France–Spain border

The France–Spain border was formally defined in 1659. It separates the two countries from Hendaye and Irun in the west, running through the Pyrenees to Cerbère and Portbou on the Mediterranean Sea. It runs roughly along the drainage divide defined by the Pyrenees, though with several exceptions.

Features

Main border

The Franco-Spanish border runs for between southwestern France and northeastern Spain. It begins in the west on the Bay of Biscay at the French city of Hendaye and the Spanish city of Irun (). The border continues eastward along the Pyrenees to the sovereign nation of Andorra (). At this point, the small country interrupts the border between Spain and France for on the Spanish side and on the French side. Then the border continues eastward () to the Mediterranean Sea at Cerbère in France and Portbou in Spain ().

From west to east, crossing the border:

Llívia

Spain has an exclave in France, Llívia, in the Pyrénées-Orientales.

Pheasant Island

Near the western end of the border, following the course of the river Bidasoa, Pheasant Island (located in the middle of the river) has an unusual border regime: the island is a condominium whose sovereignty is shared between the two countries: one country in January–June each year, and the other country in July–December.

History

Background

The formal layout of the Franco-Spanish border dates back to the signing of the Treaty of the Pyrenees between the kingdoms of Spain and France in 1659. This was followed by the Treaty of Llivia the following year, which transferred to France the sovereignty of several villages in the valley of Querol.

Later there were some further agreements covering specific areas:
* the agreement signed in Perpignan in 1764, which established the boundaries between Empordà and Coll Pertús and
* the Elizondo Treaty in 1785 establishing limits on the height of Aldudes is demarcated and Valcarlos.

Bayonne Treaties

The final definition, which for the most part is still in force, is set out in the Bayonne Treaties between 1856 and 1868. During the mandates of Queen Isabel II and the French emperor Napoleon III, several agreements were signed between the two countries by which the border was established:Treaties of Bayonne of 1856, 1862, 1866 and 1868
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* The treaty of 1856, establishing the boundary between the provinces of Guipuzcoa is demarcated and Navarre.
* The treaty of 1862, which marked the boundaries in the provinces of Huesca and Lleida.
* The treaty of 1866, which did the same from the valley of Andorra to the Mediterranean Sea.
* Final Act of borders, signed in 1868.

Subsequent amendments

Later both countries concluded agreements under the same point. In 1980 an agreement was signed to define the border into the Bielsa-Aragnouet tunnel, and 1984, during the construction of the road linking the Roncal Valley with Arette, a mutual transfer of land of 2710 m² (29,170 sq ft) was agreed.

In 1995, with the entry into force of the Schengen Agreement, border controls for people and goods were abolished, thus ensuring freedom of movement across the border. A number of disused border stations remain.

Marking

Following the provisions of the treaties of Bayonne, the border is physically marked on the ground by 602 cairns showing the division between the two countries. These markers are numbered from west to east: the first located on the Bidasoa and the last in Cap Cerbère, marked with consecutive numbers and letters.

Another 45 cairns mark the border around Llivia; they are numbered anticlockwise from the number 1 at the entrance of the French road RD-68 into the enclave. Maintaining this signaling runs either on behalf of both states.

Crossings

References

{{DEFAULTSORT:France-Spain border

1659 establishments in France
1659 in international relations
1659 establishments in Spain
European Union internal borders
Borders of Spain
Borders of France
International borders