Führer

( , spelled ''Fuehrer'' when the umlaut is unavailable) is a German word meaning "leader" or " guide". As a political title, it is strongly associated with Adolf Hitler, the dictator of Nazi Germany from 1933 to 1945. Hitler officially called himself ''der Führer und Reichskanzler'' (the Leader and Chancellor of the Reich) after the death of President Paul von Hindenburg in 1934, as well as the subsequent merging of the offices of ''Reichspräsident'' and '' Reichskanzler''.

Nazi Germany cultivated the ("leader principle"), and Hitler was generally known as simply ("the Leader").

In compound words, the use of remains common in German and is used in words such as ( travel guide), ( museum docent), ( mountain guide), or (leader of the opposition). However, because of its strong association with Hitler, the isolated word itself usually has negative connotations when used with the meaning of "leader", especially in political contexts.

The word has cognates in the Scandinavian languages, spelled '' fører'' in Danish and Norwegian. In Norwegian, the word has the same meaning as the German word. The Norwegian word for mayor is ''ordfører'', literally meaning ''word leader''. In Swedish ''Ordförande'' means Chairman and applies to a wide range of situations, for example in corporate boards or as the head of an official gathering of members. In Swedish and Danish, '' förare'' and ''fører'' normally means "driver" (of a vehicle), a meaning ''Führer'' can also have in German. However, in the compound word '' härförare'' and '' hærfører'', that part does mean "leader", and is a cognate of the German ''Heerführer'' (military leader).

History

Background

has been used as a military title (compare Latin '' Dux'') in Germany since at least the 18th century. The usage of the term "''Führer''" in the context of a company-sized military subunit in the German Army referred to a commander lacking the qualifications for permanent command. For example, the commanding officer of a company was titled " ''Kompaniechef''" (), but if he did not have the requisite rank or experience, or was only temporarily assigned to command, he was officially titled "''Kompanieführer''". Thus operational commands of various military echelons were typically referred to by their formation title followed by the title , in connection with mission-type tactics used by the German military forces. The term was also used at lower levels, regardless of experience.

Origins of the political concept

The first example of the political use of was with Austrian Georg Ritter von Schönerer (1842–1921), a major exponent of pan-Germanism and German nationalism in Austria, whose followers commonly referred to him as the , and who also used the Roman salute – where the right arm and hand are held rigidly outstretched – which they called the "German greeting". According to historian Richard J. Evans, this use of "" by Schönerer's Pan-German Association, probably introduced the term to the German far-right, but its specific adoption by the Nazis may also have been influenced by the use in Italy of "", also meaning "leader", as an informal title for Benito Mussolini, the Fascist Prime Minister, and later (from 1922) dictator, of that country.

of the Nazi Party

Adolf Hitler took the title to denote his function as head of the Nazi Party; he received it in 1921 when, infuriated over party founder Anton Drexler's plan to merge with another antisemitic far-right nationalist party, he resigned from the party. Drexler and the party's Executive Committee then acquiesced to Hitler's demand to be made the chairman of the party with "dictatorial powers" as the condition for his return.

and Chancellor

In 1933, Hitler was appointed (Chancellor of the Reich) by President Paul von Hindenburg.

A month later, the decision to vote with the Nazi Party taken by the MPs of the Centre Party allowed the Nazi-dominated Reichstag to reach the qualified constitutional two-thirds majority required for passage of the Enabling Act allowing the cabinet to promulgate laws by decree, rendering in practice the system of checks and balances defunct. The Act became the official legal justification for such decrees later routinely issued by Hitler himself.

and Chancellor of the German Reich

One day before Hindenburg's death, Hitler and his cabinet decreed the " Law Concerning the Head of State of the German Reich", which stipulated that upon Hindenburg's death, the office of the president was to be merged with that of Chancellor.Gesetz über das Staatsoberhaupt des Deutschen Reichs
1 August 1934:
"§ 1 The office of the Reichspräsident is merged with that of the Reichskanzler. Therefore the previous rights of the Reichspräsident pass over to the Führer and Reichskanzler Adolf Hitler. He names his deputy." Thus, upon Hindenburg's death, Hitler became – although eventually was quietly dropped from day-to-day usage and retained only in official documents. Hitler therefore assumed the President's powers without assuming the office itself – ostensibly out of respect for Hindenburg's achievements as a heroic figure in World War I. The Enabling Act had specifically prohibited legislation that would affect the position or powers of the Reich President, but the first one-party Reichstag elected in November 1933 had passed an act on the first anniversary of Hitler's appointment as Chancellor, 30 January 1934, abolishing those restrictions. It was then approved by a referendum on 19 August.

and Chancellor of the Greater German Reich

On 28 July 1942, the title was changed to "" (Leader and Chancellor of the Greater German Reich).

and Supreme Commander of the ''Wehrmacht''

According to the Weimar Constitution, the President was the Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces. Unlike "President", Hitler did take this title () for himself. When conscription was reintroduced in 1935, Hitler created the title of Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces, a post held by the Minister of War. He retained the title of Supreme Commander for himself. Soldiers had to swear allegiance to Hitler as "" (Leader of the German Reich and Nation). Field Marshal Werner von Blomberg, then the Minister of War and one of those who created the Hitler oath, or the personal oath of loyalty of the military to Hitler, became the Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces while Hitler remained Supreme Commander. Following the Blomberg–Fritsch affair in 1938, Hitler assumed the commander-in-chief's post as well and took personal command of the armed forces. However, he continued using the older formally higher title of Supreme Commander, which was thus filled with a somewhat new meaning. Combining it with "''Führer''", he used the style (Leader and Supreme Commander of the ), yet a simple "''Führer''" after May 1942.

of the German Reich and Nation

Soldiers had to swear allegiance to Hitler as "" (Leader of the German Reich and Nation). In his political testament, Hitler also referred to himself as (Leader of the Nation).

Germanic ''Führer''

An additional title was adopted by Hitler on 23 June 1941 when he declared himself the "Germanic Führer" (), in addition to his duties as ''Führer'' of the German state and people. This was done to emphasise Hitler's professed leadership of what the Nazis described as the " Nordic- Germanic master race", which was considered to include peoples such as the Norwegians, Danes, Swedes, Dutch, and others in addition to the Germans, and the intent to annex these countries to the German Reich to form the Greater Germanic Reich (). ''Waffen-SS'' formations from these countries had to declare obedience to Hitler by addressing him in this fashion. On 12 December 1941, Dutch fascist Anton Mussert also addressed him as such when he proclaimed his allegiance to Hitler during a visit to the Reich Chancellery in Berlin. He had wanted to address Hitler as ("Führer of all Germanics"), but Hitler personally decreed the former style. Historian Loe de Jong speculates on the difference between the two: implied a position separate from Hitler's role as ("Führer and Reich Chancellor of the Greater German Reich"), while served more as an attribute of that main function. As late as 1944, however, occasional propaganda publications continued to refer to him by this unofficial title.

One of the Nazis' most-repeated political slogans was – "One People, One Empire, One Leader". Historian says the slogan "left an indelible mark on the minds of most Germans who lived through the Nazi years. It appeared on countless posters and in publications; it was heard constantly in radio broadcasts and speeches." The slogan emphasised the absolute control of the leader over practically every sector of German society and culture – with the churches being formally the most notable exception. The designation itself was initially used only in the context of the Nazi Party, though its meaning gradually sprawled to cover the German state, the German Armed Forces, the German nation, and ultimately all the Germanic peoples.

Hitler's word became in practice absolute and ultimate, even when incompatible with the constitution, as he saw himself as the sole source of power in Germany, similar to the Roman emperors and German early medieval leaders. In spite of that, he took great care to maintain the pretence of legality of his dictatorship. He issued thousands of decrees that were based explicitly on the Reichstag Fire Decree. That decree itself was based on Article 48 of the constitution, which gave the president the power to take measures deemed necessary to protect public order. The Enabling Act was renewed in 1937 for four years and again in 1939 for four years by the Reichstag. In 1943, it was extended indefinitely by a decree from Hitler himself. Those extensions by the Reichstag were merely a formality with all other parties having been banned.

However, Hitler had a narrow range of interest – mostly involving diplomacy and the military – and so his subordinates interpreted his vaguely formulated orders and wishes in a manner beneficial to their own interests or those of their organisations. This led to vicious power wrangles that were immensely beneficial to Hitler in aiding him to ensure that no subordinate amassed enough power to challenge or jeopardise his absolute rule.

Usage in lower ranks of Nazi Germany

Regional Nazi Party leaders were called , "" also meaning "leader". Almost every Nazi paramilitary organisation, in particular the SS and SA, had Nazi Party paramilitary ranks incorporating the title of . The SS including the ''Waffen-SS'', like all paramilitary Nazi organisations, called all their members of any rank except the lowest one a of something; thus confusingly, was also an official rank title for a specific grade of general. The word was also a generic word referring to any commander or leader of troops and could be applied to NCOs or officers at many different levels of command.

Modern German usage

In Germany, the isolated word "" is usually avoided in political contexts, due to its intimate connection with Nazi institutions and with Hitler personally. However, the suffix is used in many compound words. Examples include (mountain guide), (human tourist guide), (manager), (travel guidebook), (team captain — also referred to as ), and ( command duty officer/officer of the watch).

When used in the context of vehicles and traffic, it is often interchangeable with the suffix (vehicle driver): (road vehicle driver), (train driver), (skipper); however, it is worth noticing the exception of the pair (car driver) and (road guidebook). It may also be used in this context as a prefix, such as in (driver's license), (train cabin), or (truck cabin).

German is a language with grammatical gender. The masculine form refers to a leader of unspecified or male gender; the specifically feminine form is .

The use of alternative terms like "" (a borrowing from the French, as is the English "chief", e.g. ) or (often in compound words like , , or ) is usually not the result of replacing of the word "''Führer''", but rather using terminology that existed before the Nazis. The use of to refer to a political party leader is rare today, and (chairman) is the more common term. However, the word ("leader of the arliamentaryopposition") is more commonly used.

In fiction

In the manga series '' Fullmetal Alchemist'' (2001–2010), by Hiromu Arakawa, the character of King Bradley/Wrath (King being his given name) has the title Führer President of Amestris, as the country is a military dictatorship.

See also

Terms derived from
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* Deputy ''Führer''
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* ''Führer'' Headquarters
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* ''Führer'' Directives
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Other
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* President for life
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* Supreme Leader (disambiguation)
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* List of German expressions in English

References

External links

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Fuhrer
Adolf Hitler
Authoritarianism
Dictatorship
Fascism
Heads of government
Heads of state
Nazism
Government of Nazi Germany
Positions of authority
Titles of national or ethnic leadership
German words and phrases
Nazi terminology
Connotation