Eugène-Auguste Ysaÿe (; 16 July 185812 May 1931) was a Belgian
virtuoso violin
The violin, sometimes referred to as a fiddle, is a wooden chordophone, and is the smallest, and thus highest-pitched instrument (soprano) in regular use in the violin family. Smaller violin-type instruments exist, including the violino picc ...
ist,
composer
A composer is a person who writes music. The term is especially used to indicate composers of Western classical music, or those who are composers by occupation. Many composers are, or were, also skilled performers of music.
Etymology and def ...
, and
conductor. He was regarded as "The King of the Violin", or, as
Nathan Milstein put it, the "tsar".
Early years
Born in
Liège
Liège ( ; ; ; ; ) is a City status in Belgium, city and Municipalities in Belgium, municipality of Wallonia, and the capital of the Liège Province, province of Liège, Belgium. The city is situated in the valley of the Meuse, in the east o ...
, Ysaÿe began
violin
The violin, sometimes referred to as a fiddle, is a wooden chordophone, and is the smallest, and thus highest-pitched instrument (soprano) in regular use in the violin family. Smaller violin-type instruments exist, including the violino picc ...
lessons at age five with his father. He would later recognize his father's teaching as the foundation of everything he knew on his instrument, even though he went on to study with highly reputed masters. In 1867, Ysaÿe entered the
Royal Conservatory of Liège to study with Désiré Heynberg, and in the process won a shared second prize with the
Viotti 22nd Violin Concerto.
He then went on to study with
Henryk Wieniawski for two years in
Brussels
Brussels, officially the Brussels-Capital Region, (All text and all but one graphic show the English name as Brussels-Capital Region.) is a Communities, regions and language areas of Belgium#Regions, region of Belgium comprising #Municipalit ...
and
Henri Vieuxtemps in
Paris
Paris () is the Capital city, capital and List of communes in France with over 20,000 inhabitants, largest city of France. With an estimated population of 2,048,472 residents in January 2025 in an area of more than , Paris is the List of ci ...
.
Studying with these teachers meant that he was part of the so-called Franco-Belgian school of violin playing, which dates back to the development of the modern violin bow by
François Tourte. Qualities of this "École" included elegance, a full tone with a sense of drawing a "long" bow with no jerks, precise left hand techniques, and bowing using the whole forearm while keeping both the wrist and upper arm quiet (as opposed to
Joseph Joachim's German school of wrist bowing and
Leopold Auer's Russian concept of using the whole arm.)
Early career
After his graduation from the
Royal Conservatory of Liège, Ysaÿe was the principal violin of the
Benjamin Bilse beer-hall orchestra, which later developed into the
Berlin Philharmonic. Many musicians of note and influence came regularly to hear this orchestra and Ysaÿe in particular, among them
Joseph Joachim,
Franz Liszt
Franz Liszt (22 October 1811 – 31 July 1886) was a Hungarian composer, virtuoso pianist, conductor and teacher of the Romantic music, Romantic period. With a diverse List of compositions by Franz Liszt, body of work spanning more than six ...
,
Clara Schumann, and
Anton Rubinstein, who asked that Ysaÿe be released from his contract to accompany him on tour.
When Ysaÿe was 27 years old, he was recommended as a soloist for one of the
Concerts Colonne in Paris, which was the start of his great success as a concert artist. The next year, Ysaÿe received a professorship at the
Brussels Conservatoire. His teaching career continued for the rest of his life, even after he left the Conservatory in 1898. Among his notable pupils were
Josef Gingold, the
viola virtuoso
William Primrose, the violin virtuoso
Nathan Milstein (who primarily studied with
Pyotr Stolyarsky),
Oskar Back,
Ernest Bloch,
Jascha Brodsky,
Mathieu Crickboom,
George Enescu,
Aldo Ferraresi,
Jonny Heykens,
Nellie A. Hope,
Charles Houdret,
Julia Klumpke,
Louis Persinger,
Oscar Shumsky, and
Jacques Thibaud. ()
During his tenure as professor at the Conservatoire, Ysaÿe continued to tour ever more widely, visiting all of Europe, Russia, and the United States. Despite health concerns, particularly regarding the condition of his hands, Ysaÿe was at his best when performing, and many prominent composers dedicated major works to him, including
Claude Debussy,
Camille Saint-Saëns,
César Franck, and
Ernest Chausson. He arranged for violin and orchestra Saint-Saëns's ''Étude en forme de valse'', which had originally been written for solo piano.
Franck's
Violin Sonata in A was written as a wedding present for Ysaÿe and his wife in 1886. Ysaÿe played it often for the rest of his life. Chausson's ''
Poème'' was his response to Ysaÿe's request for a concerto.
Joseph Szigeti thought those two dedications demonstrated the enormous respect in which Ysaÿe was held.
In 1886, he established the
Ysaÿe Quartet, which premiered Debussy's
String Quartet
The term string quartet refers to either a type of musical composition or a group of four people who play them. Many composers from the mid-18th century onwards wrote string quartets. The associated musical ensemble consists of two Violin, violini ...
.
Teaching and composing
As his physical ailments grew more prohibitive, Ysaÿe turned more to teaching, conducting and an early love, composition. Among his most famous works are the six ''Sonatas for Solo Violin'' op. 27, the unaccompanied ''Sonata for Cello'', op. 28, one ''Sonata for Two Violins'', eight ''Poèmes'' for various instruments (one or two violins, violin and cello, string quartet) and orchestra (''Poème élégiaque'', ''Poème de l'Extase'', ''Chant d'hiver'', ''Poème nocturne'', among others), pieces for string orchestra without
basses (including ''Exil''), several violin concertos, various shorter pieces for violin and piano, two string trios, an early string quintet, and an
opera
Opera is a form of History of theatre#European theatre, Western theatre in which music is a fundamental component and dramatic roles are taken by Singing, singers. Such a "work" (the literal translation of the Italian word "opera") is typically ...
, ''Peter the Miner'', written near the end of his life in the
Walloon language.
Ysaÿe had been offered the post of music director of the
New York Philharmonic in 1898, but declined it due to his busy solo performance schedule. In 1918, he accepted the music director's position with the
Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra, where he remained until 1922 and with which he made several recordings.
Finally, in 1931, suffering from the extreme ravages of
diabetes that had necessitated the amputation of his left foot, Eugène Ysaÿe died in his house in
Forest, Belgium, 48 Avenue Brugmann, and was interred in the
Ixelles Cemetery in
Brussels
Brussels, officially the Brussels-Capital Region, (All text and all but one graphic show the English name as Brussels-Capital Region.) is a Communities, regions and language areas of Belgium#Regions, region of Belgium comprising #Municipalit ...
.
Performing career

As a performer, Ysaÿe was compelling and highly original.
Pablo Casals claimed never to have heard a violinist play in tune before Ysaÿe, and
Carl Flesch called him "the most outstanding and individual violinist I have ever heard in my life."
Ysaÿe possessed a large and flexible tone, influenced by a considerable variety of
vibrato — from no vibrato at all to very intense. He said, "Don't always vibrate, but always be vibrating". His ''
modus operandi'' was, in his own words: "Nothing which wouldn't have for goal emotion, poetry, heart." The conductor Sir
Henry Wood said, "The quality of tone was ravishingly beautiful.... He seemed to get more colour out of a violin than any of his contemporaries."
[Sir Henry Wood, ''My Life of Music'' (Victor Gollancz 1938), pp171, 173.]
Possibly the most distinctive feature of Ysaÿe's interpretations was his masterful
rubato (in English: "stolen"). Sir Henry Wood said, "Whenever he stole time from one note, he faithfully paid it back within four bars",
[ allowing his accompanist to maintain strict tempo under his free cantilena. Incidentally, this kind of rubato fits the description of ]Frédéric Chopin
Frédéric François Chopin (born Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin; 1 March 181017 October 1849) was a Polish composer and virtuoso pianist of the Romantic period who wrote primarily for Piano solo, solo piano. He has maintained worldwide renown ...
's rubato.
Although Ysaÿe was a great interpreter of late Romantic and early modern composers — Max Bruch
Max Bruch (6 January 1838 – 2 October 1920) was a German Romantic Music, Romantic composer, violinist, teacher, and conductor who wrote more than 200 works, including three violin concertos, the first of which has become a staple of the violin ...
, Camille Saint-Saëns, and César Franck, who said he was their greatest interpreter — he was admired for his Bach and Beethoven interpretations. His technique was brilliant and finely honed, and in this respect he is the first modern violinist whose technique was without the shortcomings of some earlier artists.
An international violin competition in Brussels was created in his memory: in 1951, this became the violin section of the Queen Elisabeth Music Competition.
Personal life
Ysaÿe was married twice. His first marriage, on 28 September 1886 in Arlon, was to Louise Bourdau (from Dendermonde
Dendermonde (; , ) is a city in the Flemish Region, Flemish Provinces of Belgium, province of East Flanders in Belgium. The Municipalities of Belgium, municipality comprises the city of Dendermonde and the towns of Appels, Baasrode, Grembergen, M ...
), with whom he had three sons and two daughters: Gabriel (1887–1961), Carry (1889–1930), Thérèse called Thésy (1890–1956), Antoine (1894–1979) and Théodore (1898–1934). César Franck presented his Violin Sonata in A to them as a gift on the morning of the wedding, and after a hurried rehearsal Ysaÿe performed the piece at the marriage celebration. The sonata had its formal concert premiere in Brussels on 15 December 1886 with Franck in the audience.
After Louise's death (9 February 1924) he married a pupil of his, Jeanette Dincin (1902–1967), 44 years his junior. She was a violinist who in her teens had studied with prominent teachers such as Franz Kneisel, Leopold Auer, and Otakar Ševčík. Ysaÿe met her in 1922 while conductor of the Cincinnati Orchestra. She cared for him in his ailing years. Eugène's only request of her after he died was that she carry on her performances under his name.
His brother was pianist
A pianist ( , ) is a musician who plays the piano. A pianist's repertoire may include music from a diverse variety of styles, such as traditional classical music, jazz piano, jazz, blues piano, blues, and popular music, including rock music, ...
and composer Théo Ysaÿe (1865–1918), and his great-grandson is Marc Ysaÿe, founder-controller of radio Classic 21 and drummer of rock band Machiavel. Eugène Ysaÿe was also close friends with Queen Elisabeth of Belgium, whom he taught violin despite her lack of talent. His widow took over the royal teaching herself after his death, and the queen began the competition in his honor. His granddaughter, Nadine Ysaye Mosbaugh, was a noted concert pianist who toured Europe with José Iturbi before settling down in Canada. She also hosted and performed on a classical radio program on CKAR Radio in Huntsville, Ontario. Ysaÿe's great-grandson, Franc Mosbaugh, is a Canadian musician/singer and award-winning commercial jingle composer.
Ysaÿe was also a friend of Claude Debussy and would sometimes correspond with him by letter. The two had great respect for each other and Ysaÿe was a significant supporter of the younger composer's early career. Debussy dedicated his only string quartet
The term string quartet refers to either a type of musical composition or a group of four people who play them. Many composers from the mid-18th century onwards wrote string quartets. The associated musical ensemble consists of two Violin, violini ...
to the violinist, who studied the score with great care. The quartet received its premiere on 29 December 1893 by the Ysaÿe Quartet at the Société Nationale in Paris, to mixed reviews. The virtuoso and the composer also corresponded during the writing of Debussy's '' Nocturnes''.
Legend of the Ysaÿe violin
Eugène Ysaÿe came from a background of "artisans", though a large part of his family played instruments. As violinist Arnold Steinhardt recounts, a legend was passed down through the Ysaÿe family about the first violin brought to the lineage:
It was told of a boy whom some woodcutters found in the forest and brought to the village. The boy grew up to be a blacksmith. Once, at a village festival, he astonished everyone by playing the viol
The viola da gamba (), or viol, or informally gamba, is a bowed and fretted string instrument that is played (i.e. "on the leg"). It is distinct from the later violin family, violin, or ; and it is any one of the earlier viol family of bow (m ...
beautifully. From then on the villagers took pleasure in dancing and singing to the strains of his viol. One day an illustrious stranger stopped in front of the smithy to have his horse shod. The count's servant saw the viol inside and told the young smith that he had heard a new Italian instrument played by some minstrels at the count's court. That instrument, called the violin, was much better than the viol – its tone was like the human voice and could express every feeling and passion. From that moment the young man no longer took pleasure in his viol. Day and night he was thinking of that wonderful new instrument that could express joy and sorrow and whose tones went straight to the human heart.
Then he had a dream: he saw before him a young woman of indescribable beauty, not unlike his own love, Biethline. She came to him and kissed his brow. The young man awoke and looked at the wall his broken and neglected viol used to hang on and could barely believe his eyes: there, instead of the viol, was a new instrument of beautiful proportions. He put it against his shoulder and drew the bow over the strings, producing sounds that were truly divine. The violin sang in a heartwarming tone: it rejoiced and wept for happiness – and so did the musician. Thus, goes the legend, came the first violin to the Ardennes and to the Ysaÿe family.[Arnold Steinhardt, ''Violin Dreams'' (Mariner Books 2008), pp. 33, 34.]
The Eugène Ysaÿe Collection
The Eugène Ysaÿe Collection, housed in the Music Division of the Royal Library of Belgium, combines four decades of purchases with a donation made by the Ysaÿe family in 2007. An essential source for the study of musician's life and works, it includes some 700 letters and autograph scores, over 1,000 printed scores and books, abundant collection of photographs, four films, and about fifty 78 RPM
A phonograph record (also known as a gramophone record, especially in British English) or a vinyl record (for later varieties only) is an analog sound storage medium in the form of a flat disc with an inscribed, modulated spiral groove. The g ...
and 33 RPM recordings. A second collection of handwritten and printed scores is conserved in New York at the Juilliard School
The Juilliard School ( ) is a Private university, private performing arts music school, conservatory in New York City. Founded by Frank Damrosch as the Institute of Musical Art in 1905, the school later added dance and drama programs and became ...
.
Honours
* 1900: Officer in the Order of Leopold.
* 1919: Commander of the Order of Leopold.
List of compositions
Works for solo violin
* 6 Sonatas for solo violin, Op. 27 (each dedicated to a different famous violinist and written in their corresponding styles)
**Sonata No. 1 (" Joseph Szigeti")
** Sonata No. 2 (" Jacques Thibaud")
** Sonata No. 3 (" Georges Enescu")
**Sonata No. 4 (" Fritz Kreisler")
**Sonata No. 5 (" Mathieu Crickboom")
**Sonata No. 6 (" Manuel Quiroga")
**Sonata No. 7 (posthume) (" Manuel Quiroga")
* 10 Preludes (Exercises for violin), Op. 35
* Étude posthume
* Cadenza for Beethoven, Violin Concerto in D major, Op. 61, 1st mov. (1888–89)
* Cadenza for Mozart, Violin Concerto No. 3 in G major, K. 216, 1st, 2nd and 3rd mov.
* Cadenza for Tchaikovsky, Violin Concerto in D major, Op. 35, 1st mov.
* Cadenza for Brahms, Violin Concerto in D major, Op. 77, 1st mov.
Works for violin and piano
* Scènes Sentimentales (1885) s discovered in 2012ref name=divine/>
* 2 Mazurkas de Salon, Op.10 (c.1893)
*# ''Dans le lointain'' (Tempo di Mazurka)
*# ''Mazurka'', in A minor (Moderato) rchestrated by Allan Wilson* ''Lointain passé'', Mazurka No.3 in B minor, Op.11 (1893)
* Petite fantaisie romantique (c.1901)[
* Poème élégiaque, for violin and piano (1892/3) evised as Poème No.1 in D minor, for violin and orchestra, Op.12* Rêve d'enfant, in A-flat major, for violin and piano (or orchestra) Op.14
* Untitled piece in F-sharp minor (c.1912) s discovered in 2012, ending missing, completed and entitled ''Élégie'', by Sherban Lupuref name=divine/>
* Trois Études-Poèmes (completed 1924) ss discovered in 2012ref name=divine/>
*# Sérénade, in G minor (Allegretto poco scherzando) s piano part missing, piano accompaniment written by Sabin Pautza*# Au ruisseau (Poco lento)
*# Cara memoria, in E-flat minor (Molto moderato alla marcia funèbre)
* "Paganini Variations", on 24th Caprice (published 1960)
* "Caprice after the Study in the form of a Waltz, Op. 52/6" (composed by Camille Saint-Saëns, arranged by Ysaÿe)
* Deux célèbres Arias (composed by J.S. Bach and G.F. Handel, arranged by Ysaÿe)
* Waltz in E minor Op.posth. KIVa/15(composed by Frédéric Chopin, arranged by Ysaÿe)
* Ballade No. 1 in G minor, Op. 23 (composed by Frédéric Chopin, arranged by Ysaÿe)
* ''Légende norvégienne''.
]
Chamber works
* String Quintet, in B minor, for 2 violins, 2 violas and cello "à mon frère Théophile" (1894) rave et lent – Allegro ater arranged for violin and piano/orchestra Op.15* Sonata for solo cello, in C minor, Op.28 (1924) . Grave; 2. Intermezzo; 3. In modo di Recitativo; 4. Finale. Con brio* Sonata for two violins, in A minor, Op. posth. (1915) [1. Poco lento, maestoso – Allegro fermo; 2. Allegretto poco lento; 3. Finale. Allegro vivo e con fuoco)
* String Trio No.1, Op. 33, a.k.a. "Le Chimay" (1927) [Molto lento – Allegro non troppo – Lento ben sostenuto – Allegro non-troppo – Allegro poco presto]
* String Trio No.2, Op. 34 (1927) [Allegro assai – Lento]
* Trio “Le Londres” for 2 violins and viola
* String Quartet
* "Paganini Variations" for String Quartet
Orchestral works
* ''Brabançonne'' in D major, for orchestra (1918)
* ''Exil'', for string orchestra without double basses, Op.25 (1917)
Concertante works
* ''Poème élégiaque'' (Poème No.1) in D minor, for violin and orchestra Op.12 (1902/3) rchestrated by Jacques Ysaye* ''Au rouet'' (Poème No.2), for violin and orchestra, Op.13
* ''Chant d'hiver'' (Poème No.3), in B minor, for violin and orchestra (or piano), Op.15 (1902) ame music of String Quintet* ''Méditation'', for cello and orchestra, Op.16
* Violin Concerto No.?, in G minor, for violin and orchestra, Op.17 (1893,1901,1908,1910) ss discovered in 2012, reconstructed from 4 ms versions by Sherban Lupu and orchestrated by Sabin Pautza in 2017ref name=divin
CD booklet for the album Eugène Ysaÿe: Violin Discoveries
Divine Art (UK) DDA-25222 (2021).
* ''Berceuse'', in F minor, for violin and orchestra, Op.20
* ''Extase'' (Poème No.4), for violin and orchestra, Op.21 (dedicated to Mischa Elman)
* ''Sérénade'', for cello and orchestra, Op.22
* ''Les neiges d'antan'' (Poème No.5), for violin and orchestra, Op.23 (1911)
* ''Divertimento'', for violin and orchestra (or piano) Op.24 (1921) . Molto moderato; 2. Allegro non-troppo vivo* ''Amitié'' (Poème No.6), for 2 violins and orchestra, Op.26
* ''Poème nocturne'' (Poème No.7), for violin, cello and orchestra, Op.29
* ''Harmonies du soir'' (Poème No.8), for string quartet and orchestra, Op.31
* ''Fantasia'', for violin and orchestra, Op.32
* Violin Concerto No.8 (orchestrated by Jacques Ysaÿe) . Grave e lento poco mesto; II. Andante non-troppo; III. (with no tempo indication)*Violin Concerto No.?, in E minor, for violin and orchestra . Allegro appassionato non troppo vivo* ''Saltarelle carnavalesque'', in A minor, for violin and orchestra (or piano), Op.posth
Operas
* ''Piére li houyeû'' (Pierre le mineur) 1931 (Original in Walloon language, perhaps the only opera composed for a libretto in that language)
:The première of ''Piére li houyeû'' (the composer's only opera) took place at the Opéra de Liège on 4 March 1931, during a long evening dedicated to the composer's works, in the presence of Queen Elisabeth of Belgium who had been his pupil. Ysaÿe, very ill with diabetes, listened to the performance from his hospital room. The Queen, informed of the seriousness of Ysaÿe's condition, had organised a radio broadcast of the work and Ysaÿe addressed the audience from his room. The work was then performed in Brussels on 25 April. Ysaÿe, transported on a stretcher to a box in the theater, was able to view the performance. He died 18 days later.
The critics were appreciative but the opera did not find a place in the standard repertoire. It was performed again by Opéra Royal de Wallonie in Liege, 25 November 2006. This performance was recorded and is published by the non-profit association in a two CD set accompanied by a book containing the Walloon text and its French, Dutch and English translations, and introductory texts in French, Dutch, German and English. The story is based on an incident that occurred in 1877 during a miners' strike in the Liège region. During clashes with the police, some shots were fired. The wife of a foreman rushed forward to seize a grenade which had been placed in the offices by a striker, but the grenade exploded and she was killed.
* ''L’avièrge di pièr'' (La vierge de pierre) – not completed, not performed
A complete list of available orchestral works, including concerto works, is available on the Symphony Orchestra Library Center.
Selected discography
eleased on CD, Sony Classical MHK 62337, 1996
Camille de Creus, piano accompaniment
Source:[De Creus (aka: Creus, Decreus), Camille Leo Ernest Jules (born: 23 Sep 1876, Paris, France – died: 26 Sep 1939, Fontainebleau, France), pianist and composer.]
* R. Wagner: ''Prize Song'' from '' Die Meistersinger Von Nürnberg'', recorded 1 Feb.1912
* E. Chabrier: ''Pièce pittoresque No.10'' from Scherzo-Valse, recorded 20 Dec.1912
* R. Schumann: ''Abendlied'', Op.85, No.12 by Schumann, recorded 24 Dec.1912
* H. Wieniawski: ''Obertass'', Mazurka Op.19, No.1 in G major, recorded 26 Dec.1912
* H. Wieniawski: ''Dudziarz'', Mazurka Op.19, No.2 in D major, recorded 26 Dec.1912
* G. Fauré: ''Berceuse'' Op.16, recorded 27 Dec.1912
* F. Mendelssohn: Concerto for Violin and Orchestra in E minor Op.64 (III: Allegro molto vivace), recorded 27 Dec.1912
* H. Vieuxtemps: ''Rondino'' Op.32, No.2, recorded 30 Dec.1912
* J. Brahms: ''Hungarian Dance No.5'', in F-sharp minor (arr. Joachim), recorded 30 Dec.1912
* F. Kreisler: ''Caprice Viennois'', Op.2, recorded 30 Dec.1912
* R. Wagner: ''Albumblatt'' in C major, recorded 30 Dec.1912
* E. Ysaÿe: ''Lointain passé'', Mazurka No.3 in B minor Op.11, recorded 1 Feb.1913
* E. Ysaÿe: ''Rêve d'Enfant'' Op.14, recorded 1 Feb.1913
* A. Dvořák: ''Humoresque'' in G-flat major Op.101, No.7 (arr. Kreisler), recorded 9 Mar.1914
* F. Schubert: ''Ave Maria'' D.839, recorded 9 Mar.1914
* E. Chabrier: '' Marche Joyeuse'', recorded 30 Nov.1919
Conducting the Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra, recorded 28 Nov 1919
* L. Delibes: ''Intermezzo'' from 'Naila' (Pas Des Fleurs, Grande Valse)
* Aimé Maillart: Overture to '' Les Dragons De Villars''
* J. Massenet: ''Navarraise'' from ' Le Cid', by Massenet
* Eduard Lassen: ''Festival Overture''
* E. Chabrier: ''Marche Joyeuse''
* N. Rimsky-Korsakov: ''Scheherazade''
* J. Offenbach: '' Orpheus in Hades''
References
*
*
External links
*
Eugène Ysaÿe biography
at the Classical Composers Database
*
Violinists of the Early Twentieth Century—Eugene Ysaÿe
portrait of Ysaye
(North American Theatre Online, Alexander Street)
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ysaye, Eugene
1858 births
1931 deaths
19th-century Belgian classical composers
19th-century classical violinists
19th-century conductors (music)
20th-century Belgian classical composers
20th-century Belgian classical violinists
20th-century Belgian conductors (music)
20th-century Belgian male musicians
Belgian opera composers
Burials at Ixelles Cemetery
Composers for violin
Diabetes-related deaths
Honorary members of the Royal Philharmonic Society
Belgian male classical violinists
Belgian male conductors (music)
Belgian male opera composers
Musicians awarded knighthoods
Musicians from Liège
Pupils of Henri Vieuxtemps
Belgian Romantic composers
Academic staff of the Royal Conservatory of Brussels
Royal Conservatory of Liège alumni
Royal Philharmonic Society Gold Medallists
Violin educators
Music directors of the Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra