Phonology
Going by the records of the language recorded in MacGillivray and Brierly, as well as comparing these with their Urradhi and WCL counterparts, the phonology of the language appeared to have been as follows: vowels : i, ii; e, ee; a, aa; u, uu i,ii and u,uu had mid variants, thus and . Some Western-Central Torres Strait Language (WCL; seeDifferences between Gudang and Urradhi
The main differences in phonology between Gudang and the Urradhi dialects appears to be: (1) Voiced stops existed where Urradhi has voiced fricatives, in part because of WCL loans, thus Urradhi , , and ) correspond to Gudang b, dh and g. Note that in ipadha ''father'', Gudang p corresponds to Urradhi (ivadha), both representing Proto-Paman *piipa, proto Gudang-Urradhi *piipata. (2) Gudang had reflexive rt from Proto Paman *r and *rr :Proto-Paman *warapa ''water, stream'', Urradhi atava, Gudang artaba :Proto-Paman *mara ''hand'', Urradhi mata, Gudang arta :Proto-Paman *yurru ''elbow'', Urradhi yutu (Angkamuthi yurtu), Gudang yurtu :Proto-Paman *murunya ''shin'', Urradhi mutuny (Angkamuthi murtuny), Gudang urtunya (3) A slightly higher rate of initial dropping (including initial syllables) was evident in Gudang. (4) Gudang retained final CV syllables where Urradhi has reduced these to C. (5) Gudang had word final -rra where Urradhi has -l, and stronger retention of rr and l in the clusters rrk and lk (e.g. see ukarra and ralkagamarra). (6) Gudang had virtually no trace of the utterance final suppletion very evident in Urradhi (e.g. mata > matang, matak), the one exception being anhadhing. However, initial and final vowel elision appeared to have been the norm. (7) There was a strong tendency in Gudang for u to become i before following palatals (and perhaps elsewhere) (e.g. inyaanha, ikuurra). The statistics of the comparisons are listed below. These figures show that Gudang was a separate language from the Urradhi group.Gudang and the Western-Central Language of Torres Strait (Kalau Lagau Ya)
Gudang shares about 20% of its words withVocabulary comparison list
The following words are drawn from MacGillivray, J., 1852, "Narrative of the Voyage of HMS Rattlesnake", Vol II. London: T.W. Boone.., with some additions from MOORE, David R., 1979, "Islanders and Aborigines at Cape York : An ethnographic reconstruction based on the 1848-1850 'Rattlesnake' Journals of O.W. Brierly and information he obtained from Barbara Thompson". Canberra: Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies. The spelling has been standardised according the phonological outline above. MacGillivray has for example (quote): In those cases where MacGillivray's and Brierly's written forms were too uncertain, the form in their spellings is in italics. Cognates are bold, possible cognates ''italic'', and loans/possible loans from WCL marked by *. A very intriguing aspect of most of the verb forms noted by MacGillivray is that they are either reduplicated forms (such as amamangi, which corresponds to Urradhi ama), or are marked by -kamarra/-gamarra, which does not appear to have an Urradhi cognate. G = Gudang, Y = Yadhaykenu, At = Atampaya, A = Angkamuthi, WCL = Western-Central Torres Strait Language, MM = Meriam Mìr; WCL dialects: KKY = Kalau Kawau Ya (northern dialect), KLY = Kalaw Lagaw Ya (western dialect), KY = Kaiwalgau Ya (Kowrareg - southwestern dialect), KulY = Kulkalgau Ya (eastern dialect entral Islands dialect, OKY = Old Kaiwalgau Ya (the Kowrareg of the mid-to-late 19th century). G aachari, Y achawi, At achawi, A achawi, WCL — ''mushroom'' G abiyangkangarra ''touch'', Y aypa, At aypa, A aypa ''hold, touch'', WCL nœidha- ''hold, touch'' G achiinya, Y —, At ungkeeni, A achin, wuyunpa, WCL kakùr ''egg'' (MacGillivray also noted achiina 'testes', which is evidently the same word as achiinya.) G achunya, Y ukumanhthan, At ukumanhthan, A ukumanhthan, rupungunma, WCL bathainga ''tomorrow'' G adhara, Y ayara, At ayara, A ayara, WCL kuki ''north-west wind/monsoon'' G *aga, Y *agha, At atampanh, arru, A yanhi, WCL aga(thurik) ''axe'' G agaayi, Y munya, At munya, ulkin, A —, WCL dhe, mòòs ''saliva'' G ''agura'' ''stringy bark'', Y winhthi, At winhthi, A winhthi, ''uran'' ''paper-bark'', WCL ubu ''tea-tree'' G akaanya, Y adhal, At adhal, A adhaa, ''well, hole'', WCL máy ''well'', arkath ''hole'', mœram ''dug well/hole, grave'' G akelgarra, Y uyuru, At uyuru, A —, 'rub, grind', WCL almathama- ''grind'', kurthuma- ''rub'' G akumi, Y akumi, At akumi, A akumi ''dilly bag'', WCL yana ''bag'' G akuumpa, Y angkutumala, At itadhi, A anyanaghatha ''rush'', WCL bayil G alba, Y alva, At alva, A alva, WCL gùb ''wind'' G alka, Y arka, At akwa, A arka, WCL kœlak ''spear'' G alka, Y ulumu, At ulumu, anyaarra, A ulumu, WCL yabu(gùd) ''path'' G ama, Y ama, At ama, A ama, WCL mabaig ''man, person'' G amamangi ''get up'', Y ama, At ama, G ama ''wake up, get up, fly'', WCL danpalai- ''wake up'', wœri- ''fly'' G (*?)ampa, Y ani, cf Y ampimana ''clearing'', At nani, A ani ''ground, soil'', WCL bœradhar ''ground, soil, land'', aap ''garden'' G ampaanya ''throw into'', Y ya, At watanga, A —, WCL thaya- ''throw'' G ampu, Y ampu, At ngampu, A ampu, WCL dhang ''tooth'' G anpa, Y anpangu, At anpangu, A anpangu, WCL alai ''husband'' G anpaamu, Y ampaamu, At ampaamu, A ampaamu, WCL garkaz ''male'' G anpunya, Y anpuny, At —, A —, WCL biuni ''kookaburra'' G anpunya, Y iyamu, At uyamu, A iyamu, WCL kawa ''island'' G ant ar , Y yalan, punhu, At lalan, A yalan, WCL nœi ''tongue'' G ant ''sore'', Y iyirri, At iyirri, A iyirri 'sore, blister', WCL baadh ''sore'', upu ''blister'' G ant ir , Y anchin, At wanycha, mutunmanhu, A anchin, WCL waam (KY uthua) ''honey'' G antuuba,tuuba, Y antu(va) , At antu(va) , A antu(ba) , WCL KKY/KY ngii, KLY/KulY nii ''you SG'' G anhthu, Y anhthu, At atagha, A ?, WCL parma ''red ochre'' G ant unt nya, Y arru, At arru, A arru, WCL mathama-, wœrima-, palngi- ''hit,strike'' G antyentyarra, Y watu, At watu, A watu, WCL thapa-, waya- ''row, paddle'' G angka, Y angka, At nhangka, A angka, WCK gud ''mouth'' G ''laugh. sharp'', Y angkaarri, At angkaarri, A angkaarri, WCL giw ''laugh'', gizul(ai)- ''sharp'' G angka ya, Y antu, At ghantu, A antu, WCL guul, thœthak ''canoe'' G angkenka ''drink'', Y ungye, At ungye, Aungya ''drink,eat'', WCL puratha-(i)- ''eat'', wani- ''drink'' G angkibaanya, Y upudhingu, At upudhingu, A ?, WCL kuruwai ''rainbow'' G angkuur , Y mupa, alguumala, udhayki, At mupa, akimpata, A mupa, WCL kaazi ''child'' G anha, Y anha, At anha, A anha, WCL ngœna ''breath'' G anhadhing, Y anhaayma, At anhiima, A anhaayma ''alive'' G anycighalkamarra ''dance'', Y anychirri, At anychirri, A anychirri ''corroboree song'', WCL girel, sagul ''dance'', na ''song'' G apaanycha, Y adhal, At adhal, A adhaa, WCL arkath ''hole'' G apiiga, Y amputhumuny, At apiigha, A amputhumuny, WCL kùpa ''Eugenia fruit'' G apur , Y ipi, At ipi, A ipi, WCL aari ''rain'' G apur iga, Y unychil, At alarrkudhi, A unychii, WCL kuwath ''brolga'' G aruunyci, Y arunychi, At —, A —, WCL putit (?) ''yellow fruit'' G artaba, Y atava, yati, At atava, yati, A atava, yati, WCL kœsa ''river, creek'' G at d rra ''eat'', Y ungye, At ungye, A ungya ''drink,eat'', WCL purtha- ''eat'', wani- ''drink'' G at r , Y apudha, At apudha, A apudha, ikyalitha (avoidance), WCL riidh ''bone'' G at inya ''mother'', Y ungunyu ''mother'', At ungunyu ''mother'', A ungunyu ''mother, breast, milk'', WCL aapu ''mother'', susu ''breast'', (susu)ikai ''milk'' G at ir mbaanya, Y umpwa, At ighanhang, A ighanhanga, WCL papalama-, patida-, etc. ''break'' G arta, Y mata, At mata, A mata, WCL geth ''hand'' G awuur , Y adhiny, At -, A adhiny, WCL wereg asi-/yœraagi asi- (dialect difference) ''hungry'' G aygi, Y yiighin, At riighin, A yiighin, WCL buthu, surum ''sand, beach'' G ayiir , Y uta, At uta, A uta, WCL bangal, thœuma ''bye and bye'' G aykaana, Y akyaana, At akyan, akyaana, A akyan, WCL mœlpal, kisay ''moon'' G ''aykunya'', Y ''ichuny'', athatha, warrki, At atava, warrki, A ''ichuny'', warrki, WCL baba ''quill'' G aykuwa, Y *yutha, At awuchi (< ''house''), akyun ''camp'', A *yutha, awuchi (< ''house'') ''hut'', WCL yœuth ''long house, hall, church'', mùdh ''shelter, calm place, house, hut, camp'', laag ''place, house, home'' G -, Y *yutha, At akicha ''house, church'', A akicha ''house, church'', WCL yœuth ''long house, hall, church'' G aypiir , Y ana, At ana, anma, A ana ''go, come'', WCL uzara-, laadhu- (plural stem), wœlmai-, tadi- (plural stem) ''go'' (+ bœi/ngapa to form ''come'') G aypunya, Y uyany, At uyany, A uyany ''green ant'', WCL muzu ''stinging ant, green ant'' G []yuba, Y ayu(va) , At ayu(va) , A ayu(va) , WCL ngai ''I'' (MacGillivray also noted the form ''eipana'' (''aipaana'') as meaning ''I, me'') G aaku, Y aku, At aku, A aku ''tick, louse'', WCL tikath ''tick'', aari ''louse'' G aaku ''we'', Y/At/A ali ''we DU INC'', ana ''we PL INC'', ampu ''we EXC'' G *baaga ''cheek'', Y ula ''cheek'', At wula ''cheek, jaw'', A ula ''cheek'', WCL mœsa ''cheek'' (cf. baag ''jaw'', MM bag ''cheek'') G []biilkagarr, Y —, At wanhtha, A —, WCL pagama- ''sew'' G *bubaatha ''grandfather'', Y athi(dha) ''mother's father'', wuula(dha) ''father’s father'', At athi(dha) ''mother's father'', wuula(n) ''father’s father'', A athi(dha) ''mother's father'', wuula(dha) ''father’s father'', WCL bœbath ''grandparent'', athe, KKY pópu ''grandad'' (paternal and maternal) G *burruburru, Y —, At anychul, A anychuu, WCL kùnar ''ash(es)'', cf. WCL buru ''(saw)dust, chips, crumbs'' G *burwa, *kwacherra, Y muyul, At muyul, A muyuu ''pandanus'', WCL kausar ''inland pandanus'', bœruwa ''young kausar'' G *canha, Y *inpal, At *inpal, A *inpaa, WCL pel ''fish tail'', cf. saan ''dugong tail'' G *carima, Y mata, At mata, utama, A mata, WCL sayima (OKY sarima) ''outrigger'' G *caaka ''lungs'', Y yampa ''lungs, leaf'', At yampa ''lungs, leaf'', yamparra ''lungs'', A yampa ''lungs, leaf'', inparra ''lungs'', WCL mòòs ''lung'', niis ''leaf'' (Ray (1907:122) recorded WCL ''suka'' (i.e. sœka) as ''lungs (of turtle and dugong)''). G *caamudaanha, Y —, At —, A angwaa-anyan, WCL dœnasam(u) ''eyelash'' (OKY also samudaana) G *carra ''tern'', Y *charra, ukaapati, At *iyarra, angkangka, A — ''seagull'', WCL sara ''tern'' G *cicalurru, Y atal, muri, At atal, A ataa, muri ''rope'', WCL wœru/uru ''rope'', sisaluru ''type of rope'', cf. musi ''strand'' G cuuka, cooka, Y/At/A *chughuva, WCL sœguba ''tobacco'' (The Gudang forms are perhaps an early loan from Malay ''coki'', otherwise is an abbreviated form of *cukuba) G*daanha, Y anngal, At ipanh, A angwaa, WCL purka, daan ''eye'' G []dhaama, Y inychantu, makyaana, At ilvan, A ilvan, WCL kœigœrsar ''many'' [lit. ''big number'']; Cf Y udhima, At udhyama, A udhima, WCL ukasar ''two'' G *dhumook, Y arramu, At aghumpa, A arramu, WCL dhumowak, dhœmuwak ''cloth, clothes'' G echaar , Y anhthuny, At wipa, A anhthuny, WCL ini ''penis'' G eguunt , Y —, At ayama, A ayama, WCL maadhu ''flesh'' G ''ero:ra'', Y-, At ithagha, A- ''flower'', WCL kœusa ''fruit, flower'' G etrara ''leaf'', Y yampa ''leaf, flower'', At yampa ''leaf, flower'', A yampa ''leaf, flower'', ithagha ''flower'', WCL niis ''leaf'' G ganhdha, Y —, At alghadha, A —, WCL kœrakar ''fern'' G *giiri, Y *ghiri, At *kiri, thawura, A *kiri, thawura, WCL *gii ''knife'' G ichunya, Y lukuny, At uchuny, A lukuny, WCL kulka ''blood'' G ikalkamarra, Y ikya, At ikya, A ikya, WCL (ya) mulai-/uuma- ''speak'' G ikanpa ''cold or shiver'', Y uchankama, At uvanhu, ukyanhthuny, A achanpa ''cold'', WCL gabu ''cold'', sumay ''shivering'' G ikaar ''spear thrower'', Y uchanpi, At uchanpi, A uchanpi ''spear thrower, club'', WCL kùbai ''spear thrower'', thuthu ''club'' G ikuurra, Y urul, At ukyul, A unungkuu, WCL thuu ''smoke'' G ikwuurra, Y akuny, At akuny, A akuny, WCL gœngaw ''skin'' G ilaabayu, Y udhima, At makyaana, A udhyama, udhima, WCL ukasar ''two''; cf. Y inychantu, At ilvan, A ilvan, WCL kœigœrsar (lit. ''big number'') ''many'' G imant inya ''warm'', Y —, At umadhi, A — ''hot'', WCL komal ''warm, hot'' G imiir , Y anngal-athan, At ipanh-athan, A angwaa-athan ''eyebrow'', WCL bœyib ''eyebrow'', bœybasam ''eyebrow-hair'' G impiibin ''come, approach'', Y ana, At ana, anma, A ana, WCL uzarai-, ulai-/wœlmai- ''go, come'' G impuuwa ''small, a bit'', Y udhayki, At alvamu, A akimpata ''small'', WCL mœgi(na), kœthuka ''small, little'' G int unya ''large'', Y aghatipu, At —, A aghatipu ''heavy, large'', WCL kœi ''big, large'', mapu ''heavy'', kœigœrai ''large (in girth)'' G int unya ''large'', Y avukuny, At amanyma, A avukuny ''large, big'', WCL kœi ''big, large'', kœigœrai ''large (in girth)'' G inga, Y wunga, At wunga, A wunga ''sun'', WCL gœiga ''sun, day'' G ingkud inya, Y utagha, At utagha, A utagha, WCL ùmai ''dog'' G inyaaba, Y ula(va), At ula(va), A ula(va) ''they'', WCL palai ''they DUAL'', thana ''they PLURAL'' G inyaanha ''another'', Y unya, At unyinha, wanhu, A unyinha ''other, different'', WCL war, wara ''other'', wardh, warakidh ''different'' (Note the formal resemblance between the two words ''inyaaba'' and ''inyaanha'') G ipadha, Y ivadha, At ivuny, A ivadha, WCL thathi ''father'' G ipama ''kangaroo'', Y ipamu, At ikamu, A - ''black kangaroo'', WCL wœsar ''kangaroo, wallaby'' G iipi, Y ipi, At ipi, A ipi, WCL ngùki ''fresh water'' (MacGillivray had given ''creek bed'' as the meaning of WCL kœsa and Gud artaba. Kœsa actually means ''creek, river'', and artaba most likely meant the same. For ''stream'', he recorded : ipitaaba (ipi-artaba), which is actually ''water-creek''.) G ipiyaman , Y ipima, At nhipima, A ipima, WCL ùrapùn (wara+pùn) ''one'' G ipunya, Y yapi, At yapi, A yapi, WCL pœuth ''forehead'' (see paadha) G ir imad n ''sleep'', Y una, At una, A una ''sleep, lie down'', WCL uthui ''sleepLoans or Possible Loans from the Western-Central Language of Torres Strait (Kala Lagaw Ya)
The following words vary from clear to possible loans from WCL into Gudang and Urradhi. This is shown by the phonology of the words (retention of consonant initials and other phonological 'oddities' from the point of view of Gudang and Urradhi). Most are fairly recent, however, some, such as sara ''tern'', are older in that the Urradhi dialects have undergone sound changes similar to those undergone by Paman word stock. Possible loans are marked (?). WCL aap(a) ''garden'' : G (?)ampa ''ground, soil'', cf Y ampimana ''clearing'' WCL aga(thurik) ''axe'' : G aga, Y agha WCL apa- ''lower, below, down, underneath'' : G apa ''lower back'' WCL baag(a) ''jaw'' : G baaga ''cheek'' WCL bœbath(a) ''grandparent'' : G bubaatha ''grandfather'' WCL buru ''(saw)dust, chips, crumbs'' : G burruburru ''ash(es)'' WCL daan(a) ''eye'' : G daanha WCL dhumowak(u), dhœmuwak(u) ''cloth, clothes'' : G dhumook WCL (KLY/KulY/KY) dhuyum(a) ''thunder'' : Y unhthuymu, At unhthumu, A unhthuymu ''thunder'' (The relationship between Urradhi ''unthuymu'' and WCL ''dhuyum(a)'' is unclear – if there is any. A loan in either direction is possible, though the initial syllable in Urradhi might suggest that the word is a loan from WCL into Urradhi. Compare the Yadhaikenu word angkapa ''hat'', from English ''cap''). WCL dœnasam(u) ''eyelash'' (OKY also samudaana) : G caamudaanha WCL gii ''knife'' (OKY giri) : G giiri, Y ghiri, At kiri, A kiri WCL iibu ''chin'' : G iibu WCL kab(a) (OKY kœraba) ''paddle'' : G karaaba WCL kat(a) ''frog, underjaw part of jaw; neck (in compounds)'', Bœigu sub-dialect kœteko, kœteku ''frog'' : G kartakarta ''green frog'' (recorded as ''kartakatta''), Y WCL katham(a) (plural kathamal) ''banana (fruit)'' : G katamarra, Y katamarra, A katamarra WCL kausar(a) ''inland pandanus'', bœruwa ''young kausar'' : G burwa, kwacherra ''pandanus'' WCL kayadh ''grandmother'' : G kayadha ''grandmother'' WCL kùn(a) ''stern'' (''kona/cona'' was recorded for OKY by Brierly and MacGillivray) : G koona or kuuna WCL (KLY/KulY/KY) kùpai, (KLY) kùpa, OKY kùpar ''birth cord'', (KLY/KulY/KY) maithakùpai, (KLY) maithakùp, OKY maithakùpar ''navel'' [maitha ''belly, stomach''); cf. kùp(a) ''bottom, base'' : G kupara WCL mabar(a) ''small mangrove conch with spikes'' : G mabarr, At mavarra ''k.o. shell'' WCL makas(a) ''mouse, rat''; wœsar(a) ''kangaroo, wallaby'' : G maakacha, Y (?)wacharra, At (?)acharra, (?)acharraki, A (?)wacharra ''mouse'' WCL mapu(ig/nga) ''heavy; pregnant'' : At (?) mupadhi, mupaayma (stem : mupa-) ''pregnant'' WCL met(a) ''dugong flipper, arm'' : G merta ''fin'' WCL mœrap(i), (KLY) mœraapi ''bamboo'' : G marraapi, Y marrapi, At marrapi, A marrapi WCL mùdh(a) ''shelter, hut, back-yard, haven, place/spot protected from the wind'' : G mudha WCL muugu ''ant/termite hill/nest'' [generic term], ''white ant, termite'' : G muungku, Y mungka, At mungka, A mungka ''(red) anthill'' WCL ngaga ''bird/stingray wing'' : G ngaaga ''wing'' WCL paad(a) ''hill, tip, top, height'' : G pada ''hill'', paada ''head'' WCL patha- ''cut, chop'' : A ipaata ''cut, chop'' WCL puuy(i), (OKY) puuri (''variant'' upœri) ''magic charm/gear/medecine'' (i.e. the material and language used in magic, but not the magic itself, which is ''maidh'') : G upiirri ''medecine'', Y upirri, At upirri, A upirri ''sore, painful; witchcraft'' WCL puuy(i), OKY puuri ''tree, plant, post, pole, log'' : G puri ''tree'' WCL saan(a) ''dugong tail'' : G canha ''fish tail'' WCL sara ''tern'' : G carra ''tern'', Y charra, At iyarra ''seagull'' WCL sayima (OKY sarima) ''outrigger'' : G carima WCL sœguba ''tobacco'' : G cuuka, cooka, Y/At/A (The Gudang forms are perhaps an early loan from Malay ''coki'', otherwise is an abbreviated form of an unrecorded cukuba) WCL sœka ''lungs (of turtle and dugong)'') : G caaka ''lungs'' WCL tete ''animal/bird leg'', cf. MM teter ''lower leg, upper foot'' : G tetarr ''finger/toe nail'' WCl thawal ''coast, shore, shoreline'' : G thawarr ''seaweed'' (the WCL word suggests a miscommunication between MacGillivray and his informant(s), mistaking ''seaweed'' for ''coast, shore, shoreline'') WCL thœyap(u) ''wrist'', OKY thœrapu : G theraapi ''wrist, forearm'' WCL thuugu ''outrigger pole'' : G thuugu WCL uru / wœru ''rope'', sisaluru ''type of rope'' : G cicalurru WCL urui ''creature, bird'' : G wurruy ''creature'' WCL uur / wur / wœr ''water'' : G (?) uurru ''boil'' WCL waapi ''fish'' : G waapi WCL waaru ''turtle, green turtle'' : G waarru, Y iwurru, A waru WCL wagel(a) ''after, behind'' : G wagel ''thunder'' (as thunder always follows lightning, ''wagel'' may have been recorded by MacGillivray through a misunderstanding) WCL wapadha ''cotton tree'' : G waapadha, Y wapadha, At wapara, A wapadha WCL walap(a) ''hat'' : G walaapa, At walapan, A walapan WCL warup(a) ''hour-glass-shaped drum'' : G warrupa, Y arupa, At arupa, A arupa ''drum'' WCL wœnawa ''shell turtle'' : G wanawa, At wanawa ''turtle shell'' WCL wœrab(a), wurab(a), urab(a) ''coconut'' ; G warraaba, At warrava WCL (KKY/KY/KLY) yatha, (KulY) yetha ''beard'' : G yetha WCL (KLY,KulY,KY) yathai, (KLY) yatha, (OKY) yathar ''spider shell'' : Y yathal, A yathaa ''nail, spider shell'' WCL yœuth(a) ''long house, hall, church'' : Y yutha, A yutha ''hut, house, church''External links
References
* * R.M.W. Dixon and Barry J. Blake (eds), 1983, ''Uradhi''; in the Handbook of Australian Languages, VOL. 3:306-428. Canberra: The Australian National University Press. * MacGILLIVRAY, J., 1852, Narrative of the Voyage of HMS Rattlesnake. London: T.W. Boone. * Mitchell, Rod (1995). Linguistic Archaeology in Torres Strait: The Western-Central Torres Strait Language. Townsville: James Cook University (Masters Thesis). * MOORE, David R., 1979, Islanders and Aborigines at Cape York : ''An ethnographic reconstruction based on the 1848-1850 'Rattlesnake' Journals of O.W. Brierly and information he obtained from Barbara Thompson''. Canberra: Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies. * RAY, Sidney H., Linguistics, vol 3, Reports of the Cambridge Anthropological Expedition to Torres Straits. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press (Johnson Reprint Corporation, London, 1971) {{DEFAULTSORT:Gudang Language Northern Paman languages Extinct languages of Queensland