Exalted Cyclops

Ku Klux Klan (KKK) nomenclature has evolved over the order's nearly 160 years of existence. The titles and designations were first laid out in the 1920s ''Kloran'', setting out KKK terms and traditions. Like many KKK terms, this is a portmanteau term, formed from ''Klan'' and ''Koran''.

Reconstruction period

The sources of the rituals, titles and even the name of KKK may be found in antebellum college fraternities and secret societies such as the Kuklos Adelphon. Earlier source material, however, states, according to the 1907 Cyclopedia of Fraternities. J.C. Lester, one of the original members of the group, stated that the Klan rituals were such as the Sons of Confucius or Guiasticutus but always styled and . Walter L. Fleming stated in a footnote to Lester's text that the contemporary (early twentieth century) Southern college fraternity that most nearly mirrored the early Klan was and the institution of snipe hunting. The original prescript of the Ku Klux Klan was adopted by a convention in Nashville, Tennessee in April 1867. A slightly revised edition appeared the next year.

Higher levels

In both prescripts there were four levels or "departments" of organization, above the basic level:

* – constituting the whole area of the Klan's activities. This was led by the Imperial Wizard and his staff of ten , as well as a (treasurer) and , whose duty was to keep lists of the subordinate officers. The Genii, and Scribe were appointed by the .
* – while the role of Realms was laid out in the first prescript, they were only identified as states in the second prescript. Realms were ruled by a who was assisted by eight , as well as a and a , whose duties were identical to those of the above officers on the imperial level. All officers were appointed by the Grand Dragon.
* – identified in the second prescript as and "not exceed three in number for each Congressional district". The Dominion was headed by a who was assisted by six , a Grand Exchequer and a Grand Scribe, all of whom were appointed by the Grand Titan.
* – the second prescript identified a Province as equivalent to a county. It was supervised by a , who was assisted by four , a Grand Exchequer, and a Grand Scribe, all of whom were appointed by the Grand Giant.

In the first prescript each officer is given the power to appoint Deputies to organize Realms, Dominions, Provinces and Dens until the latter can elect their own officers. The Grand Wizard was to be elected by a majority of Grand Dragons, and each lower level was elected by a majority of the next lower level of officers (Dragons were elected by Titans, Titans were elected by Giants etc.), as soon as three units had been formed at each level (three Dominions within a Realm for Grand Dragon, three Provinces within a Dominion for Grand Titan, etc.). In the second prescript each officer appoints the lower officer with the approval of his superior.

Dens

The were the basic level of organization for the Reconstruction Klan. In the original prescript, its chief officer was the , who appointed two , a , a , and a in addition to his Grand Scribe. The Grand Cyclops, Grand Exchequer, Grand Magi (second officer) and (third officer) were elected by the body politic of the dens, identified as . In the second prescript the Grand Ensign is dispensed with, while the Grand Exchequer was appointed by the Grand Cyclops, who was now appointed by the Grand Giant. Only the Grand Magi and Grand Monk were elected by the Ghouls.

The exact function of these officers and the meaning of the titles varied. The two Nighthawks have been identified as couriers. The Grand Sentinel was in charge of the "", an organization which is not otherwise elaborated upon in the prescripts, but apparently served as the Den's security detail. The Grand Turk was the den's "executive officer" and was charged with informing Klansmen of and helping the Grand Cyclops and the Grand Magi maintain the "control and government" of the Den. The Grand Ensign's job was to take care of the Klan's flag.

Initiation rites

The organ for initiation into the Klan was called the , composed of the Grand Cyclops, Grand Magi and Grand Monk. Upon the nomination of a new member by a current member, the committee would investigate the candidate's and would then pronounce the candidate "competent and worthy" to become a member. The Grand Turk would escort the candidate to an "outpost" where he would question him and administer a preliminary oath. After this the Grand Turk would conduct the candidate to the Den, where the Grand Cyclops would administer the final oath. The second prescript elaborates that the candidate must have his left hand on the Bible and his right hand toward heaven and includes a ten-point "interrogation" that the candidate must answer satisfactorily in order to proceed with the final oath. The questions asked included:

Tribunals

A system of "judiciary" organs was created in each prescript. In the first the judiciary was divided into a , to try officers of the Klan, and a to try regular Ghouls. In Art. IV Sec. 4, the Grand Giant is charged with conducting the Council of Yahoo, but Art. VI Sec. 2 states that the council will be composed of officers of the equivalent rank as the accused and presided over by an officer of the next higher rank. A trial of the Grand Wizard would be held by a meeting of all the Grand Dragons, the most senior Grand Dragon presiding It is unclear if these tribunals were ever functional.

The second prescript presented an entirely different judiciary, with officers of the first three levels tried by three judges, appointed by the chief officer of the given jurisdiction, and the officers and attaches of the headquarters (presumably the Genii, Squires, and Furies). Trials of Den officers would be conducted at the provincial headquarters and include five judges, and ordinary ghouls to be tried at their dens with seven judges. As before a trial of the Grand Wizard would be conducted by the most senior Grand Dragon, this time with a quorum of seven dragons. All defendants had the right of appeal to the next higher court, and the proceeding was to be governed as "ordinary court martials".

Miscellaneous

In addition to the structure outlined above, there are documented cases of organs of slightly different nomenclature from Reconstruction. For instance, a group of twenty men, who were arrested on April 6, 1868, at their "den" at the corners of Beale Street and Hernando street in Memphis, was called the . The constitution that the police captured outlined an organization with a Grand Cyclops, Vice-Grand Cyclops, and Secretary and openly advocated assassination of the "murders and robbers" now ruling the South. Members were bound to participate in the activities of the order, even if it meant leaving the "embraces" of their wife.Newton and Newton, p. 348 A , composed of delegates from Spartanburg, York, Union, and Chester counties in South Carolina and a few from North Carolina, met in Spartanburg, South Carolina and declared that no more raids or whippings would be conducted by members of the Klan except by their order and that the penalty for violating this order would be 100 lashes for the first offense and death for the second.

An attempt was apparently made to make Ghoul titles for other officers in Maury County, Tennessee in 1867 and early 1868, but the result was only confusion. Additionally a "" notified Klansmen in Lebanon, Tennessee to cease night riding and the order was apparently effective in restoring calm to Wilson County, Tennessee. In some early reconstruction Klan units there was also a , whose role as a guard of the den was later subsumed by the Nighthawks.

Second Era

The Knights of the Ku Klux Klan, Inc. which existed from 1915 to 1944, elaborated on the original prescript in its Kloran and in the constitution and by-laws adopted in 1922. Some titles and jurisdictional designations were carried over from the Reconstruction prescripts intact or slightly modified, and others were original with Imperial Wizard Simmons.

Jurisdictions

* – this designation included both the Klan's geographical domain – up to "the whole world" – but also in a "spiritual sense" all the secrets and workings of the order. All things outside this empire were designated the and non-members . The Klan was a military organization and its commander in chief was the Imperial Wizard, whose power was supreme and whose edicts, decisions and rulings were binding on all members of the order. He had a staff of . The Empire had an assembly or convocation known as a Klonvokation.
* – was carried away from the Reconstruction prescript, but it was no longer restricted to the Southern States; any state or territory of the United States could become a Realm, and Realms were also given a number based on the date of organization of the Realm. The convention of the Realm was designated the (from the Māori ''kōrero'', "convention"). The president of the Realm remained the Grand Dragon; the other officers were collectively known as the .
* – in the new Klan, a Province was construed as designated by the Grand Dragon. There were a maximum of six provinces per realm, but the Grand Dragon could create more with the permission of the Imperial Wizard. The Provincial convention was the (from "converse"). The chief officer of a Province was a , and the other officers were known as the .
* – the basic unit of the Second Era KKK was known simply as a Klan. Its area of jurisdiction was a (from " canton") which was defined as unless otherwise directed by the Grand Dragon or Imperial Wizard. The chief officer of a Klan was an and the subordinate officers were known as the .

Officials

There was a nearly identical set of subordinate officers at each level:
* – president
* – vice president (from ''Caliph'')
* – lecturer (from '' Kloran'' and ''kard'', meaning "teacher")
* – chaplain (from ''Culdee'')
* – secretary (from '' chirographer'')
* – treasurer (supposedly derived from ''kaba'', "to keep", and ''kees'', an Egyptian coin)
* – "conductor", in charge of initiating new members
* – inner guard, sergeant-at-arms (from '' caveo'' and "interrogate")
* – outer guard (from '' ken'' and "external")
* – couriers

The officers at each level above the local Klan unit were designated by a unique prefix: at the Empire level; at the Realm level; and at the Province level. Thus, for instance, an would be the chaplain for the whole organization, a for the Realm, for a Province and simply Kludd for a local Klan.

Not all offices were reproduced at each level. The Kladd, Klarogo, Klexter, and Klokard were not present at the Province level, and the Kladd was not included on the Realm level. The , second vice-president, and , attorney, positions only existed at the Imperial level. The Klazik's duties included being head of the department of Realms and organizing new Realms and Provinces. At the Province level there were three Klaliffs that served as an advisory board. A of three members, each one named a Klokan, filled this role at the local levels and a Klokann of four members at the Imperial level, in which they served as a and was led by a .

The constituted his ; this was the Imperial Wizards supreme advisory board, as well as the Klans highest administrative organ in between . It met regularly every July, but could also be called when the Imperial Wizard or five Geniis petitioned him to do so. The was also the Supreme Tribunal of Justice of the organization with appellate jurisdiction and the right to finally determine disputes between Realms, Provinces, Klans and members in unorganized states

was adopted as an emeritus title: for an ex-Imperial Wizard, Grand Giant for an ex-Grand Dragon, Great Giant for ex-Great Titan, and Klan Giant for an ex-Exalted Cyclops.

A Kleagle was a recruiter and was responsible for organizing local Klans.

Post-1944

Since the dissolution of Knights of the Ku Klux Klan, Inc. in 1944, there have been many Klan groups. Details of the nomenclature have varied, somewhat, among the different groups, but some terms have had more currency than others. Over time, the term replaced klan for local groups.Newton and Newton, p. 322 Imperial Wizard and Grand Dragon have still been generally used for the leader of a Klan organization and for state (realm) leaders. Exceptions included cases of one state Klans, such as the Association of Georgia Klans, whose leader, Samuel Green, kept the title Grand Dragon until shortly before his death. The White Knights of the Ku Klux Klan created some innovations in their organization including a bicameral with an upper house and lower .

In the late 1970s, David Duke's Knights of the Ku Klux Klan dropped the Imperial Wizard title; the leader was called national director. That organization, now known as the Knights Party, no longer uses most of the traditional Klan titles, and the only fraternal titles used are , , and for levels of membership.

Vocabulary

Aside from titles and geographical designations, a distinctive vocabulary has grown around the Ku Klux Klan organizations. These include names for rituals, code words, and practices of the various Klans.

* Klankraft or Klanishness – the overall practice and state of being a Klan member. This could be defined as the employment and patronizing of fellow Klansmen, as well as sale of official Klan memorabilia, such as T-shirts, watches and belt buckles. Imperial Wizard Robert Shelton gave this definition: . Other definitions included maintaining the sanctity of one's home, maintenance of white supremacy and purity, and loyalty to the Klan itself.

Membership

There are terms related to membership and non-membership:
* Alien – a non-member
* Naturalization – the Klan initiation ceremony
* Citizen – a Klan member
* Passport – membership card
* Banished – expelled from the Klan
* Yellow dog – a hazing ritual similar to the type used in college fraternities; when practiced by imperial officers, called the Royal Order of the Purple Dog.

Groups

Groups of Klansmen that were commissioned for "special activities":
* Wrecking Crew – an action squad commissioned to take physical action against enemies and wayward members of the Klan. Depending on time and organization, these groups consisted of five to eight members and were authorized either by the klokann, the Exalted Cyclops and/or the Kludd. Sometimes led by the Nighthawk. An action taken by the crew is wrecked. Some names used by wrecking crews include "Secret Six", "Ass-tear Squad" and "Holy terrors".
* Klan Bureau of Investigation – Pioneered by the Mississippi White Knights, these groups investigate the Klan's enemies and check leaks.Anti-Defamation League, p. 292
* Degree teams – a group which performs the task of initiation.

Finances

* Klectoken or Klecktokon – initiation fee. It stabilized around $10 before the 1970s.
* Imperial tax – membership dues
* Provincial tax – secondary dues, paid per capita for the upkeep of a Realm.

Code words and phrases

* A.Y.A.K. or Ayak – "Are you a Klansman?" to be answered with below.
* A.K.I.A. or Akia – "A Klansman I am"; these were code words for Klansmen meeting in strange surroundings. They would be inserted into common conversation, for instance to be responded by The password would then be accompanied by a secret handshake or other sign of recognition.
* K.I.G.Y or Kigy – "Klansman, I greet you"
* S.A.N.B.O.G. or Sanbog – "Strangers are near, be on guard"Anti-Defamation League p. 293
* Itsub – "In the sacred unfailing bond", a correspondence sign-off
* Sor – "Sign of recognition"
* K.L.A.S.P. – "Klannish loyalty a sacred principle"
* C.A.B.A.R.K. – "Constantly Applied By All Real Klansmen"
* O.R.I.O.N – Our Race Is Our Nation.
* L.O.T.I.E or LOTIE – Lady Of The Invisible Empire. This was one of a number of names for Klan women's auxiliaries.

Dates and times

Two KKK codes for dates and times have been developed, the Ku Klux Register in the original prescripts and the Kalender developed by William J. Simmons.

Ku Klux Register

In the original prescripts the register contained twelve designations, thought to correspond to months:Newton and Newton, p.337

* 1st – Dismal
* 2nd – Sassy
* 3rd – Fast
* 4th – Furious
* 5th – Portentous
* 6th – Wonderful
* 7th – Alarming
* 8th – Kool
* 9th – Melancholy
* 10th – Mournful
* 11th – Dying
* 12th – Fabulous

The second prescript had a slightly different scheme.

# Dismal
# Mystic
# Stormy
# Peculiar
# Blooming
# Brilliant
# Painful
# Portentous
# Fading
# Melancholy
# Glorious
# Gloomy

Colors were used for the days of the week:

Twelve designations were used for the hours of the day:Lester, pp.148, 176

* 1st prescript
*# Fearful
*# Startling
*# Awful
*# Woeful
*# Horrid
*# Bloody
*# Doleful
*# Sorrowful
*# Hideous
*# Frightful
*# Appalling
*# Last
* 2nd prescript
*# Fearful
*# Startling
*# Wonderful
*# Alarming
*# Mournful
*# Appalling
*# Hideous
*# Frightful
*# Awful
*# Horrible
*# Dreadful
*# Last

Kalender

The Kalender developed by W. J. Simmons included codes for days of the week, weeks, months and years. For months:Newton and Newton, pp. 307–308''Constitution'' p. 87

* January – Bloody
* February – Gloomy
* March – Hideous
* April – Fearful
* May – Furious
* June – Alarming
* July – Terrible
* August – Horrible
* September– Mournful
* October – Sorrowful
* November – Frightful
* December – Appalling

For weeks and days:

* Weeks
*# Woeful
*# Weeping
*# Wailing
*# Wonderful
*# Weird
* Days
*# Dark
*# Deadly
*# Dismal
*# Doleful
*# Desolate
*# Dreadful
*# Desperate

Years were reckoned according to reigns and cycles. The Reign of Incarnation and Incantation was all time up to the American Revolutionary War. The First Reign of our Incarnation and Incantation was the period between the Revolution and the establishment of the original Klan, which was reckoned to May 6, 1866, in this scheme. The Reign of our Second Incarnation and Incantation was reckoned between 1866 and Grand Wizard Nathan Bedford Forrest's dissolution of the Klan, which is reckoned to 1872. The Reign of our Third Incarnation and Incantation began in 1915. The Klan year, Anno Klanslar, began in May of each year, and the cycle was reckoned from December of each calendar year.''Constitution'' p. 88

Footnotes

External links

*
Prescript of the * *
' first edition of the Klans 1867 prescript
*
Revised and Amended Prescript of the Order of the * * *
' first edition of the Klans 1868 prescript

{{Ku Klux Klan

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