Dōjinshi

, also romanized as ', is the Japanese term for self-published print works, such as magazines, manga, and novels. Part of a wider category of ''doujin'' (self-published) works, ''doujinshi'' are often derivative of existing works and created by amateurs, though some professional artists participate in order to publish material outside the regular industry.

Groups of ''doujinshi'' artists refer to themselves as a . Several such groups actually consist of a single artist: they are sometimes called .

Since the 1980s, the main method of distribution has been through regular ''doujinshi'' conventions, the largest of which is called Comiket (short for "Comic Market") held in the summer and winter in Tokyo's Big Sight. At the convention, over of ''doujinshi'' are bought, sold, and traded by attendees.

Etymology

The term ''doujinshi'' is derived from and .

History

The pioneer among ''doujinshi'' was , published in the early Meiji period (since 1874). Not a literary magazine in fact, ''Meiroku Zasshi'' nevertheless played a big role in spreading the idea of ''doujinshi''. The first magazine to publish ''doujinshi'' novels was , founded in 1885 by writers Ozaki Kōyō and Yamada Bimyo. ''Doujinshi'' publication reached its peak in the early Shōwa period, and ''doujinshi'' became a mouthpiece for the creative youth of that time. Created and distributed in small circles of authors or close friends, ''doujinshi'' contributed significantly to the emergence and development of the '' shishōsetsu'' genre. During the postwar years, ''doujinshi'' gradually decreased in importance as outlets for different literary schools and new authors. Their role was taken over by literary journals such as ''Gunzo'', '' Bungakukai'' and others. One notable exception was , which was published from 1933 until 1969. Few ''doujinshi'' magazines survived with the help of official literary journals. ''Haiku'' and '' tanka'' magazines are still published today.

It has been suggested that technological advances in the field of photocopying during the 1970s contributed to an increase in publishing ''doujinshi''. During this time, manga editors were encouraging manga authors to appeal to a mass market, which may have also contributed to an increase in the popularity of writing ''doujinshi''.

During the 1980s, the content of ''doujinshi'' shifted from being predominantly original content to being mostly parodic of existing series. Often called ''aniparo'', this was often an excuse to feature certain characters in romantic relationships. Male authors focused on series like ''Urusei Yatsura'', and female authors focused on series like '' Captain Tsubasa''. This coincided with the rise in popularity of Comiket, the first event dedicated specifically to the distribution of ''doujinshi'', which had been founded in 1975.

By February 1991, there were some ''doujinshi'' creators who sold their work through supportive comic book stores. This practice came to light when three managers of such shops were arrested for having a ''lolicon'' ''doujinshi'' for sale.

Over the last decade, the practice of creating ''doujinshi'' has expanded significantly, attracting thousands of creators and fans alike. Advances in personal publishing technology have also fueled this expansion by making it easier for ''doujinshi'' creators to write, draw, promote, publish, and distribute their works. For example, some ''doujinshi'' are now published on digital media. Furthermore, many ''doujinshi'' creators are moving to online download and print-on-demand services, while others are beginning to distribute their works through American channels such as anime shop websites and specialized online direct distribution sites. In 2008, a white paper on the otaku industry was published, this estimated that gross revenue from sales of ''doujinshi'' in 2007 were 27.73 billion yen, or 14.9% of total otaku expenditure on their hobby.

To avoid legal problems, the was created. A license format inspired by Creative Commons licenses, the first author to authorize the license was Ken Akamatsu in the manga ''UQ Holder!'', released on August 28, 2013, in the magazine ''Weekly Shōnen Magazine''.

Comiket

Comiket is the world's largest comic convention. It is held twice a year (summer and winter) in Tokyo, Japan. The first CM was held in December 1975, with only about 32 participating circles and an estimated 600 attendees. About 80% of these were female, but male participation in Comiket increased later.Wilson, Brent; Toku, Masami
"Boys' Love," Yaoi, and Art Education: Issues of Power and Pedagogy
2003 In 1982, there were fewer than 10,000 attendees, this increased to over 100,000 attendees as of 1989, and over half a million people in recent years. This rapid increase in attendance enabled ''doujinshi'' authors to sell thousands of copies of their works, earning a fair amount of money with their hobby. In 2009, Meiji University opened a ''dōjin'' manga library, named " Yoshihiro Yonezawa Memorial Library" to honour its alumni in its Surugadai campus. It contains Yonezawa's own ''doujinshi'' collection, comprising 4137 boxes, and the collection of Tsuguo Iwata, another famous person in the sphere of ''doujinshi''.

Categories

Like their mainstream counterparts, ''doujinshi'' are published in a variety of genres and types. However, due to the target audience, certain themes are more prevalent, and there are a few major division points by which the publications can be classified. It can be broadly divided into original works and ''aniparo''—works which parody existing anime and manga franchises.

As in fanfics, a very popular theme to explore is non-canonical pairings of characters in a given show (for ''doujinshi'' based on mainstream publications). Many such publications contain ''yaoi'' or '' yuri'' (stories containing same-sex romance) themes, either as a part of non-canon pairings, or as a more direct statement of what can be hinted by the main show.

Another category of ''doujinshi'' is furry or ''kemono'', often depicting homosexual male pairings of anthropomorphic animal characters and, less often, lesbian pairings. Furry ''doujinshi'' shares some characteristics with the ''yaoi'' and ''yuri'' genres, with many furry ''doujinshi'' depicting characters in erotic settings or circumstances, or incorporating elements typical of anime and manga, such as exaggerated drawings of eyes or facial expressions.

A major part of ''doujinshi'', whether based on mainstream publications or original, contains sexually explicit material, due to both the large demand for such publications and absence of restrictions official publishing houses have to follow. Indeed, often the main point of a given ''doujinshi'' is to present an explicit version of a popular show's characters. Such works may be known to English speakers as "''H-doujinshi''", in line with the former Japanese use of letter H to denote erotic material. The Japanese usage, however, has since moved towards the word ''ero'', and so is the term almost exclusively used to mark ''doujinshi'' with adult themes. Sometimes they will also be termed or (an abbreviation of
). To differentiate, is the term used for publications absent of such content.

Most ''doujinshi'' are commercially bound and published by ''doujinshi-ka'' (doujinshi authors) who self-publish through various printing services. Copybooks, however, are self-made using xerox machines or other copying methods. Few are copied by drawing by hand. Comiket is well known, but there are various doujinshi events in Japan.　Authors avoid the word "sale(''販売'')" and prefer the word "distribution(頒布)".　However, there is also a system for putting Dojinshi into circulation, which is generally referred to as "consignment(''委託'')".

Not all category terms used by English-language fans of ''doujinshi'' are derived from Japanese. For example, an ''AU doujinshi'' is one set in an alternate universe.

Legality

Many ''doujinshi'' are derivative works that are produced without the permission of the original creator, a practice that has existed since the early 1980s.McLelland, Mark
Why are Japanese Girls' Comics full of Boys Bonking?
''Refractory: A Journal of Entertainment Media'' Vol.10, 2006/2007 ''Doujinshi'' are considered '' shinkokuzai'' under Japanese copyright law, meaning that ''doujinshi'' creators cannot be prosecuted unless a complaint is made by the holders of the copyrights they have violated. In 2016, then-Prime Minister of Japan Shinzo Abe affirmed that ''doujinshi'' "don't compete in the market with the original works and don't damage the original creators' profits, so they are ''shinkokuzai''." Copyright holders take an unofficial policy of non-enforcement towards the ''doujinshi'' market, as it is seen as having a beneficial impact on the commercial manga market: it creates an avenue for aspiring manga artists to practice, and talented ''doujinshi'' creators are often recruited by publishers. Salil K. Mehra, a law professor at Temple University, hypothesizes that ''doujinshi'' market causes the manga market to be more productive, and that strict enforcement of copyright law would cause the industry to suffer.

Notable cases

In 1999, the ''Pokémon'' ''doujinshi'' incident happened, where the author of an erotic Pokémon manga was prosecuted by Nintendo. This created a media furor as well as an academic analysis in Japan of the copyright issues around ''doujinshi''. At this time, the legal analysis seemed to conclude that ''doujinshi'' should be overlooked because they are produced by amateurs for one-day events and not sold in the commercial market. In 2006, an artist selling an imagined "final chapter" for the series ''Doraemon'', which was never completed, was given a warning by the estate of author Fujiko F. Fujio. His creation apparently looked confusingly similar to a real Doraemon manga. He ceased distribution of his ''doujinshi'' and sent compensation to the publisher voluntarily. The publisher noted at this time that ''doujinshi'' were not usually a cause of concern for him. The Yomiuri Shimbun noted, "Fanzines don't usually cause many problems as long as they are sold only at one-day exhibitions," but quoted an expert saying that due to their increasing popularity a copyright system should be set up.

In 2020, the Intellectual Property High Court ordered a ''doujinshi'' sharing website to pay ¥2.19 million to a creator whose ''doujinshi'' were uploaded to the website without their consent. The file sharing site claimed that as the ''doujinshi'' was a derivative work it was not protected by copyright law, though the court ruled that there was insufficient evidence to classify the ''doujinshi'' as an illegally derivative work. The ruling was noted by commentators as potentially broadening rights for ''doujinshi'' creators under commercial law.

Impact

John Oppliger of AnimeNation stated in 2005 that creating ''doujinshi'' is largely popular with Japanese fans, but not with Western fans. Oppliger claimed that because Japanese fans grow up with anime and manga "as a constant companion", they "are more intuitively inclined" to create or expand on existing manga and anime in the form of ''doujinshi''. Since Western fans experience a "more purely" visual experience as most Western fans cannot understand the Japanese language, the original language of most anime, and are "encouraged by social pressure to grow out of cartoons and comics during the onset of adolescence", most of them usually participate in utilizing and rearranging existing work into anime music videos.

In most Western cultures, ''doujinshi'' is often perceived to be derivative of existing work, analogous to fan fiction and almost completely pornographic. This is partly true: ''doujinshi'' are often, though not always, parodies or alternative storylines involving the worlds of popular manga, game or anime series, and can often feature overtly sexual material. However, there are also many non sexually explicit ''doujinshi'' being created as well. The Touhou Project series for example, is known to be notable for the large amount of ''doujinshi'' being produced for it that are not pornographic in nature. Some groups releasing adults-only themed materials during the annual Touhou only event Reitaisai in 2008 were only estimated at 10%.

Notable artists

Individuals

* Yoshitoshi Abe has published some of his original works as ''doujinshi'', such as '' Haibane Renmei''. He cited the reason as, essentially, not wanting to answer to anyone about his work, especially because he saw it as so open-ended.
* Ken Akamatsu, creator of manga such as '' Love Hina'' and '' Negima'', continues to make ''doujinshi'' which he sells at Comiket under the pen-name Awa Mizuno.
* Kiyohiko Azuma, creator of ''Azumanga Daioh'' and '' Yotsuba&'' started out doing ''doujinshi'' using the pen-name A-Zone.
* Nanae Chrono, creator of the manga '' Peacemaker Kurogane'', has published multiple ''Naruto'' ''doujinshi'', most of a ''yaoi'' nature.
* Kazushi Hagiwara, creator of '' Bastard!!'', and his group ''Studio Loud in School'' have published popular ''Bastard!!''-related ''doujinshi'' such as ''Wonderful Megadeth!'', as well as various Capcom-related ''doujinshi''.
* Masaki Kajishima, creator of ''Tenchi Muyo! Ryo-Ohki'', has long used the ''doujinshi'' format to produce additional information about the series he has created, primarily ''Tenchi Muyo! Ryo-Ohki'' and ''Tenchi Muyo! GXP''. These ''doujinshi'' can either be completely filled with his work, or he will contribute a work to the ''doujinshi'' title. Kajishima's ''doujinshi'' works break down into one (or more) types of works: manga-style (where he illustrates a new story, usually with limited text), interviews, early drafts of scripts for the series (giving fans great insight into the creative process), storyboards drawn by Kajishima that ultimately were not animated, story notes (or short stories) giving further little details of various characters, situations, or places in Kajishima's World of Tenchi. As of this writing, Kajishima does two ''doujinshi'' titles a year under the circle names "Kajishima Onsen" and "Kamidake Onsen". He has also used these to communicate with fans about his current projects, namely the '' Saint Knight's Tale'' spinoff anime featuring Tenchi's half-brother and the ''GXP'' novels.
* Kazuhiko Katō, also known as Monkey Punch, creator of ''Lupin III'' began as a ''doujinshi'' artist.
* Kodaka Kazuma, creator of Kizuna, Rotten Teacher's Equation (Kusatta Kyōshi no Hōteishiki), Love Equation (Renai Hōteishiki) and Border among others, has published several parody ''yaoi doujinshi'' as K2 Company of ''Prince of Tennis'', ''Fullmetal Alchemist'', and '' Tiger and Bunny'', as well as an original ''doujinshi'' series called 'Hana to Ryuu' (Flower and Dragon).
* Rikdo Koshi, creator of the manga ''Excel Saga'', originally started out as a ''doujinshi'' artist.
* Yun Kouga, a longtime published manga artist and creator of two well-known BL series, '' Earthian'' and ''Loveless'' has published ''doujinshi'' for series such as ''Gundam Wing'' and '' Tiger and Bunny''.
* Sanami Matoh, creator of FAKE, has published parody ''yaoi doujinshi'' (mostly of ''One Piece'') and original ''doujinshi'' as East End Club.
* Maki Murakami, creator of ''Gravitation'' and ''Gamers' Heaven''. Her circle Crocodile Ave. created ''Remix Gravitation'' AKA ''Rimigra'' and ''Megamix Gravitation'', which were extremely sexually graphic.Cha, Kai-Ming (2007
Sex & Silliness: Maki Murakami’s Gravitation
Publishers Weekly
* Minami Ozaki, creator of the boy's love manga '' Zetsuai'', is an extremely prolific ''doujinshi'' creator. She authored numerous ''yaoi doujinshi'' before her debut as a professional artist, most notably featuring characters from the soccer manga '' Captain Tsubasa''. The main characters of her manga ''Zetsuai'' strongly resemble the main characters of her ''Captain Tsubasa'' ''doujinshi''. Ozaki continued to release ''doujinshi'' about her own professional manga, often including sexual content that could not be published in Margaret, the young girls-oriented manga magazine in which ''Zetsuai'' was serialized.
* Yukiru Sugisaki, creator of '' D.N.Angel'' and '' The Candidate for Goddess'', started as a ''doujinka''. She released ''doujinshi'' about '' King of Fighters'', '' Evangelion'', etc.; all were gag ''doujinshi''.
* Rumiko Takahashi, creator of ''Ranma ½'' and '' Inuyasha'', made ''doujinshi'' before she became a professional artist.
* Yoshihiro Togashi, creator of ''YuYu Hakusho'' and '' Hunter x Hunter'', has authored ''doujinshi'' such as ''Church!''.
* Hajime Ueda, the creator of '' Q•Ko-chan'' and the comic adaptation of '' FLCL''.
* Nobuteru Yūki sells ''doujinshi'' based on his animated works under his pen-name " The Man in the High Castle".
* Yana Toboso used to be a ''yaoi doujinka'' before she authored '' Black Butler'', which explained why there are some notable BL hints throughout the series.
* Sunao Minakata, the illustrator of '' Akuma no Riddle'', is a regular ''doujinka'', especially in girls' love theme. Usually makes Touhou ''doujinshi'' and has collaborated with other known-for-Touhou-works-popular artists, such as Banpai Akira.
* Yūko Tsuno, creator of
* Nio Nakatani, creator of the popular yuri manga series '' Bloom Into You'', first became known for her ''doujinshi'' work, particularly those based on ''Touhou Project''.

Online

* Bleedman, creator of the online '' Powerpuff Girls Doujinshi'', '' Grim Tales From Down Below'', and '' Sugar Bits''.
* Fred Gallagher, creator of the ''Megatokyo'' series, as well as the in-development series ''Warmth''. His ''Megatokyo'' co-creator and former writer, Rodney "Largo" Caston, can also be considered one, though Caston has since left the business.
* Daniel Kim, creator of the Cardcaptor Sakura parody ''Tomoyo42's Room'', has written and illustrated several ''doujinshi'', all of which are hosted at the Clone Manga collective.
* Jesús García Ferrer (Jesulink) created '' Raruto'', a Spanish ''Naruto'' ''doujinshi'' published online.
* Fabio Yabu produced the sentai spoof ''Combo Rangers''.

Circles

* 07th Expansion, creators of both Higurashi no Naku Koro ni and Umineko no Naku Koro ni.
* Clamp started out as a ''doujinshi'' group of 11 known as Clamp Cluster.

See also

* ''Dōjin'' music
* ''Dōjin soft''
* Niigata Comic Market
* Otaku
* Hentai

Related concepts

* Amateur press association
* Fanzine
* Fan fiction
* Minicomic
* Self-publishing

References

External links

Passion
Popular ''doujinshi'' fanlisting site

Doujinshi DB
: Huge user-submitted database of ''doujinshi'' artists, circles, and books, including name translations

Nippon Fanifesto! A Tribute to DIY Manga
��an illustrated essay explaining ''doujinshi'' and their diversity

{{Authority control

Anime and manga terminology
Anime and manga fandom
Fan fiction
Japanese words and phrases