Făt-Frumos (from

Romanian Romanian may refer to: *anything of, from, or related to the country and nation of Romania **Romanians, an ethnic group **Romanian language, a Romance language ***Romanian dialects, variants of the Romanian language **Romanian cuisine, traditional ...

''făt'': son, infant; ''frumos'': handsome) is a knight hero in

Romanian folklore The folklore of Romania is the collection of traditions of the Romanians. A feature of Romanian culture is the special relationship between folklore and the learned culture, determined by two factors. First, the rural character of the Romania ...

, as exemplified in the fairy tale ''

Făt-Frumos with the Golden Hair Făt-Frumos with the Golden Hair (Romanian language, Romanian: ''Făt-Frumos cu părul de aur'') or The Foundling Prince is a Romanian fairy tale about Făt-Frumos collected by Petre Ispirescu in ''Legende sau basmele românilor''. The story is cl ...

''. Făt-Frumos has to go through tests and obstacles that surpass ordinary men's power. With dignity, he always brings these to a positive resolution. He fights demonic monsters and malevolent characters (''

zmeu The ''Zmeu'' (plural: ''zmei'', feminine: ''zmeoaică'' / ''zmeoaice'') is a fantastic creature of Romanian folklore and Romanian mythology. Though referred by some sources as a dragon, the zmeu is nevertheless distinct, because it usually has ...

'', ''

balaur A balaur ( pl. ''balauri'') in Romanian folklore is a type of many-headed dragon or monstrous serpent, sometimes said to be equipped with wings. The number of heads is usually around three, but they can also have seven heads or even twelve hea ...

'', '' Muma Pădurii'', etc.). He travels in both "this land" and "the other land" (''tarâmul celălalt'') on the '' Calul Năzdrăvan'' ("The Marvellous Horse"), who also serves as his counsellor. Akin to

Prince Charming Prince Charming is a fairy tale stock character archetype who comes to the rescue of a damsel in distress and must engage in a quest to liberate her from an evil spell. This classification suits most heroes of a number of traditional folk tales ...

, he possesses such essential attributes as courage, purity, justness, physical and spiritual strength, cleverness, passion, and unshakable love. Făt-Frumos also displays some minimal abilities in performing miracles, as well as total commitment to a task once his word is given and to the monarch he serves. In some tales, he is so precocious as to be able to weep before he is born. Făt-Frumos is usually the

youngest son The youngest son is a stock character in fairy tales, where he features as the hero. He is usually the third son, but sometimes there are more brothers, and sometimes he has only one; usually, they have no sisters. In a family of many daughters, ...

of a king. In the Romanian folk stories it is common that all the sons of a king try to defeat the ''

Zmeu The ''Zmeu'' (plural: ''zmei'', feminine: ''zmeoaică'' / ''zmeoaice'') is a fantastic creature of Romanian folklore and Romanian mythology. Though referred by some sources as a dragon, the zmeu is nevertheless distinct, because it usually has ...

'' or the ''

Balaur A balaur ( pl. ''balauri'') in Romanian folklore is a type of many-headed dragon or monstrous serpent, sometimes said to be equipped with wings. The number of heads is usually around three, but they can also have seven heads or even twelve hea ...

'', the older sons failing before the younger one succeeds. At the end of the fairy tale, Făt-Frumos is paired up with the heroine of the story, a fairy maiden:

Ileana Cosânzeana Ileana Cosânzeana is a figure in Folklore of Romania, Romanian mythology. She is represented as a beautiful and good-natured princess or daughter of an Emperor,Zâna Zânelor (Fairy Queen) or Doamna Chiralina.Galațchi, Simona. "The other world in the Romanian folk tales". In: ''Language and Literature – European Landmarks of Identity'', 8 (2011), p. 216. In his journeys, Făt-Frumos often has to overcome a major dilemma related to the correct route he is to follow, and is bound to decide between two equally nonsensical choices. Asked about the right way, an old woman gives Făt-Frumos an obscure answer: "''If you turn right, you will be in sorrow; if you turn left, you will be in sorrow as well''". According t
Victor Kernbach
this lose-lose situation evokes the historical condition of the

Romanian people Romanians (, ; dated Endonym and exonym, exonym ''Vlachs'') are a Romance languages, Romance-speaking ethnic group and nation native to Central Europe, Central, Eastern Europe, Eastern, and Southeastern Europe. Sharing a Culture of Romania, ...

whose homeland had been constantly crossed and attacked by foreign powers, as the native population was always forced to decide between two equally unfortunate choices: ally with your enemies or fight them. Făt-Frumos is also a commonplace figure of the

Romanian culture The culture of Romania is an umbrella term used to encapsulate the ideas, customs and social behaviours of the people of Romania that developed due to the country's distinct geopolitical history and evolution. It is theorized that Romanians an ...

and

literature Literature is any collection of Writing, written work, but it is also used more narrowly for writings specifically considered to be an art form, especially novels, Play (theatre), plays, and poetry, poems. It includes both print and Electroni ...

. He appears as a character in stories and poems by famous writers, such as

Mihai Eminescu Mihai Eminescu (; born Mihail Eminovici; 15 January 1850 – 15 June 1889) was a Romanians, Romanian Romanticism, Romantic poet, novelist, and journalist from Moldavia, generally regarded as the most famous and influential Romanian poet. Emin ...

Tudor Arghezi Ion Nae Theodorescu (21 May 1880 – 14 July 1967) was a Romanian writer who wrote under the pen name Tudor Arghezi (. He is best known for his unique contribution to poetry and children's literature. Biography Early life He graduated from Sai ...

, or

Nichita Stănescu Nichita Stănescu (; born Nichita Hristea Stănescu; 31 March 1933 – 13 December 1983) was a Romanian poet and essayist. Biography Stănescu's father was Nicolae Hristea Stănescu (1908–1982). His mother, Tatiana Cereaciuchin, was Russian ...

. As a symptom of the

self-irony Irony, in its broadest sense, is the juxtaposition of what, on the surface, appears to be the case with what is actually or expected to be the case. Originally a rhetorical device and literary technique, in modernity, modern times irony has a ...

, Făt-Frumos can be encountered even in contemporary

Romanian jokes Romanian humour, like many other culture of Romania, Romanian cultural aspects, has many affinities with four other groups: the Latins (namely the French people, French and Italians), the Balkan people (Greeks, the Slavs, and Turkish people, Turk ...

, yet less frequently than

Bulă Bulă () is a fictional stock character of Romanian humor. Bulă, a buffoon and coward, was "born" during the Nicolae Ceaușescu regime of Communist Romania. The name, among other interpretations, is a one-letter deformation of "pulă", a Romanian ...

or the political personalities of the moment.

References

Selected bibliography

* Calinescu, Matei. "Between History and Paradise: Initiation Trials". In: ''The Journal of Religion'' 59, no. 2 (1979): 218–23. www.jstor.org/stable/1202705. * Chelaru, Oana Valeria. "Sistemul actanţial al basmului" ctantial System of the Folktale In:
Anuarul Muzeului Etnografic al Moldovei
' he Yearly Review of the Ethnographic Museum of Moldavia 11/2011. pp. 87-116. (In Romanian) * Frîncu, Simina & Giurginca, Ioana. (2019). Făt-Frumos cu ceas rupt din Soare. Folclorul românesc și astronomia. In: Astronomia străbunilor. Arheoastronomie și etnoastronomie pe teritoriul României, Publisher: JATEPress Kiadó, pp. 345–362. * Kernbach, Victor (1989). ''Dicționar de mitologie generală''. Editura Științifică și Enciclopedică, București, pp. 183–184. {{DEFAULTSORT:Fat-Frumos Fictional knights Romanian mythology Romanian folklore

See also

References

Selected bibliography