Django Unchained

''Django Unchained'' ( ) is a 2012 American revisionist Western film written and directed by Quentin Tarantino. Produced by Tarantino's A Band Apart and Columbia Pictures, it stars Jamie Foxx, Christoph Waltz, Leonardo DiCaprio, Kerry Washington, and Samuel L. Jackson; Walton Goggins, Dennis Christopher, James Remar, Michael Parks, and Don Johnson also star in supporting roles. The film, set in the Antebellum South and Old West, is a highly stylized, revisionist tribute to spaghetti Westerns. Its title refers particularly to the 1966 Italian film '' Django'' by Sergio Corbucci (that film's star, Franco Nero, has a cameo appearance in Tarantino's). The story follows a slave who trains under a German bounty hunter with the ultimate goal of reuniting with his wife.

Development of ''Django Unchained'' began in 2007, when Tarantino was writing a book on Corbucci. By April 2011, Tarantino sent his final draft of the script to The Weinstein Company (TWC). Casting began in the summer of 2011, with Michael K. Williams and Will Smith being considered for the role of the title character before Foxx was cast. Principal photography took place from November 2011 to March 2012 in California, Wyoming, and Louisiana.

''Django Unchained'' premiered at the Ziegfeld Theatre in New York City on December 11, 2012, and was theatrically released by The Weinstein Company on December 25, in the United States, with Sony Pictures Releasing International handling international distribution. It was a commercial success, grossing $426 million worldwide against a $100 million budget, becoming Tarantino's highest-grossing film to date. The film received acclaim from critics, who praised the performances (especially those of Waltz and DiCaprio) and Tarantino's direction and screenplay.

The film's extensive graphic violence and frequent use of racial slurs were controversial. The film received numerous awards and nominations, winning two out of five nominations at the 85th Academy Awards. Waltz won several awards for his performance, among them Best Supporting Actor at the Academy Awards, Golden Globes and BAFTAs. For his screenplay, Tarantino won an Academy Award, a Golden Globe, and a BAFTA.

Plot

In 1858 Texas, several male African American slaves are being 'driven' by the Speck Brothers, Ace and Dicky. Among the shackled slaves is Django, sold off and separated from his wife, Broomhilda. The Speck Brothers are stopped by Dr. King Schultz, a German ex-dentist and bounty hunter from Düsseldorf. Schultz asks to buy one of the slaves, but while questioning Django about his knowledge of the Brittle Brothers, for whom Schultz is carrying a warrant, he irritates Ace who aims his shotgun at Schultz. Schultz quickly kills Ace and leaves Dicky at the mercy of the other newly freed slaves, who kill him. Since Django can identify the Brittle Brothers, Schultz offers Django his freedom in exchange for his help in tracking them down. After executing the Brittles, Django partners with Schultz through the winter and becomes his apprentice. Schultz discovers Django's natural ability with a gun. Schultz explains that, being the first person he has ever given freedom to, he feels responsible for Django and is driven to help him in his quest to rescue Broomhilda.

Django, now fully trained, collects his first bounty, keeping the handbill as a good luck charm. In Mississippi, Schultz uncovers the identity of Broomhilda's owner: Calvin Candie, the charming but brutal owner of the Candyland plantation, where slaves are forced to fight to the death in wrestling matches called " Mandingo fights." Schultz, expecting Candie will not sell Broomhilda if they ask for her directly, plots to feign interest in purchasing one of Candie's prized fighters, offer to purchase Broomhilda on the side for a reasonable sum, then take her and escape before the Mandingo deal is finalized. Schultz and Django meet Candie at his gentleman's club in Greenville and submit their offer. His greed tickled, Candie invites them to Candyland. After secretly briefing Broomhilda on the plan, Schultz claims to be charmed by the German-speaking Broomhilda and offers to buy her after arranging to buy a fighting slave.

During dinner, Candie's staunchly loyal house slave, Stephen, becomes suspicious. Deducing that Django and Broomhilda know each other and that the sale of the Mandingo fighter is just a misdirection, Stephen alerts and privately admonishes Candie on his greed. Candie is humiliated at being fooled by a black man, but he contains his anger long enough to theatrically display his knowledge of phrenology which he uses to justify white superiority and black inferiority. Candie's bodyguard suddenly bursts into the room with his shotgun trained on the two bounty hunters, and Candie furiously threatening to kill Broomhilda. He extorts Schultz for the complete bid amount, and taunts him by demanding a formal handshake to finalize the deal before he leaves. Schultz fatally shoots Candie with a concealed derringer and his henchman kills him in turn. Django grabs a revolver and, after a shootout, is forced to surrender when Broomhilda is taken hostage at gunpoint.

The next morning, Stephen tells Django that he will be sold to a mine where he will work for the rest of his life. En route to the mine, Django proves to his dim-witted Australian escorts that he is a bounty hunter by showing them the handbill from his first kill. He convinces them that there is a large bounty for outlaws who are hiding at Candyland, and promises that they would receive most of the money. The escorts release him and give him a pistol, and he kills them before stealing a horse and leaving for Candyland.

Django returns to the plantation and kills more of Candie's henchmen. He takes Broomhilda's freedom papers from Schultz's pocket and frees her from a nearby cabin. When Candie's mourners return from his burial, Django kills Candie's few remaining henchmen and his sister Lara, releases the two remaining house slaves, and kneecaps Stephen. Django ignites dynamite that he has planted throughout the mansion. He and Broomhilda watch from a distance as the mansion explodes, killing Stephen, before riding off together.

Cast

* Jamie Foxx as Django Freeman
* Christoph Waltz as Dr. King Schultz
* Leonardo DiCaprio as "Monsieur" Calvin J. Candie
* Kerry Washington as "Hildi" von Shaft
* Samuel L. Jackson as Stephen
* Walton Goggins as Billy Crash
* Dennis Christopher as Leonide "Leo" Moguy
* James Remar as Butch Pooch / Ace Speck
* David Steen as Mr. Stonecipher
* Dana Gourrier as Cora
* Nichole Galicia as Sheba
* Laura Cayouette as Lara Lee Candie-Fitzwilly
* Ato Essandoh as D'Artagnan
* Sammi Rotibi as Rodney
* Clay Donahue Fontenot as Luigi
* Escalante Lundy as Big Fred
* Miriam F. Glover as Betina
* Don Johnson as Spencer "Big Daddy" Bennett
* Franco Nero as Amerigo Vessepi

Other roles include: James Russo as Dicky Speck, brother of Ace Speck and erstwhile owner of Django; Tom Wopat, Omar J. Dorsey, and Don Stroud play U.S. Marshal Gill Tatum, Chicken Charlie, and as Sheriff Bill Sharp / Willard Peck respectively; Bruce Dern appears as Old Man Carrucan, the owner of the Carrucan Plantation; M. C. Gainey, Cooper Huckabee, and Doc Duhame portray brothers Big John Brittle, Roger "Lil Raj" Brittle, and Ellis Brittle respectively, overseers of both Carrucan and Big Daddy's plantations.

Jonah Hill plays Bag Head #2, a member of Bennett's masked white supremacist group. Additional roles include Lee Horsley as Sheriff Gus, Rex Linn as Tennessee Harry, Misty Upham as Minnie, and Danièle Watts as Coco. Russ Tamblyn and his daughter Amber appear as townspeople in Daugherty, Texas; their roles are respectively credited as " Son of a Gunfighter" and "Daughter of Son of a Gunfighter". Zoë Bell, Michael Bowen, Robert Carradine, Jake Garber, Ted Neeley, James Parks, and Tom Savini play Candyland trackers. Jacky Ido, who played Marcel in Tarantino's 2009 film '' Inglourious Basterds'', makes an uncredited appearance as a slave. Michael Parks as Roy and John Jarratt as Floyd, alongside Tarantino himself in a cameo appearance as Frankie, play the LeQuint Dickey Mining Company employees. Tarantino also appears in the film as a masked Bag Head named Robert.

Production

Development

In 2007, Quentin Tarantino discussed an idea for a type of Spaghetti Western set in the United States of America's pre-American Civil War Deep South. He called this type of film "a Southern", stating that he wanted:

Tarantino later explained the genesis of the idea:

Tarantino finished the script on April 26, 2011, and handed in the final draft to The Weinstein Company. In October 2012, frequent Tarantino collaborator RZA said that he and Tarantino had intended to cross over ''Django Unchained'' with RZA's Tarantino-presented martial-arts film ''The Man with the Iron Fists.'' The crossover would have seen a younger version of the blacksmith character from RZA's film appear as a slave in an auction. However, scheduling conflicts prevented RZA's participation.

One inspiration for the film is Corbucci's 1966 Spaghetti Western '' Django'', whose star Franco Nero has a cameo appearance in ''Django Unchained''. Another inspiration is the 1975 film '' Mandingo'', about a slave trained to fight other slaves. Tarantino included scenes in the snow as a homage to the 1968 film '' The Great Silence''. "''Silenzio'' takes place in the snow. I liked the action in the snow so much, ''Django Unchained'' has a big snow section in the middle," Tarantino said in an interview. Tarantino credits the character and attitude of the German dentist turned bounty hunter King Schultz to the German Karl May Wild West films of the 1960s, namely their hero Old Shatterhand.

The title ''Django Unchained'' alludes to the titles of the 1966 Corbucci film ''Django''; '' Hercules Unchained'', the American title for the 1959 Italian epic fantasy film ''Ercole e la regina di Lidia'', about the mythical hero's escape from enslavement to a wicked master; and to '' Angel Unchained'', the 1970 American biker film about a biker exacting revenge on a large group of rednecks.

Casting

Among those considered for the title role of Django, Michael K. Williams and Will Smith were mentioned as possibilities, but in the end Jamie Foxx was cast in the role. Smith later said he turned down the role because it "wasn't the lead" and was "not for me," but stated he thought the movie was brilliant. Tyrese Gibson sent in an audition tape as the character. Franco Nero, the original Django from the 1966 Italian film, was rumored for the role of Calvin Candie, but instead was given a cameo appearance as a minor character. Nero suggested that he play a mysterious horseman who haunts Django in visions and is revealed in an ending flashback to be Django's father; Tarantino opted not to use the idea. Kevin Costner was in negotiations to join as Ace Woody, a Mandingo trainer and Candie's right-hand man, but Costner dropped out due to scheduling conflicts. Kurt Russell was cast instead but also later left the role. When Kurt Russell dropped out, the role of Ace Woody was not recast; instead, the character was merged with Walton Goggins's character, Billy Crash.

Jonah Hill was offered the role of Scotty Harmony, a gambler who loses to Candie in a poker game, but turned it down due to scheduling conflicts with '' The Watch.'' Sacha Baron Cohen was also offered the role, but declined in order to appear in '' Les Misérables''. Neither Scotty nor the poker game appear in the final cut of the film. Hill later appeared in the film in a different role. Joseph Gordon-Levitt said that he "would have loved, loved to have" been in the film but would be unable to appear because of a prior commitment to direct his first film, '' Don Jon''.

Costume design

In a January 2013 interview with '' Vanity Fair'', costume designer Sharen Davis said much of the film's wardrobe was inspired by spaghetti Westerns and other works of art. For Django's wardrobe, Davis and Tarantino watched the television series ''Bonanza'' and referred to it frequently. The pair even hired the hatmaker who designed the hat worn by the ''Bonanza'' character Little Joe, played by Michael Landon. Davis described Django's look as a "rock-n-roll take on the character". Django's sunglasses were inspired by Charles Bronson's character in '' The White Buffalo'' (1977). Davis used Thomas Gainsborough oil painting '' The Blue Boy'' () as a reference for Django's valet outfit.

In the final scene, wears a dress similar to that of Ida Galli's character in '' Blood for a Silver Dollar'' (1965). Davis said the idea of Calvin Candie's costume came partly from Rhett Butler, and that Don Johnson's signature '' Miami Vice'' look inspired Big Daddy's cream-colored linen suit in the film. King Schultz's faux chinchilla coat was inspired by Telly Savalas in '' Kojak''. Davis also revealed that many of her costume ideas did not make the final cut of the film, leaving some unexplained characters such as Zoë Bell's tracker, who was intended to drop her bandana to reveal an absent jaw.

Filming

Principal photography for ''Django Unchained'' started in California in November 2011 continuing in Wyoming in February 2012 and at the National Historic Landmark Evergreen Plantation in Wallace, Louisiana, outside of New Orleans, in March 2012. The film was shot in the anamorphic format on 35 mm film. Although originally scripted, a sub-plot centering on Zoë Bell's masked tracker was cut, and remained unfilmed, due to time constraints. After 130 shooting days, the film wrapped up principal photography in July 2012. Kerry Washington sought to bring authenticity to her performance in several ways. The actor playing her overseer used a fake whip, but Washington insisted the lashings really hit her back. And to dramatize her punishment inside an underground, coffin-size metal container, she and Tarantino agreed she would spend time barely clothed in the "hot box" before the filming began so the feeling of confinement would be as realistic as possible.

''Django Unchained'' was the first Tarantino film not edited by Sally Menke, who died in 2010. Editing duties were instead handled by Fred Raskin, who had worked as an assistant editor on Tarantino's '' Kill Bill''. Raskin was nominated for a BAFTA Award for Best Editing but lost to William Goldenberg for his work on '' Argo''.

Broken glass incident

During the scene when DiCaprio's character explains phrenology, DiCaprio cut his left hand upon striking the table and smashing a small glass. Despite his hand profusely bleeding, DiCaprio barely reacted and remained in character under the astonished eyes of his fellow actors. He is seen taking out pieces of broken glass from his hand during the scene. After Tarantino's cut, there was a standing ovation by the other actors to praise DiCaprio's performance despite the incident; Tarantino, therefore, decided to keep this sequence in the final cut. DiCaprio is seen with his left hand bandaged in the scene after when he is signing Broomhilda's papers. Contrary to popular belief, DiCaprio wiped fake blood on Washington's face in a separate take.

Music

The film features both original and existing music tracks. Tracks composed specifically for the film include "100 Black Coffins" by Rick Ross and produced by and featuring Jamie Foxx, "Who Did That To You?" by John Legend, "Ancora Qui" by Ennio Morricone and Elisa, and "Freedom" by Anthony Hamilton and Elayna Boynton. The theme, "Django", was also the theme song of the 1966 film.

Musician Frank Ocean wrote an original song for the film's soundtrack, but it was rejected by Tarantino, who explained that "Ocean wrote a fantastic ballad that was truly lovely and poetic in every way, but there just wasn't a scene for it." Ocean later published the song, entitled " Wiseman", on his Tumblr blog. The film also features a few famous pieces of western classical music, including Beethoven's " Für Elise" and "Dies Irae" from Verdi's Requiem. Tarantino has stated that he avoids using full scores of original music: "I just don't like the idea of giving that much power to anybody on one of my movies." The film's soundtrack album was released on December 18, 2012.

Morricone made statements criticizing Tarantino's use of his music in ''Django Unchained'' and stated that he would "never work" with the director after this film, but later agreed to compose an original film score for Tarantino's '' The Hateful Eight'' in 2015. In a scholarly essay on the film's music, Hollis Robbins notes that the vast majority of film music borrowings comes from films made between 1966 and 1974 and argues that the political and musical resonances of these allusions situate ''Django Unchained'' squarely in the Vietnam and Watergate era, during the rise and decline of Black Power cinema. Jim Croce's hit " I Got a Name" was featured in the soundtrack.

Release

Marketing

The first teaser poster was inspired by a fan-art poster by Italian artist Federico Mancosu. His artwork was published in May 2011, a few days after the synopsis and the official title were released to the public. In August 2011, at Tarantino's request, the production companies bought the concept artwork from Mancosu to use for promotional purposes as well as on the crew passes and clothing for staff during filming.

Theatrical run

''Django Unchained'' was released on December 25, 2012, in the United States by The Weinstein Company and released on January 18, 2013, by Sony Pictures Releasing in the United Kingdom. The film was screened for the first time at the Directors Guild of America on December 1, 2012, with additional screening events having been held for critics leading up to the film's wide release. The premiere of ''Django Unchained'' was delayed by one week following the shooting at an elementary school in Newtown, Connecticut, on December 14, 2012.

The film was released on March 22, 2013, by Sony Pictures in India. In March 2013, ''Django Unchained'' was announced to be the first Tarantino film approved for official distribution in China's strictly controlled film market. Lily Kuo, writing for ''Quartz'', wrote that "the film depicts one of America's darker periods, when slavery was legal, which Chinese officials like to use to push back against criticism from the United States". The film was released in China on May 12, 2013.

Home media

The film was released on DVD, Blu-ray, and digital download on April 16, 2013. In the United States, the film has grossed $31,939,733 from DVD sales and $30,286,838 from Blu-ray sales, making a total of $62,226,571.

Reception

Box office

''Django Unchained'' grossed $162.8 million in the United States and Canada and $263.2 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $426 million, against a production budget of $100 million. , ''Django Unchained'' is Tarantino's highest-grossing film, surpassing his previous film, '' Inglourious Basterds'' (2009), which grossed $321.4 million worldwide.

In North America, the film made $15 million on Christmas Day, finishing second behind fellow opener '' Les Misérables''. It was the third-biggest opening day figure for a film on Christmas, following ''Sherlock Holmes'' ($24.6 million) and ''Les Misérables'' ($18.1 million). It went on to make $30.1 million in its opening weekend (a six-day total of $63.4 million), finishing second behind holdover '' The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey''.

Critical response

On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 87% based on 296 reviews, and an average rating of 8/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Bold, bloody, and stylistically daring, ''Django Unchained'' is another incendiary masterpiece from Quentin Tarantino." Metacritic, which assigns a rating to reviews, gives the film a weighted average score of 81 out of 100, based on 42 critics, indicating "universal acclaim". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A−" on an A+ to F scale.

Roger Ebert of the ''Chicago Sun-Times'' gave the film four stars out of four and said: "The film offers one sensational sequence after another, all set around these two intriguing characters who seem opposites but share pragmatic, financial and personal issues." Ebert also added, "had I not been prevented from seeing it sooner because of an injury, this would have been on my year's best films list." Peter Bradshaw, film critic for ''The Guardian'', awarded the film five stars, writing: "I can only say ''Django'' delivers, wholesale, that particular narcotic and delirious pleasure that Tarantino still knows how to confect in the cinema, something to do with the manipulation of surfaces. It's as unwholesome, deplorable and delicious as a forbidden cigarette."

Writing in ''The New York Times'', critic A. O. Scott compared ''Django'' to Tarantino's earlier '' Inglourious Basterds'': "Like ''Inglourious Basterds'', ''Django Unchained'' is crazily entertaining, brazenly irresponsible and also ethically serious in a way that is entirely consistent with its playfulness." Designating the film a ''Times'' "critics" pick, Scott said ''Django'' is "a troubling and important movie about slavery and racism." Filmmaker Michael Moore praised ''Django'', tweeting that the movie "is one of the best film satires ever." Dan Jolin of ''Empire'' magazine praised DiCaprio's performance, saying he "plays he role of Candieto hateful perfection: a spiteful, brown-toothed bully, avaricious, vain and prone to flattery", but criticized Foxx as a comparatively weak link whose "soft, musical voice ..jars against Django's terse deliveries".

To the contrary, Owen Gleiberman, film critic for the ''Entertainment Weekly'', wrote: "''Django'' isn't nearly the film that ''Inglourious'' was. It's less clever, and it doesn't have enough major characters – or enough of Tarantino's trademark structural ingenuity – to earn its two-hour-and-45-minute running time." In his review for the ''Indy Week'', David Fellerath wrote: "''Django Unchained'' shows signs that Tarantino did little research beyond repeated viewings of Sergio Corbucci's 1966 spaghetti Western ''Django'' and a blaxploitation from 1975 called '' Boss Nigger'', written by and starring Fred Williamson." ''New Yorker''s Anthony Lane was "disturbed by their arantino's fans'yelps of triumphant laughter, at the screening I attended, as a white woman was blown away by Django's guns."

An entire issue of the academic journal ''Safundi'' was devoted to ''Django Unchained'' in "''Django Unchained and the Global Western''," featuring scholars who contextualize Tarantino's film as a classic "Western". Dana Phillips writes: "Tarantino's film is immensely entertaining, not despite but because it is so very audacious—even, at times, downright lurid, thanks to its treatment of slavery, race relations, and that staple of the Western, violence. No doubt these are matters that another director would have handled more delicately, and with less stylistic excess, than Tarantino, who has never been bashful. Another director also would have been less willing to proclaim his film the first in a new genre, the 'Southern'."

Top ten lists

''Django Unchained'' was listed on many critics' top ten lists of 2012.

* 1st – Amy Nicholson, '' Movieline''
* 2nd – Mick LaSalle, ''San Francisco Chronicle''
* 2nd – Drew McWeeny, '' Hitfix''
* 2nd – Michelle Orange, ''The Village Voice''
* 2nd – Nathan Rabin, '' The A.V. Club''
* 2nd – Betsy Sharkey, ''Los Angeles Times'' (tied with '' Lincoln'')
* 3rd – Richard Jameson, '' MSN Movies''
* 3rd – Alan Scherstuhl, ''The Village Voice''
* 4th – Mark Mohan, ''The Oregonian''
* 4th – Joe Neumaier, ''New York Daily News''
* 4th – James Rocchi, '' MSN Movies''
* 4th – Kristopher Tapley, '' HitFix''
* 4th – Drew Taylor & Caryn James, '' Indiewire''
* 5th - ''The Huffington Post''
* 5th – David Ehrlich, '' Movies.com''
* 5th – Scott Foundas, ''The Village Voice''
* 5th – Wesley Morris, ''The Boston Globe''
* 6th – James Berardinelli, ''Reelviews''
* 6th – Lisa Kennedy, '' Denver Post''
* 6th – Kat Murphy, '' MSN Movies''
* 6th – Richard Roeper, ''Chicago Sun-Times''
* 6th – Mike Scott, '' The Times-Picayune''
* 7th – Drew Hunt, ''Chicago Reader''
* 7th – A.O. Scott, ''The New York Times''
* 8th – Ty Burr, ''The Boston Globe''
* 9th – Todd McCarthy, ''The Hollywood Reporter''
* 10th – Karina Longworth, ''The Village Voice''
* 10th – Joshua Rothkopf, ''Time Out New York''
* 10th – Marlow Stern, ''The Daily Beast''
* 10th – Peter Travers, ''Rolling Stone''
* Top 10 (ranked alphabetically) – Claudia Puig, ''USA Today''
* Top 10 (ranked alphabetically) – Joe Williams, '' St. Louis Post-Dispatch''
* Top 10 (ranked alphabetically) – Stephanie Zacharek, '' Film.com''

Accolades

''Django Unchained'' garnered several awards and nominations. The American Film Institute named it one of its Top Ten Movies of the Year in December 2012. The film received five Golden Globe Award nominations, including Best Picture, and Best Director and Best Screenplay for Tarantino. Tarantino won an Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay. Christoph Waltz received the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor, the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor, and the BAFTA Award for Best Supporting Actor, his second time receiving all three awards, having previously won for his role in Tarantino's '' Inglourious Basterds''. The NAACP Image Awards gave the film four nominations, while the National Board of Review named DiCaprio their Best Supporting Actor. ''Django Unchained'' earned a nomination for Best Theatrical Motion Picture from the Producers Guild of America.

Criticism

Use of racial slurs and portrayal of slavery

Some commentators thought that the film's over-usage of the word "nigger" was inappropriate; they objected to that even more than to the extensive violence depicted against the slaves. Other reviewers have defended the usage of the language in the historical context of race and slavery in the United States.

African American filmmaker Spike Lee, in an interview with '' Vibe'', said he would not see the film, explaining "All I'm going to say is that it's disrespectful to my ancestors. That's just me ... I'm not speaking on behalf of anybody else." Lee later wrote, "American slavery was not a Sergio Leone Spaghetti Western. It was a Holocaust. My ancestors are slaves stolen from Africa. I will honor them."

Actor and activist Jesse Williams has contrasted accuracy of the racist language used in the film with what he sees as the film's lack of accuracy about the general lives of slaves, too often portrayed as "well-dressed Negresses in flowing gowns, frolicking on swings and enjoying leisurely strolls through the grounds, as if the setting is Versailles, mixed in with occasional acts of barbarism against slaves ... That authenticity card that Tarantino uses to buy all those 'niggers' has an awfully selective memory." He also criticizes what seems to be a lack of solidarity among slave characters, and their general lack of a will to escape from slavery, with Django as the notable exception.

Wesley Morris of ''The Boston Globe'' praised the realism of the villain Stephen, played by Samuel L. Jackson, comparing him to such black Republicans as Clarence Thomas or Herman Cain.

Jackson said that he believed his character to have "the same moral compass as Clarence Thomas does". Jackson defended the extensive use of the word "nigger": "Saying Tarantino said 'nigger' too many times is like complaining they said ' kyke' ictoo many times in a movie about Nazis." The review by Jesse Williams notes, however, that these antisemitic terms were not used nearly as frequently in Tarantino's film about Nazis, '' Inglourious Basterds'', as he used "nigger" in ''Django''. He suggested that the Jewish community would not have accepted it.

Writing in the ''Los Angeles Times'', journalist Erin Aubry Kaplan noted the difference between Tarantino's '' Jackie Brown'' and ''Django Unchained'': "It is an institution whose horrors need no exaggerating, yet ''Django'' does exactly that, either to enlighten or entertain. A white director slinging around the n-word in a homage to '70s blaxploitation à la ''Jackie Brown'' is one thing, but the same director turning the savageness of slavery into pulp fiction is quite another."

While hosting NBC's ''Saturday Night Live'', Jamie Foxx joked about being excited "to kill all the white people in the movie". Conservative columnist Jeff Kuhner responded to the ''SNL'' skit for ''The Washington Times'', saying: "Anti-white bigotry has become embedded in our postmodern culture. Take ''Django Unchained''. The movie boils down to one central theme: the white man as devil—a moral scourge who must be eradicated like a lethal virus."

Samuel L. Jackson said to ''Vogue Man'' that "''Django Unchained'' was a harder and more detailed exploration of what the slavery experience was than '' 12 Years a Slave'', but director Steve McQueen is an artist and since he's respected for making supposedly art films, it's held in higher esteem than ''Django'', because that was basically a blaxploitation movie."

Violence

The film became infamous for its brutality, with some reviews criticizing it for being much too violent. The originally planned premiere of ''Django'' was postponed following the Sandy Hook school shooting on December 14, 2012. Thomas Frank criticized the film's use of violence as follows:

Not surprisingly, Quentin Tarantino has lately become the focus for this sort of criticism (about the relationship between the movies and acts of violence). The fact that ''Django Unchained'' arrived in theaters right around the time of the Sandy Hook massacre didn't help. Yet he has refused to give an inch in discussing the link between movie violence and real life. Obviously I don't think one has to do with the other. Movies are about make-believe. It's about imagination. Part of the thing is trying to create a realistic experience, but we are faking it. Is it possible that anyone in our cynical world credits a self-serving sophistry like this? Of course an industry under fire will claim that its hands are clean, just as the NRA has done – and of course a favorite son, be it Tarantino or LaPierre, can be counted on to make the claim louder than anyone else. But do they really believe that imaginative expression is without consequence?

''The Independent'' said the movie was part of "the new sadism in cinema" and added, "There is something disconcerting about sitting in a crowded cinema as an audience guffaws at the latest garroting or falls about in hysterics as someone is beheaded or has a limb lopped off".

Adam Serwer from '' Mother Jones'' said, "''Django'', like many Tarantino films, also has been criticized as cartoonishly violent, but it is only so when Django is killing slave owners and overseers. The violence against slaves is always appropriately terrifying. This, if nothing else, puts ''Django'' in the running for Tarantino's best film, the first one in which he discovers violence as horror rather than just spectacle. When Schultz turns his head away from a slave being torn apart by dogs, Django explains to Calvin Candie—the plantation owner played by Leo DiCaprio—that Schultz just isn't used to Americans."

"Mandingo" fights

Although Tarantino has said about Mandingo fighting, "I was always aware those things existed", there is no definitive historical evidence that slave owners ever staged gladiator-like fights to the death between male slaves like the fight depicted in the movie. Historian Edna Greene Medford notes that there are only undocumented rumors that such fights took place. David Blight, the director of Yale's center for the study of slavery, said it was not a matter of moral or ethical reservations that prevented slave owners from pitting slaves against each other in combat, but rather economic self-interest: slave owners would not have wanted to put their substantial financial investments at risk in gladiatorial battles.

The non-historical term "Mandingo" for a fine fighting or breeding slave comes not from Tarantino, but the 1975 film '' ''Mandingo'''', which was itself based on a 1957 novel with the same title.

Historical inaccuracies

Writing in ''The New Yorker'', William Jelani Cobb observed that Tarantino's occasional historical elasticity sometimes worked to the film's advantage. "There are moments," Cobb wrote, "where this convex history works brilliantly, like when Tarantino depicts the Ku Klux Klan a decade prior to its actual formation in order to thoroughly ridicule its members' veiled racism." Tarantino holds that the masked marauders depicted in the film were not the KKK, but a group known as "The Regulators". They were depicted as spiritual forebears of the later post-civil war KKK and not as the actual KKK.

On the matter of historical accuracy, Christopher Caldwell wrote in the ''Financial Times'': "Of course, we must not mistake a feature film for a public television documentary", pointing out that the film should be treated as entertainment, not as a historical account of the period it is set in. "''Django'' uses slavery the way a pornographic film might use a nurses' convention: as a pretext for what is really meant to entertain us. What is really meant to entertain us in ''Django'' is violence." Richard Brody, however, wrote in ''The New Yorker'' that Tarantino's "vision of slavery's monstrosity is historically accurate.... Tarantino rightly depicts slavery as no mere administrative ownership but a grievous and monstrous infliction of cruelty."

Comic book adaptations

A comic book adaptation of ''Django Unchained'' was released by DC Comics in 2013. In 2015, a sequel crossover comic entitled ''Django''/'' Zorro'' was released by Dynamite Entertainment, co-written by Tarantino and Matt Wagner, the latter being the first comic book sequel to a Quentin Tarantino film.

Future

Proposed miniseries

Tarantino has said in an interview that he has 90 minutes of unused material and considered re-editing ''Django Unchained'' into a four-hour, four-night cable miniseries. Tarantino said that breaking the story into four parts would be more satisfying to audiences than a four-hour movie: "... it wouldn't be an endurance test. It would be a miniseries. And people love those."

Potential crossover sequel

Tarantino's first attempt at a ''Django Unchained'' sequel was with the unpublished paperback novel titled ''Django in White Hell''. However, after Tarantino decided that the tone of the developing story did not fit with the character's morals, he began re-writing it as an original screenplay which later became the director's follow-up film, '' The Hateful Eight''.

In June 2019, Tarantino had picked Jerrod Carmichael to co-write a film adaptation based on the ''Django/Zorro'' crossover comic book series. Tarantino and Jamie Foxx have both expressed interest in having Antonio Banderas reprise his role as Zorro from '' The Mask of Zorro'' (1998) and '' The Legend of Zorro'' (2005) in the film in addition to Foxx himself reprising his role as Django.

See also

* '' Boss Nigger''
* List of films featuring slavery
* Damsel in distress
* Quentin Tarantino filmography
* Revisionist Western

References

External links

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