Heavy equipment, heavy machinery, earthmovers, construction vehicles, or construction equipment, refers to heavy-duty vehicles specially designed to execute

construction Construction are processes involved in delivering buildings, infrastructure, industrial facilities, and associated activities through to the end of their life. It typically starts with planning, financing, and design that continues until the a ...

tasks, most frequently involving earthwork operations or other large construction tasks. ''Heavy equipment'' usually comprises five equipment systems: the implement, traction, structure, power train, and control/information. Heavy equipment has been used since at least the 1st century BC, when the ancient Roman engineer Vitruvius described a crane powered by human or animal labor in '' De architectura''. Heavy equipment functions through the mechanical advantage of a

simple machine A simple machine is a machine, mechanical device that changes the Direction (geometry) , direction or Magnitude_(mathematics) , magnitude of a force. In general, they can be defined as the simplest Mechanism (engineering) , mechanisms that use ...

that multiplies the

ratio In mathematics, a ratio () shows how many times one number contains another. For example, if there are eight oranges and six lemons in a bowl of fruit, then the ratio of oranges to lemons is eight to six (that is, 8:6, which is equivalent to the ...

between input force applied and force exerted, easing and speeding tasks which often could otherwise take hundreds of people and many weeks' labor. Some such equipment uses hydraulic drives as a primary source of motion. The word plant, in this context, has come to mean any type of industrial equipment, including mobile equipment (e.g. in the same sense as powerplant). However, plant originally meant "structure" or "establishment" – usually in the sense of factory or warehouse premises; as such, it was used in contradistinction to movable machinery, often in the phrase "plant and equipment".

History

The use of heavy equipment has a long history; the ancient Roman engineer Vitruvius (1st century BCE) gave descriptions of heavy equipment and cranes in

ancient Rome In modern historiography, ancient Rome is the Roman people, Roman civilisation from the founding of Rome, founding of the Italian city of Rome in the 8th century BC to the Fall of the Western Roman Empire, collapse of the Western Roman Em ...

in his treatise '' De architectura''. The pile driver was invented around 1500. The first tunnelling shield was patented by Marc Isambard Brunel in 1818.

From horses, through steam and diesel, to electric and robotic

Until the 19th century and into the early 20th century heavy machines were drawn under human or animal power. With the advent of portable steam-powered engines the drawn machine precursors were reconfigured with the new engines, such as the combine harvester. The design of a core tractor evolved around the new steam power source into a new machine core

traction engine A traction engine is a steam engine, steam-powered tractor used to move heavy loads on roads, plough ground or to provide power at a chosen location. The name derives from the Latin ''tractus'', meaning 'drawn', since the prime function of any ...

, that can be configured as the steam tractor and the steamroller. During the 20th century, internal-combustion engines became the major power source of heavy equipment. Kerosene and ethanol engines were used, but today diesel engines are dominant. Mechanical transmission was in many cases replaced by hydraulic machinery. The early 20th century also saw new electric-powered machines such as the forklift. Caterpillar Inc. is a present-day brand from these days, starting out as the Holt Manufacturing Company. The first mass-produced heavy machine was the Fordson tractor in 1917. The first commercial continuous track vehicle was the 1901 Lombard Steam Log Hauler. The use of tracks became popular for tanks during

World War I World War I or the First World War (28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918), also known as the Great War, was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War I, Allies (or Entente) and the Central Powers. Fighting to ...

, and later for civilian machinery like the bulldozer. The largest engineering vehicles and mobile land machines are bucket-wheel excavators, built since the 1920s.

Until almost the twentieth century, one simple tool constituted the primary earthmoving machine: the hand shovel—moved with animal and human powered, sleds, barges, and wagons. This tool was the principal method by which material was either sidecast or elevated to load a conveyance, usually a wheelbarrow, or a cart or wagon drawn by a draft animal. In antiquity, an equivalent of the hand shovel or hoe and head basket—and masses of men—were used to move earth to build civil works. Builders have long used the inclined plane, levers, and pulleys to place solid building materials, but these labor-saving devices did not lend themselves to earthmoving, which required digging, raising, moving, and placing loose materials. The two elements required for mechanized earthmoving, then as now, were an independent power source and off-road mobility, neither of which could be provided by the technology of that time.

Container cranes were used from the 1950s and onwards, and made containerization possible. Nowadays such is the importance of this machinery, some transport companies have developed specific equipment to transport heavy construction equipment to and from sites. Most of the major equipment manufacturers such as Caterpillar, Volvo, Liebherr, and Bobcat have released or have been developing fully or partially electric-powered heavy equipment. Commercially-available models and R&D models were announced in 2019 and 2020. Robotics and autonomy has been a growing concern for heavy equipment manufacturers with manufacturers beginning research and technology acquisition. A number of companies are currently developing ( Caterpillar and Bobcat) or have launched ( Built Robotics) commercial solutions to the market.

Types

These subdivisions, in this order, are the standard heavy equipment categorization. Tractor * Bulldozer (dozer, track dozer) * Snowcat * Snowplow * Skidder *

Tractor A tractor is an engineering vehicle specifically designed to deliver a high tractive effort (or torque) at slow speeds, for the purposes of hauling a Trailer (vehicle), trailer or machinery such as that used in agriculture, mining or constructio ...

(wheel tractor) * Track tractor *

Locomotive A locomotive is a rail transport, rail vehicle that provides the motive power for a train. Traditionally, locomotives pulled trains from the front. However, Push–pull train, push–pull operation has become common, and in the pursuit for ...

* Artillery tractor * Crawler-transporter * Military engineering vehicles Grader * Grader Excavator * Amphibious excavator * Compact excavator * Dragline excavator * Dredger * Bucket-wheel excavator *

Excavator Excavators are heavy equipment (construction), heavy construction equipment primarily consisting of a backhoe, boom, dipper (or stick), Bucket (machine part), bucket, and cab on a rotating platform known as the "house". The modern excavator's ...

(digger) * Long reach excavator * Power shovel * Reclaimer * Suction excavator * Walking excavator * Trencher * Yarder Backhoe * Backhoe * Backhoe loader Timber * Feller buncher * Harvester *

Forwarder A forwarder is a forestry vehicle that carries big felling, felled Timber, logs cut by a Harvester (forestry), harvester from the stump to a roadside landing for later acquisition. Forwarders can use rubber tires or tracks. Unlike a skidder, a ...

* Skidder * Power saw * Track harvester * Wheel forwarder * Wheel skidder Pipelayer * Pipelayer (sideboom) Scraper * Fresno scraper * Scraper * Wheel tractor-scraper (belly scraper) Mining * Construction and mining tractor * Construction and mining truck * Dumper * Dump truck * Haul truck * Mining equipment Articulated * Articulated hauler Compactor * Wheel dozer (soil compactor) * Soil stabilizer Loader * Loader (payloader, front loader, wheel loader, integrated tool carrier) * Skip loader (skippy) Track loader * Track loader Skid-steer loader * Skid-steer loader Material handler * Aerial work platform, Lift table * Crane * Block-setting crane * Bulk-handling crane * Crane vessel * Aerial crane * Container crane * Gantry crane * Overhead crane * Electric overhead traveling crane * Ring crane * Level luffing crane * Mobile crane * Travel lift * Forklift *

Garbage truck A garbage truck is a truck specially designed to collect municipal solid waste and transport it to a list of solid waste treatment technologies, solid waste treatment facility, such as a landfill, materials recovery facility, recycling center ...

* Grapple truck, Knuckleboom loader (trailer mount) * Straddle carrier * Sidelifter * Reach stacker * Telescopic handlers * Tow truck Paving * Asphalt paver * Asphalt plant * Cold planer * Cure rig * Paver * Pavement milling * Pneumatic tire compactor * Roller (road roller, roller compactor) * Slipform paver * Vibratory compactor, Compactor Underground * Roadheader * Tunnel boring machine * Underground mining equipment Hydromatic tool * Ballast tamper * Attachments * Drilling rig * Horizontal directional drilling * Earth auger * Pile driver * Post pounder * Rotary tiller (rototiller, rotovator) Hydraulic machinery Highway * Tractor unit * Ballast tractor * Pushback tractor * Railcar mover * Highway 10 yard rear dump * Highway bottom dump (stiff), pup (belly train), triple * Highway end dump and side dump * Highway transfer, Transfer train * Concrete mixer * Concrete mix truck * Concrete mix dozer * Lowboy (trailer) * Street sweeper * Street sweep truck * Street sweep dozer

Images

File:CAT-D10N-pic001.jpg, The Caterpillar D10N bulldozer evolved from tracked-type

tractor A tractor is an engineering vehicle specifically designed to deliver a high tractive effort (or torque) at slow speeds, for the purposes of hauling a Trailer (vehicle), trailer or machinery such as that used in agriculture, mining or constructio ...

s and is characterized by a steel blade attached to the front that is used to push other equipment and construction materials, such as

earth Earth is the third planet from the Sun and the only astronomical object known to Planetary habitability, harbor life. This is enabled by Earth being an ocean world, the only one in the Solar System sustaining liquid surface water. Almost all ...

. File:Komatsu excavator PC210LC.JPG, The bucket

excavator Excavators are heavy equipment (construction), heavy construction equipment primarily consisting of a backhoe, boom, dipper (or stick), Bucket (machine part), bucket, and cab on a rotating platform known as the "house". The modern excavator's ...

Komatsu PC210-LC. File:SMC 200 R.jpg, The wheel trencher MARAIS SMC 200 R. File:DrillingMachine with ConcreteMixer and Pump02.jpg, Iron bar reinforced foundation piles are driven with a drilling machine, concrete pump, mixer-truck, and a specialized auger that allows pumping concrete through its axis while withdrawn. File:Dillingen Kran.jpg, Fixed crane in a coal mine in Germany File:TZAMA Panorama1m.jpg, Caterpillar D9L bulldozer, excavators and other heavy equipment vehicles parked near a

quarry A quarry is a type of open-pit mining, open-pit mine in which dimension stone, rock (geology), rock, construction aggregate, riprap, sand, gravel, or slate is excavated from the ground. The operation of quarries is regulated in some juri ...

in Israel File:Garzweiler Tagebau-1230.jpg, Bucket wheel excavators in Garzweiler surface mine,

Germany Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It lies between the Baltic Sea and the North Sea to the north and the Alps to the south. Its sixteen States of Germany, constituent states have a total popu ...

File:Komatsu Wheel Loader WA600-6,Hitachinaka city,Japan.jpg, Wheel loader File:Komatsu GD655 grader (11815425133).jpg, Grader cleaning and leveling File:Visible progress continues to show at the new Folsom Dam auxiliary spillway Sept. 23 as work on the approach channel and downstream chute take center stage. (21087516643).jpg, Heavy duty excavator with large bucket equipped. File:Landfill compactor.jpg, Landfill compactor (tamping tip) File:Komatsu bulldozer pushing coal in Power plant Ljubljana (winter 2017).jpg, Komatsu Dozer pushing coal on the job site File:Frontloaderorange.jpg, A wheeled front loader

equipped with a large bucket elevated by hydraulic rams. File:Aa Truckconveyor brooklane Epart DSCF0461.JPG, Folded conveyor on a tracked grinder File:IDF-D9-ZE001.jpg, The militarized Caterpillar D9 armored bulldozer allows for earthmoving projects in a combat environment. In the picture: IDF Caterpillar D9R. File:HSW 9.50 PICT0141.jpg, The militarized Huta Stalowa Wola backhoe loader in

Poland Poland, officially the Republic of Poland, is a country in Central Europe. It extends from the Baltic Sea in the north to the Sudetes and Carpathian Mountains in the south, bordered by Lithuania and Russia to the northeast, Belarus and Ukrai ...

which is subsidiary of LiuGong

China China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. With population of China, a population exceeding 1.4 billion, it is the list of countries by population (United Nations), second-most populous country after ...

Image:Img 613c.jpg, Military scraper Image:Pionierpanzer Dachs (2008).jpg, PiPz Dachs armoured engineering vehicle of the German Army (2008) File:Temporary roads deployment complex KRVD during the "Armiya 2021" exhibition (side-rear view).jpg , Temporary roads deployment complex during the " Armiya 2021" exhibition

Implements and hydromechanical work tools

* auger * backhoe *bale spear * broom * bulldozer blade *clam shell bucket *cold plane * demolition shears *equipment bucket * excavator bucket * forks * grapple * hydraulic hammer, hoe ram * hydraulics *hydraulic tilting bucket (4-in-1) *landscape tiller * material handling arm *mechanical pulverizer, crusher *multi processor *pavement removal bucket * pile driver * power take-off (PTO) * quick coupler * rake * ripper *rotating grab * sheep's foot compactor *skeleton bucket * snow blower * stump grinder *stump shear * thumb * tiltrotator * trencher * vibratory plate compactor *wheel saw

Traction: Off-the-road tires and tracks

Heavy equipment requires specialized tires for various construction applications. While many types of equipment have continuous tracks applicable to more severe service requirements, tires are used where greater speed or mobility is required. An understanding of what equipment will be used for during the life of the tires is required for proper selection. Tire selection can have a significant impact on production and unit cost. There are three types of off-the-road tires, ''transport'' for earthmoving machines, ''work'' for slow moving earthmoving machines, and ''load and carry'' for transporting as well as digging. Off-highway tires have six categories of service C compactor, E earthmover, G grader, L loader, LS log-skidder and ML mining and logging. Within these service categories are various tread types designed for use on hard-packed surface, soft surface and rock. Tires are a large expense on any construction project, careful consideration should be given to prevent excessive wear or damage.

Heavy equipment operator

A heavy equipment operator drives and operates heavy equipment used in

engineering Engineering is the practice of using natural science, mathematics, and the engineering design process to Problem solving#Engineering, solve problems within technology, increase efficiency and productivity, and improve Systems engineering, s ...

and

projects. Typically only skilled workers may operate heavy equipment, and there is specialized training for learning to use heavy equipment. Much publication about heavy equipment operators focuses on improving safety for such workers. The field of occupational medicine researches and makes recommendations about safety for these and other workers in safety-sensitive positions.

Equipment cost

Due to the small profit margins on construction projects it is important to maintain accurate records concerning equipment utilization, repairs and maintenance. The two main categories of equipment costs are ownership cost and operating cost.

Ownership cost

To classify as an ownership cost an expense must have been incurred regardless of if the equipment is used or not. These costs are as follows: * purchase expense * salvage value * tax savings from depreciation *major repairs and overhauls * property taxes * insurance *storage Depreciation can be calculated several ways, the simplest is the straight-line method. The annual depreciation is constant, reducing the equipment value annually. The following are simple equations paraphrased from the Peurifoy & Schexnayder text:

Operating cost

For an expense to be classified as an operating cost, it must be incurred through use of the equipment. These costs are as follows: The biggest distinction from a cost standpoint is if a repair is classified as a ''major repair'' or a ''minor repair''. A major repair can change the depreciable equipment value due to an extension in service life, while a minor repair is normal maintenance. How a firm chooses to cost major and minor repairs vary from firm to firm depending on the costing strategies being used. Some firms will charge only major repairs to the equipment while minor repairs are costed to a project. Another common costing strategy is to cost all repairs to the equipment and only frequently replaced wear items are excluded from the equipment cost. Many firms keep their costing structure closely guarded as it can impact the bidding strategies of their competition. In a company with multiple semi-independent divisions, the equipment department often wants to classify all repairs as "minor" and charge the work to a job – therefore improving their 'profit' from the equipment.

Models

Die-cast metal promotional scale models of heavy equipment are often produced for each vehicle to give to prospective customers. These are typically in 1:50 scale. The popular manufacturers of these models are Conrad and NZG in Germany, even for US vehicles.

Notable manufacturers

The largest 10 heavy equipment manufacturers in 2022 Other manufacturers include: * Anhui Heli * Atlas Copco * BEML Limited * Bobcat Company * Case Construction Equipment * Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant * CNH Global * Demag * Fiat-Allis * HEPCO * HIAB * Hidromek * Hyundai Heavy Industries * Ingersoll Rand * Kubota * Kobelco * LiuGong * MARAIS * Navistar International Corporation * NCK * New Holland * Track Marshall * Orenstein and Koppel GmbH (O&K) * Paccar * Poclain * Rototilt * Shantui * ST Kinetics * Takeuchi Manufacturing * Wacker Neuson * Yanmar * Zoomlion

References

External links

* {{DEFAULTSORT:Heavy Equipment (Construction)