Hallingmål-Valdris (also known by the individual names ''Halling'', ''Hallingdøl'', or ''Valdresmål'') is a group of
Norwegian dialects traditionally spoken in the
traditional districts Hallingdal
Hallingdal () is a valley as well as a traditional district located in the traditional and electoral district Buskerud county in Norway. It consists of six municipalities: Flå, Nes, Gol, Hemsedal, Ål and Hol.
Hallingdal is one of the ma ...
,
Buskerud
Buskerud () is a Counties of Norway, county and a current electoral district in Norway, bordering Akershus, Oslo, Innlandet, Vestland, Telemark and Vestfold. The region extends from the Oslofjord and Drammensfjorden in the southeast to Hardanger ...
and
Valdres
Valdres () is a traditional district in central, southern Norway, situated between the districts of Gudbrandsdalen and Hallingdal. The region of Valdres consists of the six municipalities of Nord-Aurdal, Sør-Aurdal, Øystre Slidre, Vestre S ...
,
Oppland
Oppland is a former county in Norway which existed from 1781 until its dissolution on 1 January 2020. The old Oppland county bordered the counties of Trøndelag, Møre og Romsdal, Sogn og Fjordane, Buskerud, Akershus, Oslo and Hedmark. The ...
.
Phonology
Consonants
* is usually realized as a prestopped nasal , while the allophone only occurs in words like ''baren'' () "the bar".
* also has a prestopped realization .
* The phoneme which is commonly called ''thick L'' (written in
IPA), exists in words that had either or in Old Norse. In
Vang, occurs only in the first case.
* The consonant clusters , , and were not pronounced as , only was. Sørbygdi in
Flå pronounces as , while
Gulsvik pronounces it as .
* The consonant clusters and were mostly assimilated to .
Hol and
Ã…l
Ã…l is a Municipalities of Norway, municipality in Buskerud Counties of Norway, county, Norway. It is part of the Districts of Norway, traditional region of Hallingdal. The administrative centre of the municipality is the village of Ã…l.
The par ...
assimilated these to , and Sørbygdi in
Flå assimilated to .
* The clusters , and are pronounced as spelled.
* The
Old Norse
Old Norse, also referred to as Old Nordic or Old Scandinavian, was a stage of development of North Germanic languages, North Germanic dialects before their final divergence into separate Nordic languages. Old Norse was spoken by inhabitants ...
cluster is pronounced as assimilated or .
Vowels
* The
back vowel
A back vowel is any in a class of vowel sound used in spoken languages. The defining characteristic of a back vowel is that the highest point of the tongue is positioned relatively back in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be c ...
s and in older Hallingmål-Valdris were pronounced as in
Old Norse
Old Norse, also referred to as Old Nordic or Old Scandinavian, was a stage of development of North Germanic languages, North Germanic dialects before their final divergence into separate Nordic languages. Old Norse was spoken by inhabitants ...
, without the
vowel shift
A vowel shift is a systematic sound change in the pronunciation of the vowel sounds of a language.
The best-known example in the English language is the Great Vowel Shift, which began in the 15th century. The Greek language also underwent a v ...
to, respectively, and that is found in most other Norwegian dialects.
* The short Old Norse vowels and are pronounced as central almost everywhere, except for
Ã…l
Ã…l is a Municipalities of Norway, municipality in Buskerud Counties of Norway, county, Norway. It is part of the Districts of Norway, traditional region of Hallingdal. The administrative centre of the municipality is the village of Ã…l.
The par ...
(but not
Torpo), where these are back .
In
Valdres
Valdres () is a traditional district in central, southern Norway, situated between the districts of Gudbrandsdalen and Hallingdal. The region of Valdres consists of the six municipalities of Nord-Aurdal, Sør-Aurdal, Øystre Slidre, Vestre S ...
(except for
Vang), the schwa can also be realized as .
* Traditionally, were pronounced as open-mid .
* The words pronounced and mean "I" and "am", respectively.
*
Itacism is found in southern Hallingdal (
Flå,
Nes and some in
Gol), making the vowel to be unrounded to .
* The Old Norse diphthongs , and are traditionally pronounced as , ( in southern Hallingdal) and . This is occurs today especially in upper
Valdres
Valdres () is a traditional district in central, southern Norway, situated between the districts of Gudbrandsdalen and Hallingdal. The region of Valdres consists of the six municipalities of Nord-Aurdal, Sør-Aurdal, Øystre Slidre, Vestre S ...
and
Hol and
Ã…l
Ã…l is a Municipalities of Norway, municipality in Buskerud Counties of Norway, county, Norway. It is part of the Districts of Norway, traditional region of Hallingdal. The administrative centre of the municipality is the village of Ã…l.
The par ...
.
Grammar
Citations
Notes
References
Literature
*
*
*
*
*
*
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hallingmal-Valdris
Valdres
Hallingdal
Norwegian dialects