Fordow Uranium Enrichment Plant

The Fordow Uranium Enrichment Plant, officially the Shahid Ali Mohammadi Nuclear Facility (), is an Iranian underground uranium enrichment facility located north of the Iranian city of Qom, at a former Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps base. The site is under the control of the Atomic Energy Organization of Iran (AEOI). It is the second Iranian uranium enrichment facility, the other being the Natanz Nuclear Facility.

On 13 June 2025 the facility was attacked by the Israeli Air Force and on 22 June the United States military struck it, with UN nuclear chief claiming damage was likely "very significant" but could not be verified.

History

Construction on the facility started in 2006, but the existence of the enrichment plant was only disclosed to the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) by Iran on 21 September 2009, after the site became known to Western intelligence services. Western officials strongly condemned Iran for not disclosing the site earlier; U.S. president Barack Obama said that Fordow had been under U.S. surveillance. Iran argues that this disclosure was consistent with its legal obligations under its Safeguards Agreement with the IAEA, which Iran claims requires Iran to declare new facilities 180 days before they receive nuclear material. The IAEA stated that Iran was bound by its agreement in 2003 to declare the facility as soon as Iran decided to construct it.

Iranian authorities state the facility is built deep in a mountain because of repeated threats by Israel to attack such facilities, which Israel believes can be used to produce nuclear weapons. Attacking a nuclear facility so close to the city of Qom, which is considered holy among Shia Muslims, raises concerns about a potential Shia religious response.

In November 2013, hundreds of Iranians, mostly students of Sharif University of Technology, accompanied by the head of AEOI, Ali Akbar Salehi, and several Majles (parliament) representatives formed a human chain around the Fordow uranium enrichment facility. The students were there to show their support for the Iranian nuclear program.

In 2016, Iran stationed anti-aircraft S-300 missile systems at the site.

On 1 February 2023, the IAEA "criticised Iran ... for making an undeclared change to the interconnection between the two clusters of advanced machines enriching uranium to up to 60% purity, close to weapons grade, at its Fordow plant."

2025 Israeli and American airstrikes

On 13 June 2025, Israel attacked the plant as part of the June 2025 Israeli strikes on Iran. Iranian forces said they had shot down an Israeli drone.David Brunnstrom and Michael Martina
Damage to Iranian nuclear sites so far appears limited, experts say
Reuters (13 June 2025). The extent of the damage was unclear because Fordow nuclear facility, like the Natanz facility, is buried deep underground.Karen DeYoung, Nilo Tabrizy, Evan Hill & Warren P. Strobel
Iran's nuclear facilities damaged but not destroyed, experts say
''The Washington Post'' (13 June 2025). Satellite imagery and reports suggested that some above-ground sites at Fordow and Natanz were damaged, but the subterranean facilities that house centrifuges and enriched uranium were not breached. On 14 June 2025, the Atomic Energy Organization of Iran stated that there had been limited damage to the site as a result of the strikes.

Following the Israeli strike, the US was said to be considering striking the site, which would require the use of the GBU-57A/B MOP. On 21 June 2025, American president Donald Trump announced that U.S. B-2 bombers had also struck the nuclear facility in Fordow as well as those in Natanz and Isfahan. In an address from the White House, Trump claimed the facilities' destruction stating "Iran's key nuclear enrichment facilities have been completely and totally obliterated."

On 24 June ''The New York Times'' and CNN reported that a preliminary battle damage assessment by the Defense Intelligence Agency had concluded with low confidence that the U.S. strikes had set back Iran's nuclear program by a matter of months. On 25 June, Trump stated that people sent by Israel confirmed the destruction of the site. Following a classified Senate briefing on June 26th Senator Tom Cotton, who leads the Senate Intelligence Committee, was more definitive. He said the strikes would "protect the world from the risk of an Iranian nuclear weapon for years."

On 1 July, Iran built a new access road and deployed equipment to the site following last, according to ''The Wall Street Journal''. Analysts from the Institute for Science and International Security believe Iran is preparing for downhole inspections to assess damage.

On 2 July, Iran's foreign minister Abbas Araghchi said in an interview with CBS that "No one exactly knows what has transpired in Fordow. That being said, what we know so far is that the facilities have been seriously and heavily damaged".

Capacity

In its initial declaration, Iran stated that the purpose of the facility was the production of uranium hexafluoride (UF₆) enriched up to 5% U-235, and that the facility was being built to contain 16 cascades, with a total of approximately 3,000 centrifuges. In September 2011, Iran said it would move its production of 20% low enriched uranium (LEU) to Fordow from Natanz.

In December 2011, enrichment started. In January 2012, the IAEA announced that Iran had started producing uranium enriched up to 20% for medical purposes and that material "remains under the agency's containment and surveillance."

Under the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action of April 2015, the Fordow plant was to be restructured to less intensive research use. The Fordow facility was to stop enriching uranium and researching uranium enrichment for at least 15 years, and the facility was to be converted into a nuclear physics and technology centre. For 15 years, it would maintain no more than 1,044 IR-1 centrifuges in six cascades in one wing of Fordow. "Two of those six cascades will spin without uranium and will be transitioned, including through appropriate infrastructure modification," for stable radioisotope production for medical, agricultural, industrial, and scientific use. "The other four cascades with all associated infrastructure will remain idle." Iran is not permitted to have any fissile material in Fordow.

The United States withdrew from the pact in May 2018, imposing sanctions under its maximum pressure campaign. The sanctions applied to all countries and companies doing business with Iran and cut it off from the international financial system, rendering the nuclear deal's economic provisions null.

In October 2019, the Israeli company ImageSat published satellite photographs showing renewed construction and development at the Fordow facility.

In November 2019, Iranian nuclear chief Ali Akbar Salehi announced that Iran would enrich uranium to 5% at Fordow.

By January 2020, the Fordow site had 1,044 centrifuges.

In January 2021, the Fordow site began to produce uranium enriched to a 20% level.

In March 2023, CNN reported that "near bomb-grade" uranium had been found at Fordow. The IAEA confirmed that 83.7% pure U-235 was discovered at Fordow, and that this had been a significant surprise to the agency.

In June 2024, the IAEA remarked that Iran had built additional centrifuges, while the ''Washington Post'' remarked on the Iranian order to triple the centrifuge capacity of the Fordow plant. The ''Times of Israel'' said that four new cascades had been installed but had not yet been commissioned.

See also

* Bushehr Nuclear Power Plant
* Darkhovin Nuclear Power Plant
* IR-40
* Isfahan Nuclear Technology/Research Center
* Natanz Nuclear Facility
* Nuclear program of Iran
* Supreme Nuclear Committee of Iran

References

External links

* David Albright, Frank Pabian, and Andrea Stricker (13 March 2019):
The Fordow Enrichment Plant, aka Al Ghadir: Iran's Nuclear Archive Reveals Site Originally Purposed to Produce Weapon-Grade Uranium for 1–2 Nuclear Weapons per Year
. Institute for Science and International Security.

President Trump Delivers Address to the Nation, June 21, 2025 on attacks

{{Energy in Iran

Buildings and structures completed in 2006
Buildings and structures in Qom province
Industrial buildings in Iran
Isotope separation facilities
Nuclear facilities in Iran
Qom County
Subterranean buildings and structures
Uranium enrichment facilities