials during the occupation of Japan after World War II, it was adopted on 3 November 1946 and came into effect on 3 May 1947, succeeding the Meij ...

guarantees compulsory education for Japanese children in grades one through nine, so many weekend schools opened to serve students in those grades. Some weekend schools also serve high school and preschool/kindergarten.Doerr and Lee, p. 426. Several Japanese weekend schools operate in facilities rented from other educational institutions. The majority of the instruction is ''kokugo'' (

Japanese language is the principal language of the Japonic languages, Japonic language family spoken by the Japanese people. It has around 123 million speakers, primarily in Japan, the only country where it is the national language, and within the Japanese dia ...

instruction). The remainder of the curriculum consists of other academic subjects, including mathematics, social studies, and sciences. In order to cover all of the material mandated by the government of Japan in a timely fashion, each school assigns a portion of the curriculum as homework, because it is not possible to cover all material during class hours. , author of "Japanese Community Schools: New Pedagogy for a Changing Population", stated in 2011 that the supplementary schools were dominated by "a monoglossic ideology of protecting the Japanese language from English".Kano, p
106
The Japanese government sends full-time teachers to supplementary schools that offer lessons that are similar to those of ''nihonjin gakkō'', and/or those which have student bodies of 100 students each or greater. The number of teachers sent depends upon the enrollment: one teacher is sent for a student enrollment of 100 or more, two for 200 or more students, three for 800 or more students, four for 1,200 or more students, and five for 1,600 or more students. MEXT also subsidizes those weekend schools that each have over 100 students.

North America

Princeton Community Japanese Language School

In North America, the ''hoshūkō'' are usually operated by the local Japanese communities. They are equivalent to ''

hagwon (; ) is a Korean term for a for-profit private educational institution. They are commonly likened to cram schools. Some consider ''hagwons'' as private language centers or academies operated like businesses apart from the South Korean public sch ...

'' in ethnic Korean communities and Chinese schools in ethnic Chinese communities. These Japanese schools primarily serve Japanese nationals from families temporarily in the United States, or '' kikokushijo'', and second-generation

Japanese Americans are Americans of Japanese ancestry. Japanese Americans were among the three largest Asian Americans, Asian American ethnic communities during the 20th century; but, according to the 2000 United States census, 2000 census, they have declined in ...

. The latter may be U.S. citizens or they may have dual U.S.-Japanese citizenship.Endo, R. (

Hamline University Hamline University ( ) is a private university in Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States. Founded in 1854, Hamline is the oldest university in Minnesota, the first coeducational university in the state, and is one of five Associated Colleges of th ...

). "Realities, Rewards, and Risks of Heritage-Language Education: Perspectives from Japanese Immigrant Parents in a Midwestern Community." ''

Bilingual Research Journal The ''Bilingual Research Journal'' is a triannual peer review, peer-reviewed academic journal covering bilingual and multilingual education theory and practice and language policies in education. It is the only journal specifically dedicated to ...

'', 2013, Vol. 36(3), p.278-294. CITED: p. 281. Because few Japanese children with Japanese as a first language in North America attend full-time Japanese schools, the majority of these children receive their primary education in English, their second language.Mori and Calder, p. 291 (PDF 2/21). These supplementary schools exist to provide their Japanese-language education. Rachel Endo of

, the author of "Realities, Rewards, and Risks of Heritage-Language Education: Perspectives from Japanese Immigrant Parents in a Midwestern Community", wrote that these schools "have rigorous academic expectations and structured content".Endo, R. (

). "Realities, Rewards, and Risks of Heritage-Language Education: Perspectives from Japanese Immigrant Parents in a Midwestern Community." ''

'', 2013, Vol.36(3), p.278-294. CITED: p. 282. As of 2012 the most common education option for Japanese families resident in the United States, especially those living in major metropolitan areas, is to send children to American schools during the week and use weekend Japanese schools to supplement their education.Kano, p
103
As of 2007 there were 85 Japanese supplementary schools in the United States.Mizukami, Tetsuo. ''The sojourner community lectronic resource Japanese migration and residency in Australia'' (Volume 10 of Social sciences in Asia, v. 10).

, 2007. , 9789004154797. p
139
Some 12,500 children of Japanese nationality living in the United States attended both Japanese weekend schools and American day schools. They make up more than 60% of the total number of children of Japanese nationality resident in the United States. In the 1990s, weekend schools began creating ''keishōgo,'' or "heritage education", classes for permanent residents of the U.S. The administrators and teachers of each weekend school that offers "heritage classes" develop their own curriculum.Doerr and Lee, p. 427. In the years prior to 2012, there was an increase in the number of students who were permanent residents of the United States and did not plan to go back to Japan. Instead, they attended the schools "to maintain their ethnic identity". By that year, the majority of students in the Japanese weekend schools in the United States were permanent residents of the United States. Kano argued that the MEXT curriculum for many of these permanent residents is unnecessary and out of touch. The oldest U.S. Japanese weekend school with Japanese government sponsorship is the , founded in 1958 and serving the

Washington, DC metropolitan area The Washington metropolitan area, also referred to as the National Capital Region, Greater Washington, or locally as the DMV (short for District of Columbia, Maryland, and Virginia), is the metropolitan area comprising Washington, D.C., the fed ...

.English
." Washington Japanese Language School. Retrieved on April 30, 2014. "Washington Japanese Language School c/o Holy Cross Church, Quinn Hall, 4900 Strathmore Avenue, Garrett Park, MD 20896"

United Kingdom

The MEXT has eight Saturday Japanese supplementary schools in operation in the UK. As of 2013, 2,392 Japanese children in Hythe,

Cardiff Cardiff (; ) is the capital city, capital and List of urban areas in the United Kingdom, largest city of Wales. Cardiff had a population of in and forms a Principal areas of Wales, principal area officially known as the City and County of Ca ...

Derby Derby ( ) is a City status in the United Kingdom, city and Unitary authorities of England, unitary authority area on the River Derwent, Derbyshire, River Derwent in Derbyshire, England. Derbyshire is named after Derby, which was its original co ...

Edinburgh Edinburgh is the capital city of Scotland and one of its 32 Council areas of Scotland, council areas. The city is located in southeast Scotland and is bounded to the north by the Firth of Forth and to the south by the Pentland Hills. Edinburgh ...

(school is in Livingston),

Leeds Leeds is a city in West Yorkshire, England. It is the largest settlement in Yorkshire and the administrative centre of the City of Leeds Metropolitan Borough, which is the second most populous district in the United Kingdom. It is built aro ...

, London,

Manchester Manchester () is a city and the metropolitan borough of Greater Manchester, England. It had an estimated population of in . Greater Manchester is the third-most populous metropolitan area in the United Kingdom, with a population of 2.92&nbs ...

(school is in

Lymm Lymm ( ) is a village and civil parish in the Borough of Warrington, Cheshire, England. It incorporates the hamlets of Booths Hill, Broomedge, Church Green, Deansgreen, Heatley, Heatley Heath, Little Heatley, Oughtrington, Reddish, Rushgreen and ...

Sunderland Sunderland () is a port City status in the United Kingdom, city and metropolitan borough in Tyne and Wear, England. It is a port at the mouth of the River Wear on the North Sea, approximately south-east of Newcastle upon Tyne. It is the most p ...

(school is in Oxclose), and

Telford Telford () is a town in the Telford and Wrekin borough status in the United Kingdom, borough in Shropshire, England. The wider borough covers the town, its suburbs and surrounding towns and villages. The town is close to the county's eastern b ...

attend these schools." * – Morley, Erewash, Derbyshire * Japanese Saturday School in London * –

* – Located in Hythe – Its time of establishment is August 2005 * –

Warrington Warrington () is an industrial town in the Borough of Warrington, borough of the same name in Cheshire, England. The town sits on the banks of the River Mersey and was Historic counties of England, historically part of Lancashire. It is east o ...

, Cheshire * —

* – Livingston (near

), established in 1982 * – Stirchley, Telford * – Oxclose,

Tyne and Wear Tyne and Wear () is a Ceremonial counties of England, ceremonial county in North East England. It borders Northumberland to the north and County Durham to the south, and the largest settlement is the city of Newcastle upon Tyne. The county is ...

(near

Newcastle-upon-Tyne Newcastle upon Tyne, or simply Newcastle ( , Received Pronunciation, RP: ), is a City status in the United Kingdom, cathedral city and metropolitan borough in Tyne and Wear, England. It is England's northernmost metropolitan borough, located o ...

)

Demographics

In 2003, 51.7% of pupils of Japanese nationality in North America attended both ''hoshūkō'' and local North American day schools.Mizukami, Tetsuo. ''The sojourner community lectronic resource Japanese migration and residency in Australia'' (Volume 10 of Social sciences in Asia, v. 10).

, 2007. , 9789004154797. p
138
As of 2013, in Asia 3.4% of children of Japanese nationality and speaking Japanese as a first language attend Japanese weekend schools in addition to their local schools. In North America that year, 45% of children of Japanese nationality and speaking Japanese as a first language attend Japanese weekend schools in addition to their local schools.

List of schools

See: List of ''hoshū jugyō kō''

References

* Doerr, Musha Neriko (

Brookdale Community College Brookdale Community College is a public community college in the Lincroft section of Middletown Township, in Monmouth County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. Founded in 1967, the college also has regional locations in Neptune Township, Free ...

) and Kiri Lee (

Lehigh University Lehigh University (LU), in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, United States, is a private university, private research university. The university was established in 1865 by businessman Asa Packer. Lehigh University's undergraduate programs have been mixed ...

).
Contesting heritage: language, legitimacy, and schooling at a weekend Japanese-language school in the United States

Archive
. '' Language and Education''. Vol. 23, No. 5, September 2009, 425–441. ** Note: p. 426 states that the "all the names in this article are aliases": It is a common practice in ethnography to use aliases for actual names in order to protect privacy of the students, parents, teachers, as well as the school. * Kano, Naomi. "Japanese Community Schools: New Pedagogy for a Changing Population" (Chapter 6). In: García, Ofelia, Zeena Zakharia, and Bahar Otcu (editors). ''Bilingual Community Education and Multilingualism: Beyond Heritage Languages in a Global City'' (Volume 89 of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism). Multilingual Matters, 2012. , 9781847698001. START: p
99
* Mori, Yoshiko (森美子 ''Mori Yoshiko'';

Georgetown University Georgetown University is a private university, private Jesuit research university in Washington, D.C., United States. Founded by Bishop John Carroll (archbishop of Baltimore), John Carroll in 1789, it is the oldest Catholic higher education, Ca ...

) and Toshiko M. Calder (カルダー淑子 ''Karudā Toshiko''; Princeton Community Japanese Language School).
Bilingual Vocabulary Knowledge and Arrival Age Among Japanese Heritage Language Students at ''Hoshuukoo''
" '' Foreign Language Annals''.

American Council on the Teaching of Foreign Languages ACTFL (American Council on the Teaching of Foreign Languages) is an organization aiming to improve and expand the teaching and learning of all languages at all levels of instruction. ACTFL is an individual membership organization of more than ...

, Volume 46, Issue 2, pages 290–310, June 2013. First published online on 22 May 2013. DO
10.1111/flan.12027

Notes

).
The Acquisition of Heritage Japanese Language in the United States : Relationship between Ethnic Identity and Hoshuu-jugyoko(Japanese Language Schools for Supplementary Studies)
(米国における継承日本語習得 : エスニックアイデンティティーと補習授業校との関係
Archive
. 母語・継承語・バイリンガル教育(MHB)研究 (2), 82–104, 2006-03-31. 母語・継承語・バイリンガル教育(MHB)研究会
See profile at

CiNii CiNii () is a bibliographic database service for material in Japanese academic libraries, especially focusing on Japanese works and English works published in Japan. An early trial version of the database was a component of its predecessor calle ...

See profile at

Osaka University The , abbreviated as UOsaka or , is a List of national universities in Japan, national research university in Osaka, Japan. The university traces its roots back to Edo period, Edo-era institutions Tekijuku (1838) and Kaitokudō, Kaitokudo (1724), ...

Knowledge Archive
Alternate linkArchive
. * Okumura, Minako (奥村三菜子;

University of Bonn The University of Bonn, officially the Rhenish Friedrich Wilhelm University of Bonn (), is a public research university in Bonn, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It was founded in its present form as the () on 18 October 1818 by Frederick Willi ...

and ''Japanische Schule Bonn e.V.'' (ボン日本語補習授業校)).
補習
(ドイツの日本語補習校幼児部における現状・実践・考察
Archive
. 母語・継承語・バイリンガル教育(MHB)研究 (6), 80–95, 2010-03-31. Mother Tongue, Heritage Language, and Bilingual Education (MHB) Research Association (母語・継承語・バイリンガル教育研究会（MHB研究会）)
See profile #1
an
profile #2
at

See profile at

Knowledge Archive (OUKA; 大阪大学機関リポジトリ)
Alternate linkArchive
. * Ozawa, Michimasa. (小澤至賢; 国立特別支援教育総合研究所教育 Department of Educational Support (支援部)).
Situation of Support for Japanese Students with Disabilities in Full-day and Supplementary Schools for the Japanese in the Eastern United States
(アメリカ東部地区の日本人学校及び補習授業校における障害のある日本人児童生徒への支援状況 (<特集>米国における障害のある子どもへの教育的支援の実際
Archive
. ''Special Needs Education of the World'' (世界の特別支援教育) 23, 43–55, 2009–03. National Institute of Special Needs Education (独立行政法人国立特別支援教育総合研究所)
See profile at

. ''English abstract available''. * Suzuki, Kazuyo (鈴木一代; Faculty of Humanities (人間学部), Saitama Gakuen University).
Japanese Language and Culture Acquisition of Intercultural Children with Japanese Ancestry : From the Perspective of Teachers at Part-time Japanese Schools
(日系国際児の日本語・日本文化習得とその支援 : 補習授業校講師の視点から
Archive
. ''Bulletin of Saitama Gakuen University'' (埼玉学園大学紀要). Faculty of Humanities 7, 103–113, 2007–12. Saitama Gakuen University
See profile at

. ''English abstract available''. * 奥村三菜子.
補習授業校における国際児にとっての日本語教育のあり方を考える : ドイツの補習授業校での実践から (第31回日本言語文化学研究会) – (発表要旨)

Archive
. 言語文化と日本語教育 (31), 82–85, 2006–06. お茶の水女子大学日本言語文化学研究会
See profile at

See profile at
Ochanomizu University Teapot (Institutional Repository). * 横尾俊 (国立特別支援教育総合研究所教育相談部).
平成20年度日本人学校及び補習授業校に対するアンケート結果について

Archive
. 国立特別支援教育総合研究所教育相談年報 30, 33–45, 2009–06. ''National Institute of Special Needs Education'' (独立行政法人国立特別支援教育総合研究所)
See profile at

. * 大浜幾久子 (

University of Tokyo The University of Tokyo (, abbreviated as in Japanese and UTokyo in English) is a public research university in Bunkyō, Tokyo, Japan. Founded in 1877 as the nation's first modern university by the merger of several pre-westernisation era ins ...

).
補習

Archive
. ''Annual Convention of the Japanese Association of Educational Psychology'' (日本教育心理学会総会発表論文集) (22), 228–229, 1980-10-05. The Japanese Association of Educational Psychology (日本教育心理学会)
See profile at

. Articles not available online * 峯本伸一 (前ボストン補習授業校(Greater Boston Japanese Language School):奈良市教育委員会). 在外教育施設における指導実践記録 33, 197–200, 2010-12-24.

Tokyo Gakugei University Tokyo Gakugei University (東京学芸大学, ''Tōkyō gakugei daigaku'') is a Japanese national university, national university in Koganei, Tokyo. Founded in 1873, it was chartered as a university in 1949. It is also known as ''Gakudai'' (学� ...

See profile at

. {{DEFAULTSORT:Nihonjin Gakko * Economy of Japan *

Operations

North America

United Kingdom

Demographics

List of schools

See also

References

Notes

Further reading