Hallingmål-Valdris (also known by the individual names ''Halling'', ''Hallingdøl'', or ''Valdresmål'') is a group of Norwegian dialects traditionally spoken in the traditional districts

Hallingdal Hallingdal () is a valley as well as a traditional district located in the traditional and electoral district Buskerud county in Norway. It consists of six municipalities: Flå, Nes, Gol, Hemsedal, Ål and Hol. Hallingdal is one of the ma ...

Buskerud Buskerud () is a Counties of Norway, county and a current electoral district in Norway, bordering Akershus, Oslo, Innlandet, Vestland, Telemark and Vestfold. The region extends from the Oslofjord and Drammensfjorden in the southeast to Hardanger ...

and

Valdres Valdres () is a traditional district in central, southern Norway, situated between the districts of Gudbrandsdalen and Hallingdal. The region of Valdres consists of the six municipalities of Nord-Aurdal, Sør-Aurdal, Øystre Slidre, Vestre S ...

Oppland Oppland is a former county in Norway which existed from 1781 until its dissolution on 1 January 2020. The old Oppland county bordered the counties of Trøndelag, Møre og Romsdal, Sogn og Fjordane, Buskerud, Akershus, Oslo and Hedmark. The ...

Phonology

Consonants

* is usually realized as a prestopped nasal , while the allophone only occurs in words like ''baren'' () "the bar". * also has a prestopped realization . * The phoneme which is commonly called ''thick L'' (written in IPA), exists in words that had either or in Old Norse. In Vang, occurs only in the first case. * The consonant clusters , , and were not pronounced as , only was. Sørbygdi in Flå pronounces as , while Gulsvik pronounces it as . * The consonant clusters and were mostly assimilated to . Hol and

Ål Ål is a Municipalities of Norway, municipality in Buskerud Counties of Norway, county, Norway. It is part of the Districts of Norway, traditional region of Hallingdal. The administrative centre of the municipality is the village of Ål. The par ...

assimilated these to , and Sørbygdi in Flå assimilated to . * The clusters , and are pronounced as spelled. * The

Old Norse Old Norse, also referred to as Old Nordic or Old Scandinavian, was a stage of development of North Germanic languages, North Germanic dialects before their final divergence into separate Nordic languages. Old Norse was spoken by inhabitants ...

cluster is pronounced as assimilated or .

Vowels

* The

back vowel A back vowel is any in a class of vowel sound used in spoken languages. The defining characteristic of a back vowel is that the highest point of the tongue is positioned relatively back in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be c ...

s and in older Hallingmål-Valdris were pronounced as in

, without the

vowel shift A vowel shift is a systematic sound change in the pronunciation of the vowel sounds of a language. The best-known example in the English language is the Great Vowel Shift, which began in the 15th century. The Greek language also underwent a v ...

to, respectively, and that is found in most other Norwegian dialects. * The short Old Norse vowels and are pronounced as central almost everywhere, except for

(but not Torpo), where these are back . In

(except for Vang), the schwa can also be realized as . * Traditionally, were pronounced as open-mid . * The words pronounced and mean "I" and "am", respectively. * Itacism is found in southern Hallingdal ( Flå, Nes and some in Gol), making the vowel to be unrounded to . * The Old Norse diphthongs , and are traditionally pronounced as , ( in southern Hallingdal) and . This is occurs today especially in upper

and Hol and

Grammar

Citations

Notes

References

Literature

* * * * * * {{DEFAULTSORT:Hallingmal-Valdris Valdres Hallingdal Norwegian dialects