hakim (title)

and are two Arabic titles derived from the same triliteral root Ḥ-K-M "appoint, choose, judge".

Hakīm (حكيم)

This title is one of the 99 Names of God in Islam.

Hakīm (alternative transcription Hakeem) indicates a "wise man" or "physician", or in general, a practitioner of herbal medicine, especially of Unani and Islamic medicine, like Hakim Ajmal Khan, Hakim Said, Hakim Syed Zillur Rahman, etc.

Hakīm or Hakeem (, ) is also used for practitioner of Eastern medicine, those versed in indigenous system of medicines.

Hakīm was also used more generally during the Islamic Golden Age to refer to polymath scholars who were knowledgeable in religion, medicine, the sciences, and Islamic philosophy.

Some examples of hakīm are:

* Ibn Sina
* Omar Khayyam

Uses

* In old Abyssinia or Ethiopia, ''Hakim'' usually meant a learned person, usually a physician. Hence a ''Hakim-Bejt'' was a doctor's house or hospital.
* In Bangladesh, India and Pakistan, ''Hakim'' or ''Hakeem'' denotes a herbal medicine practitioner, specially of Unani medicine.
* In Turkey, ''hekim'' denotes a physician, while ''hakim'' can be used for a very wise person or philosopher. (See also the use of the homonymous word ''hakim'' for a judge, mentioned below.)

Hākim (حاكم)

Hākim (alternative transcription Hakem) means a ruler, governor or judge. As with many titles, it also occurs as a part of the names of many individuals.

In Arab countries

* In Lebanon, the full title of the Emirs under Ottoman (and a while Egyptian) sovereignty was (), 1516–1842
* In three future Persian Gulf emirates, the first monarchic style was :
** Since 1783 when the conquering al-Khalifah lineage settles on Bahrain to 16 August 1971, its style was (, 'Ruler of Bahrain'), then (, 'Emir of the State of Bahrain'); since 14 February 2002, they have been styled (, 'King of Bahrain').
** In Kuwait, since its 1752 founding, the ruling Al Sabah dynasty's style was (, 'Ruler of Kuwait'), from 1871 also (): district administrator, while recognizing the sovereignty of the Ottoman Empire (as istrictof Baghdad and from 1875 Basra (, seats of the governors, styled Wali, in Iraq) until 3 November 1914, then under British protectorate) until independence on 19 June 1961. Since then the style has officially been (, 'Emir of the State of Kuwait');
** Since on Muhammad ibn Thani's 12 September 1868 treaty with the British, effectively establishing Qatar (previously considered to be a dependency of Bahrain) as an independent State (limited to Doha and Wakrah, only later expanded to the entire peninsula), his al-Thani dynasty's style was (, 'Ruler of Qatar'). From 1871, they were also styked , Ottoman district administrator, as with Kuwait above, until 3 November 1916, thereafter under British protectorate. Since independence from Britain on 3 September 1971, the style has been (, 'Emir of the State of Qatar').
* In Libya, Hakim was the 1946 – 12 February 1950 style of the "ruler" of the former sultanate of Fezzan () during the UN administration (in practice by France, with its own concurrent military governor); the only incumbent, Ahmad Sayf an-Nasr (born , died 1954), stayed on as regional wali (governor; in French 'head of the territory') in the united Libyan kingdom until 24 December 1951, with a French Resident at his side, and then, without such French shadow, as first royal governor (until 1954).
* In Yemen until 1902 (changed to Sultan) the rulers of the Quaiti State of Shir and Mukalla, ash-Shihr Wa´l Mukalla, as before the 10 November 1881 merger with the Naqib of Mukalla's state it has been the princely style of ash-Shihr since independence from the Ottomans in 1866.

Elsewhere

* In the Makran region of Sistan and Baluchestan Province in Iran, ''hakom'' refers to sardars and khans in the traditional Baluchi government.Philip Carl Salzman
"Politics and Change among the Baluch in Iran"
June 20, 2008.
* In Indonesia, Malaysia and Turkey, ''hakim'' denotes a judge.
* In Nepal, a Bada Hakim was in charge of a district of the realm.
* In the Emirate of Bukhara, ''hakem'' was the title of a governor.
* In Nigeria, the Sokoto Caliphate is ceremonially governed by ''hakimai'' (sing. "hakimi"), chiefs that are answerable to the Sultan of Sokoto and the Emirs of the realm.
* In Uzbekistan, the term ''hokim'' is used to describe a governor or mayor of a region.
* In Kazakhstan, the term ''äkim'' is used to describe local-level mayors or governors of regions within the country.

Furthermore

As with many titles, the word also occurs in many personal names, without any noble or political significance.

See also

*Sharif

References

{{Reflist

Gubernatorial titles
Heads of government
Heads of state
Titles of national or ethnic leadership
Arabic-language honorifics
Unani medicine
Islamic honorifics