Dates
The century in which Gaudapada lived and his life details are uncertain. Estimates vary from early 6th to 7th century CE. He is generally dated from estimates for Adi Shankara, whose teacher Govinda Bhagavatpada is presumed to be the direct disciple of Gaudapada. Shankara in some texts, refers to Gaudapada as the "teacher's teacher" who knows the tradition of the Vedānta (sampradāya-vit). Assuming how long each lived and when, Gaudapada is estimated to have lived sometime in the 7th century CE. Alternatively, states Potter, the phrase "teacher's teacher" should not be taken literally, and more in the sense of another phrase he uses for Gaudapada, namely ''Paramaguru'' (highest teacher). He may have been the guru of Sankara's teacher, but was likely a more distant guru, states Michael Comans (aka Vasudevacharya). Another estimate places him around the early 6th century.GaudapadaMandukya Karika
Authorship
Gaudapada wrote or compiled the ', also known as the ' and as the '. Some scholars, states Karl Potter, doubt that was written by one author. The ' is a concise explanation, in verse form, of the doctrines in '' Mandukya Upanishad'', one of the shortest but a profound Upanishad, consisting of just 12 sentences. Even before the time of Adi Shankara, Mandukya Upanishad was considered to be a Śruti, but not one particularly important during his era. In later periods it acquired a higher value, and expressing the Upanishadic essence. The Karika, notably, presents rational arguments from dream states, infinitude and finitude, space and time, causality, disintegration, and generation in support of the advaita doctrine. The ' is the earliest extant systematic treatise on , though it is not the oldest work to present Advaita views, nor the only pre-Sankara work with the same type of teachings. According to Hajime Nakamura, not only was the ''Gaudapada Karika'' treasured in the Advaita tradition, the text was also revered and highly respected in Vishistadvaita and Dvaita Vedanta schools of Hinduism. Gaudapada's text, adds Nakamura, was treasured but not considered a Sruti by Advaita scholars, while Ramanuja andContents
The Gaudapadiya Karika has 215 metered verses which are divided into four chapters: # Chapter One (29 verses) — Agama, or Agama Prakarana (Traditional doctrine, includes 12 verses of the Mandukya Upanishad) # Chapter Two (38 verses) — Vaitathya Prakarana (Unreality) # Chapter Three (48 verses) — Advaita Prakarana (Nonduality) # Chapter Four (100 verses) — Alatasanti Prakarana (The Peace of the Firebrand) Chronologically, according to Hajime Nakamura, the Buddhist texts that quote from ''Gaudapada Karikas'' imply that the Vedantic ideas in the first three chapters are of greater antiquity. Most of Chapter Three of the compilation of ''Gaudapada Karika'' was complete by 400–500 CE, states Nakamura. He estimates that most of Chapter One was complete by 300–400 CE, while Chapter Two which presupposes Chapter One can be dated to have been mostly complete after Chapter One but before Chapter Three. Most of the Chapter Four was written sometime between 400 and 600 CE.Chapter One: Traditional Doctrine (Agama)
The Self resides in one's body in three forms: waking state, sleeping dreamy state and in deep sleep state, according to Potter's translation. When awake, the Self experiences the Vishva – the external objects and the visible; when dreaming, it experiences the Taijasa – the internal mind objects and what appears in the dreams; when in deep sleep, the Self experiences Prajna – the unpolarized, the fruits of the heart and bliss. The description of these states of self are similar, states Arvind Sharma, to those found inChapter Two: Unreality (Vaitathya)
Unreal are the dream objects during sleep, states Gaudapada, because the one who dreams never actually goes to the places he dreams of, and because whatever situation he dreams about is something he leaves upon waking up. This is in the scripture Brihadaranyaka Upanishad. In the same sense, the true reality is covered up for man even in his waking state, state Kaarikas 4-6 of Chapter Two, because, translates Potter, "any object nonexistent in the beginning and in the end is also nonexistent in the middle". When we sleep, we feel the external things we dream about are real and the internal states as unreal, but in the awakened state we realize both are unreal. In the same way, in our waking state whatever we apprehend to be real and unreal are both unreal, covering up the true reality, state Kaarikas 10–15. But this assertion leads to the obvious question, states Gaudapada, that if both internal and external are not true reality, who is it that imagines, who apprehends them and who cognizes? Gaudapada submits his answer as the Atman (Self, soul). ''Gaudapada Kaarika'' states that while we do grasp objects, we perceive, we think, but this does not connote the nature of reality and unreality, just like our fear of "a rope for a serpent in darkness". We construct realities, states Gaudapada, and imagine ''Jivatman'' to be various things such as ''praana'' (breath), ''loka'' (world), ''deva'' (gods), ''bhoktr'' (enjoyer), ''bhojya'' (enjoyables), ''sukshma'' (subtle), ''sthula'' (gross), ''murta'' (material), ''amurta'' (nonmaterial) and so on.For Sanskrit original and translation: RD Karmarkar (1953)Chapter Three: Nonduality (Advaita)
Gaudapada opens this chapter by criticizing Upasana(worship) and states that this assumes, that the Brahman-Atman is unborn in the beginning and in the end, but is presently born(as jiva). He states that the nondual Brahman-Atman (Self) can give rise to apparent duality (''Jivas'', individual souls), while remaining unaffected in the process. To this end he gives the analogy of space and jars. Self is like space and the Jivas are like space in jars. Just as space is enclosed in a jar, so is the Self manifested as Jivas. When the jar is destroyed the space in the jar merges into space so likewise, are the Jivas one with the Self.For Sanskrit original and translation: RD Karmarkar (1953)Chapter Four: The Peace of The Firebrand (Alatasanti)
The last chapter of ''Gaudapada Karika'' has a different style than the first three, and it opens by expressing reverence for all "the greatest of men", who are like the cosmic space through their awareness of nonduality, free from self-contradictions and confusion, and who understand Dharma. Karikas 3–10 repeat some content from previous chapters, but with some word substitutions. Karikas 11–13 quote the key duality premise of Samkhya school of Hindu philosophy, cross examines it, then asks how and why is cause eternal? The text states that the Samkhya premise "cause is born as its effect" leads to infinite regress, which is not persuasive. ''Gaudapada Karika'' then acknowledges the theory of Ajativada or non-origination of the ''Buddhas'' (Buddhists). Like Samkhya premise, the text praises and cross examines it, in three ways: first, non-origination premises makes sense when neither the point of origin nor the end of something is known, but we know the point of origin of any example of something produced and there ''Ajativada'' premise does not follow; secondly, the ''Ajativada'' premise commits the ''Sadhyasama'' fallacy of reasoning by offering examples of what is yet to be proved. Thirdly, state Karikas 29–41, neither samsara nor mukti has a beginning or end, because if something is born it must have an end, and something that is unborn has no end. Karikas 45–52 state that only consciousness (''Vijnana'') is real, explaining it with an example of fire stick before and during the time it burns, and adding that we construct and deconstruct our state of awareness. Karikas 53–56 assert that there is no causation, no effects, and repeats that consciousness is the only real thing. Everything is impermanent, nothing is eternal and everything is also without origination by nature, state Karikas 57–60. Karikas 61–81 repeat text on four states from earlier chapters to re-emphasize the premises about impermanence and non-origination. Attachment to unreality causes desire, sorrow (''dukkha'') and fear, while detachment leads to freeing from such states and to ''samadhi''. There are three stages of understanding state Karikas 87–89: ''Laukika'' (ordinary. which cognizes object and subject as real), ''Shuddha laukika'' (purified ordinary, where perceiving is considered real but not the objects) and ''Lokottara'' (supramundane, where neither objects nor perceiving are cognized as real). Karikas 90–100 presents ''Agrayana'' (vehicle) to knowing. The text states, "all dharmas are without beginning, without variety, and are consciousness only". Duality is for the unwise, nonduality and undifferentiated Reality is for the wise, and difficult to grasp. The last ''Karikas'' of the Chapter Four add, as translated by Karl Potter, "this the ''Buddhas'' understand, the Buddha instructs us that consciousness does not reach the dharmas, yet the Buddha said nothing about either consciousness or dharmas!"Relationship to Buddhism
The influence of Buddhist doctrines on Gaudapada has been a vexed question, though "most recent writers seem to be willing to admit Buddhist influence," yet also note that Gaudapada was a Vedantin and not a Buddhist. Gaudapada took over the Yogachara teaching of '' vijñapti-mātra'', "representation-only," which states that the empirical reality that we experience is a fabrication of the mind, experienced by consciousness-an-sich, and the four-cornered negation, which negates any positive predicates of 'the Absolute'. Gaudapada "wove oth doctrinesinto the philosophy of ''Mandukaya Upanisad'', which was further developed by Shankara". In this view, According to Bhattacharya, ''Asparsayoga'' also has Buddhist origins. In chapter Four, according to Bhattacharya, two karikas refer to the Buddha. According to Murti, "the conclusion is irresistible that Gaudapada, a Vedanta philosopher, is attempting an advaitic interpretation of Vedanta in the light of the Madhyamika and Yogcara doctrines. He even freely quotes and appeals to them."TRV Murti (1955), The central philosophy of Buddhism, Routledge (2008 Reprint), , pages 114-115 However, adds Murti, the doctrines are unlike Buddhism. Chapter One, Two and Three are entirely Vedantin and founded on the Upanishads, with little Buddhist flavour. While the first three chapters discuss Brahman and Atman (soul, Self), Chapter Four doesn't. This, according to Murti, may be because this was authored by someone else and not Gaudapada, a position shared by Richard King. Further, state both Murti and King, no Vedanta scholars who followed Gaudapada ever quoted from Chapter Four, they only quote from the first three. According to Sarma, Chapter Four may well have been written by Gaudapada assuming he was fully conversant with Mahayana school's teachings, yet "to mistake him to be a hidden or open Buddhist is absurd". The doctrines of Gaudapada and Buddhism are totally opposed, states Murti: Sengaku Mayeda states that "it might be Gaudapada the author of the Mandukyakarika, or his predecessors, and not Shankara who can be called a ‘Buddhist in disguise'", and credits Shankara with "re-inject ngthe upanishadic spirit into the extremely buddhisticized Mandukyakarika of his paramaguru, pouring new life into it as it were, giving it an interpretation that followed the line of Vedanta school and achieved the re-vedantinization of the buddhisticized vedantic tradition". Swami Nikhilananda denies Buddhist influence, arguing that Gaudapada used Buddhist terminology because Buddhism was prevalent at that time, but he was ultimately an Advaita Vedantin and he disagrees withOther works by Gaudapadacharya
A number of additional works are attributed to Gaudapada, but their authenticity is uncertain. The attributed works are: * A bhasya on ''Advaita guru-paramparā
Gaudapada is one of the key persons in the Advaita Vedanta. He is traditionally said to have been highly influential on Adi Shankara, one of the most important figures in Vedic philosophy.Shri Gaudapadacharya Math
Shri Gaudapadacharya Math, also known as , is the oldest matha of the South Indian Saraswat Brahmins. The Peetadhipathi "head monk" is Śrī Gauḍapadācārya. Rajapur Saraswat Brahmins and Smartist Goud Saraswat Brahmins are its main disciples.http://www.shrikavalemath.org.in/ , Title: About Kavale matha.See also
* Philosophy of experience (Hinduism) List of Math * Kavaḷē maṭha * Kashi Math * Gokarna Math * Chitrapur MathNotes
References
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